Background: Anatomy of the pectoral nerves is very important for surgeons who plan pectoral nerve grafts, breast augmentation surgeries, and radical mastectomies. The correlates given in literature are contradictory in nature. Hence, a study was planned to elucidate the anatomy of lateral pectoral nerves (LPNs). Methodology: 40 pectoral regions of embalmed cadavers were dissected. Number, location, length, diameter, branches, and distribution of the LPN were noted. They were grouped according to the number and pattern of origin. Results: Two LPN were found in 77.5% of the specimens, with origins from the lateral cord of brachial plexus either from a common point (45%) or separately (32.5%). Superior LPN (SLPN) was closely related to cephalic vein, had a mean length of 4.7 cm, diameter of 1.9 mm and had two branches supplying clavicular head of pectoralis major. A shorter SLPN of average length 1.55 cm was noted when it pierced the pectoralis minor muscle proximally (32.5%). Inferior LPN (ILPN) was closely related to thoracoacromial vessels, had a mean length of 3.6 cm, diameter 1.7 mm and had two branches, one supplying sternocostal head of pectoralis major and the other communicating with medial pectoral nerve. In 95% of the specimens, both these nerves could be identified just below the clavicle, at the junction between its middle and lateral thirds. In cases with single LPN (7 specimens), it branched into SLPN and ILPN. Conclusion: The anatomy of LPN is variable and important while exploring the pectoral region during surgeries.
{"title":"Anatomy of lateral pectoral nerve and its clinical significance","authors":"C. Madhavan, S. Rajasekharan, Susan Varghese","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_23_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_23_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Anatomy of the pectoral nerves is very important for surgeons who plan pectoral nerve grafts, breast augmentation surgeries, and radical mastectomies. The correlates given in literature are contradictory in nature. Hence, a study was planned to elucidate the anatomy of lateral pectoral nerves (LPNs). Methodology: 40 pectoral regions of embalmed cadavers were dissected. Number, location, length, diameter, branches, and distribution of the LPN were noted. They were grouped according to the number and pattern of origin. Results: Two LPN were found in 77.5% of the specimens, with origins from the lateral cord of brachial plexus either from a common point (45%) or separately (32.5%). Superior LPN (SLPN) was closely related to cephalic vein, had a mean length of 4.7 cm, diameter of 1.9 mm and had two branches supplying clavicular head of pectoralis major. A shorter SLPN of average length 1.55 cm was noted when it pierced the pectoralis minor muscle proximally (32.5%). Inferior LPN (ILPN) was closely related to thoracoacromial vessels, had a mean length of 3.6 cm, diameter 1.7 mm and had two branches, one supplying sternocostal head of pectoralis major and the other communicating with medial pectoral nerve. In 95% of the specimens, both these nerves could be identified just below the clavicle, at the junction between its middle and lateral thirds. In cases with single LPN (7 specimens), it branched into SLPN and ILPN. Conclusion: The anatomy of LPN is variable and important while exploring the pectoral region during surgeries.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The study of embryology is an essential component of the anatomy course during the preclinical years of medical education. It is usually perceived as difficult to comprehend due to the rapid three-dimensional changes that occur during fetal life. Visual representation while explaining the developmental process can facilitate comprehension. Active discussion with peers is another important learning aid that can help with better retention of the concepts taught in embryology. The present study was conducted with an objective to evaluate perceptions about the three-step active learning in embryology using “do it yourself (DIY) construction models” as props, reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) sessions, and case discussions. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 students attending the embryology lecture on the gastrointestinal tract development. In step-1, the traditional lecture was delivered using a PowerPoint presentation which was complemented by three-dimensional (3D) visualization using “DIY” construction models used as props. Step-2 RPT session step-3 application exercises using real-time cases. Feedback was taken on a questionnaire administered using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The descriptive analysis of the feedback revealed that most of the students were satisfied with the different active teaching strategies employed to conduct the sessions. The Chi-square test analysis showed a significant association between the questions posed in the feedback questionnaire. Conclusion: Our study provides insights into the importance of multiple active teaching techniques in learning embryology. The impact usage of props (DIY models) enhanced comprehension, peer teaching sessions helped the students to bridge the cognitive gaps, and case-based learning promoted critical thinking, and problems-solving skills.
