{"title":"Erratum: Incidence of Yq Microdeletion among Chattishgarh Population and Cast Based Distribution","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_60_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_60_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141113632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2277-4025.386794
Juan Pari Salas
Background: The sciatic nerve has several topographic variations, some of them in relation to the piriformis muscle. Such variations provide meaning insight while addressing pathologies related to sciatic nerve. Hence, this study was undertaken to check the anatomical variations of sciatic nerve using computed tomography (CT) images. Methodology: Thirty-three CT image series from pelvic radiotherapy patients were reviewed, with a DICOM viewer to assess the relation between the sciatic nerve and piriformis muscles, according to Beaton and Aston's classification. Results: Thirty-three CT image sets and 66 gluteal regions were assessed. Type A of Beaton and Aston was found in 84.85% of the samples and Type B was found in 15.15%. No other types were found. Sixty-six percentage of the Type B classifications were bilateral. Conclusion: There is a 15.15% of topographical variation of sciatic nerve consistent with other studies. The use of medical images for this kind of study will allow more reliable results.
背景：坐骨神经有多种地形变化，其中一些与梨状肌有关。这些变化为治疗坐骨神经相关病症提供了有意义的见解。因此，本研究使用计算机断层扫描（CT