{"title":"Perceptions of medical students on a three-step teaching approach to promote active learning in embryology","authors":"S. Kore, G. Begum","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_43_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_43_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study of embryology is an essential component of the anatomy course during the preclinical years of medical education. It is usually perceived as difficult to comprehend due to the rapid three-dimensional changes that occur during fetal life. Visual representation while explaining the developmental process can facilitate comprehension. Active discussion with peers is another important learning aid that can help with better retention of the concepts taught in embryology. The present study was conducted with an objective to evaluate perceptions about the three-step active learning in embryology using “do it yourself (DIY) construction models” as props, reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) sessions, and case discussions. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 students attending the embryology lecture on the gastrointestinal tract development. In step-1, the traditional lecture was delivered using a PowerPoint presentation which was complemented by three-dimensional (3D) visualization using “DIY” construction models used as props. Step-2 RPT session step-3 application exercises using real-time cases. Feedback was taken on a questionnaire administered using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The descriptive analysis of the feedback revealed that most of the students were satisfied with the different active teaching strategies employed to conduct the sessions. The Chi-square test analysis showed a significant association between the questions posed in the feedback questionnaire. Conclusion: Our study provides insights into the importance of multiple active teaching techniques in learning embryology. The impact usage of props (DIY models) enhanced comprehension, peer teaching sessions helped the students to bridge the cognitive gaps, and case-based learning promoted critical thinking, and problems-solving skills.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46898996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eti Sthapak, N. Pasricha, Anamika Singh, R. Bhatnagar, R. Bedi
Background: The mandibular nerve exits the cranial cavity by traversing through the foramen ovale (FO) which is located in the greater wing of sphenoid, posterolateral to foramen rotundum. This foramen also provides an entry portal to the accessory middle meningeal artery and helps exit the lesser petrosal nerve apart from the emissary veins. Tumors and masses in infratemporal region require an accurate and precise morphometry of FO, before planning any surgical procedure. The aim of this study is to record and analyze the metric and nonmetric data and compares the morphometry of FO with gender and age. Methodology: Type of study – Retrospective observational study. The sample size was 200 computerized tomography head axial section scans without any disease which might alter the anatomy of foramen, from picture archiving and communication system. Bilateral foraminal parameters were obtained with the help of computer-assisted software. Results: The mean length, breadth, distance from mid-sagittal plane, and size of FO in males were 7.75 ± 1.16, 3.98 ± 0.91, 21.40 ± 1.75, and 30.94 ± 8.79, and in females, measurements were 6.90 ± 0.78, 3.57 ± 1.04, 20.36 ± 1.62, and 24.86 ± 9.08, respectively. Septation was observed in 2% of cases and the most common shape observed was oval (84%). Totally 26% of accessory foramina were observed. Conclusion: Significant gender differences were seen in the morphometry in all the four parameters. A significant difference with age was seen only with distance of foramen from midsagittal plane. Variations in morphometry and shapes of the FO may affect clinical and diagnostic procedures.
{"title":"Foramen ovale and associated accessory foramina: A computerized tomography study to determine morphometry and analyze gender and age differences","authors":"Eti Sthapak, N. Pasricha, Anamika Singh, R. Bhatnagar, R. Bedi","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_14_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_14_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The mandibular nerve exits the cranial cavity by traversing through the foramen ovale (FO) which is located in the greater wing of sphenoid, posterolateral to foramen rotundum. This foramen also provides an entry portal to the accessory middle meningeal artery and helps exit the lesser petrosal nerve apart from the emissary veins. Tumors and masses in infratemporal region require an accurate and precise morphometry of FO, before planning any surgical procedure. The aim of this study is to record and analyze the metric and nonmetric data and compares the morphometry of FO with gender and age. Methodology: Type of study – Retrospective observational study. The sample size was 200 computerized tomography head axial section scans without any disease which might alter the anatomy of foramen, from picture archiving and communication system. Bilateral foraminal parameters were obtained with the help of computer-assisted software. Results: The mean length, breadth, distance from mid-sagittal plane, and size of FO in males were 7.75 ± 1.16, 3.98 ± 0.91, 21.40 ± 1.75, and 30.94 ± 8.79, and in females, measurements were 6.90 ± 0.78, 3.57 ± 1.04, 20.36 ± 1.62, and 24.86 ± 9.08, respectively. Septation was observed in 2% of cases and the most common shape observed was oval (84%). Totally 26% of accessory foramina were observed. Conclusion: Significant gender differences were seen in the morphometry in all the four parameters. A significant difference with age was seen only with distance of foramen from midsagittal plane. Variations in morphometry and shapes of the FO may affect clinical and diagnostic procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_141_21
O. Sunil, M. Trinesh Gowda
Background: There is a frequent underreporting of minor congenital anomalies. The present study was conducted to identify and record the birth defects (external dysmorphism) among newborns delivered in district hospital attached to Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, for a duration of 1 year. Methodology: After obtaining the parent's written informed consent, newborns were examined for birth defects (visible external dysmorphic features). The details were recorded in the self-designed proforma, and findings/data were statistically studied. Birth defects were analyzed using the WHO International Classification of Diseases 10 reference guide. Results: During the present study, 502 live newborns were examined physically for external dysmorphic features and 17 cases were diagnosed as external congenital dysmorphism. In the present study, the frequency of congenital external dysmorphism was 3.4% and the most common system involved was a musculoskeletal system followed by cutaneous and central nervous system anomalies. We report five cases of talipes equinovarus, two cases of preauricular skin tags, one case each of polydactyly, syndactyly, harlequin ichthyosis, VACTERAL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities) association, Down syndrome, spina bifida cystica, spina bifida occulta, preauricular tags, preauricular sinus, cleft hard palate, and cleft lip with palate among other congenital anomalies noted. Conclusion: In the present study, the frequency of congenital external dysmorphism was 3.4% and the most common system involved was a musculoskeletal system (41.2%).
{"title":"The spectrum of external dysmorphic features among newborns","authors":"O. Sunil, M. Trinesh Gowda","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_141_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_141_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is a frequent underreporting of minor congenital anomalies. The present study was conducted to identify and record the birth defects (external dysmorphism) among newborns delivered in district hospital attached to Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, for a duration of 1 year. Methodology: After obtaining the parent's written informed consent, newborns were examined for birth defects (visible external dysmorphic features). The details were recorded in the self-designed proforma, and findings/data were statistically studied. Birth defects were analyzed using the WHO International Classification of Diseases 10 reference guide. Results: During the present study, 502 live newborns were examined physically for external dysmorphic features and 17 cases were diagnosed as external congenital dysmorphism. In the present study, the frequency of congenital external dysmorphism was 3.4% and the most common system involved was a musculoskeletal system followed by cutaneous and central nervous system anomalies. We report five cases of talipes equinovarus, two cases of preauricular skin tags, one case each of polydactyly, syndactyly, harlequin ichthyosis, VACTERAL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities) association, Down syndrome, spina bifida cystica, spina bifida occulta, preauricular tags, preauricular sinus, cleft hard palate, and cleft lip with palate among other congenital anomalies noted. Conclusion: In the present study, the frequency of congenital external dysmorphism was 3.4% and the most common system involved was a musculoskeletal system (41.2%).","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42407089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Patra, N. Pushpa, K. Ravi, Ritika Singla, R. Pasi, S. Singh
Medical education, an integral part of the modern health-care system, had faced the thrust of the outbreak for the last couple of years. Although the immediate impacts were trivial and managed with online pedagogical approach, on a long run, it seems to spill serious repercussions on medical students, teaching faculties, and administration. Different countries are handling with the situation depending on their financial conditions, task force, and resource allocation. Hence, momentarily, it is quite impractical to reach a global consensus regarding what is the best for students and communities in long run. Meanwhile, each country needs to formulate its own regime to continue with high standard medical teaching and training. Obviously, it may solicit time span, prioritization, and empathy to restructure the medical education without disfiguring its original fabric. The unprecedented use of online pedagogy (prerecorded lectures, medical simulations, virtual cadavers, and video conferencing) has transformed medical education drastically. Although these newer teaching–training policies assisted us to continue with the ongoing curriculum, medical placement/clerkship just resumed with necessary precautions. The assessment part needs extra care and vigilance, as any change or incorporation of newer methods of assessment may even worsen the present state of affairs for both the assessor and the student.
{"title":"Reflections and insights on the Burden of COVID-19 on various facets of medical education, research, and training: An evaluation in the postpandemic era","authors":"A. Patra, N. Pushpa, K. Ravi, Ritika Singla, R. Pasi, S. Singh","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_86_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_86_22","url":null,"abstract":"Medical education, an integral part of the modern health-care system, had faced the thrust of the outbreak for the last couple of years. Although the immediate impacts were trivial and managed with online pedagogical approach, on a long run, it seems to spill serious repercussions on medical students, teaching faculties, and administration. Different countries are handling with the situation depending on their financial conditions, task force, and resource allocation. Hence, momentarily, it is quite impractical to reach a global consensus regarding what is the best for students and communities in long run. Meanwhile, each country needs to formulate its own regime to continue with high standard medical teaching and training. Obviously, it may solicit time span, prioritization, and empathy to restructure the medical education without disfiguring its original fabric. The unprecedented use of online pedagogy (prerecorded lectures, medical simulations, virtual cadavers, and video conferencing) has transformed medical education drastically. Although these newer teaching–training policies assisted us to continue with the ongoing curriculum, medical placement/clerkship just resumed with necessary precautions. The assessment part needs extra care and vigilance, as any change or incorporation of newer methods of assessment may even worsen the present state of affairs for both the assessor and the student.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42866225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Will artificial intelligence assume a role in anatomy education?","authors":"K. Ravi, N. Pushpa, A. Patra","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_85_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_85_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44625711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The arcade of Frohse (AF) is the most common site for compression of the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN). During the surgical fixation of proximal radial shaft fracture, there is a chance of accidental injury to DBRN near the arcade. The objective of the study was to describe the nature of AF, to provide the superficial surgical landmark for DBRN at AF, and to indicate the appropriate position of the forearm for the surgical approach in fracture proximal radial shaft surgery. Methodology: The present study was done on 50 upper extremities preserved in 10% formalin. The studied parameters were morphology of AF, forearm length, the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the DBRN at AF, arcade ratio and the distance of DBRN at AF to the biceps tendon in pronated and supinated forearm. Results: In 50 upper extremities, the AF was tendinous in 27 limbs (54%), musculotendinous in 19 limbs (38%), and membranous in 4 limbs (8%). The mean forearm length was 234.43 mm. The mean distance from the DBRN to the lateral epicondyle was 48.98 mm. The mean arcade ratio was 0.208 mm. At AF, the mean distance from DBRN to the biceps tendon in pronation and supination was 12.72 mm and 18.98 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The most common type of AF is tendinous type. The mean arcade ratio derived from our study was 0.208. It is suggested that the terminal supination of the forearm is the appropriate position for surgical reduction and fixation of proximal radial shaft fracture through the ventral (Henry's) approach.
{"title":"A cadaveric study of deep branch of radial nerve at arcade of Frohse","authors":"R. Sivachidambaram, T. Dilipkumar, A. Stellamary","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_18_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_18_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The arcade of Frohse (AF) is the most common site for compression of the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN). During the surgical fixation of proximal radial shaft fracture, there is a chance of accidental injury to DBRN near the arcade. The objective of the study was to describe the nature of AF, to provide the superficial surgical landmark for DBRN at AF, and to indicate the appropriate position of the forearm for the surgical approach in fracture proximal radial shaft surgery. Methodology: The present study was done on 50 upper extremities preserved in 10% formalin. The studied parameters were morphology of AF, forearm length, the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the DBRN at AF, arcade ratio and the distance of DBRN at AF to the biceps tendon in pronated and supinated forearm. Results: In 50 upper extremities, the AF was tendinous in 27 limbs (54%), musculotendinous in 19 limbs (38%), and membranous in 4 limbs (8%). The mean forearm length was 234.43 mm. The mean distance from the DBRN to the lateral epicondyle was 48.98 mm. The mean arcade ratio was 0.208 mm. At AF, the mean distance from DBRN to the biceps tendon in pronation and supination was 12.72 mm and 18.98 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The most common type of AF is tendinous type. The mean arcade ratio derived from our study was 0.208. It is suggested that the terminal supination of the forearm is the appropriate position for surgical reduction and fixation of proximal radial shaft fracture through the ventral (Henry's) approach.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48015988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kshitija, Krupa Elena, S. Saritha, Sonta Savitha
Omphalocele is a developmental aberration which occurs during embryonic period in the fetal life. The fault in complete closure of the anterior abdominal wall leading to protrusion of the abdominal viscera mainly the small and large intestines with the liver into the base of umbilical cord insertion forms its main pathological feature. It differs from gastroschisis in that the eviscerated organs are covered by a thin amniotic peritoneal membrane, whereas in latter, the herniated contents are exposed exterior with no covering. In fetuses, this malformation is known to be complicated with abnormal karyotyping, other congenital abnormalities, and idiopathic syndromes which account for grave prognosis. Hence, the aim of our study was to analyze the clinical presentation and document seven cases of fetuses having omphalocele associated with anomalies and chromosomal aberrations leading to fetal dismissal.
{"title":"A case series study of omphalocele with associated anomalies: An embryogenic imperfection","authors":"K. Kshitija, Krupa Elena, S. Saritha, Sonta Savitha","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_29_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_29_22","url":null,"abstract":"Omphalocele is a developmental aberration which occurs during embryonic period in the fetal life. The fault in complete closure of the anterior abdominal wall leading to protrusion of the abdominal viscera mainly the small and large intestines with the liver into the base of umbilical cord insertion forms its main pathological feature. It differs from gastroschisis in that the eviscerated organs are covered by a thin amniotic peritoneal membrane, whereas in latter, the herniated contents are exposed exterior with no covering. In fetuses, this malformation is known to be complicated with abnormal karyotyping, other congenital abnormalities, and idiopathic syndromes which account for grave prognosis. Hence, the aim of our study was to analyze the clinical presentation and document seven cases of fetuses having omphalocele associated with anomalies and chromosomal aberrations leading to fetal dismissal.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41405747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_120_21
Gayathri Pandurangam, D. Nagajyothi, S. Saritha, A. Anjum
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common cause of congenital anomaly worldwide (cardiac anomalies is the first). The 3rd and 4th week of gestation is the critical period for neural tube development. Multiple genetic and environmental factors are known to cause the NTDs in a developing embryo. We report here four cases of cranial and spinal dysraphism or craniorachischisis, the most severe and rare type of NTD with brief maternal history. In all these cases, the neural tissue is exposed in the region of brain as well as in the region of spinal cord to various extents. In this case series, the external features of craniorachischisis in four female fetuses (including monozygotic twins) are reported. One of the affected fetuses had associated omphalocele.
{"title":"Case series of cranial and spinal dysraphism","authors":"Gayathri Pandurangam, D. Nagajyothi, S. Saritha, A. Anjum","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_120_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_120_21","url":null,"abstract":"Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common cause of congenital anomaly worldwide (cardiac anomalies is the first). The 3rd and 4th week of gestation is the critical period for neural tube development. Multiple genetic and environmental factors are known to cause the NTDs in a developing embryo. We report here four cases of cranial and spinal dysraphism or craniorachischisis, the most severe and rare type of NTD with brief maternal history. In all these cases, the neural tissue is exposed in the region of brain as well as in the region of spinal cord to various extents. In this case series, the external features of craniorachischisis in four female fetuses (including monozygotic twins) are reported. One of the affected fetuses had associated omphalocele.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48832007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Sengodan, G. Jyothilakshmi, Bharathidasan Masilamani, Surendhar Rathinasamy
Background: Surgeries involving the proximal third of the fibula are associated with the risk of common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury. Hence, a safe corridor using palpable anatomical landmarks is necessary to avoid injury to the CPN. Methodology: Sixty lower limbs (30 fresh cadavers) were in our study group. The distance between the Gerdy's tubercle (GT) and the CPN behind the fibular head (FH), distance from GT to the superficial branch of the CPN (superficial peroneal nerve [SPN]), and distance from GT to the anterior recurrent branch of the CPN (anterior tibial recurrent nerve [ATRN]) were measured, and a safe zone to avoid CPN injury was identified. Results: The distance between the GT and the CPN behind the FH was 45.52 ± 2.4 mm, distance from GT to the origin of the SPN was 46.44 ± 2.4 mm, and distance from GT to the ATRN was 45.59 ± 2.9 mm. Conclusion: The safe corridor to avoid CPN injury is identified by an arc trajectory with a radius of 45.85 mm with the GT as the center, which will be useful during surgical procedures to avoid injury to the CPN.
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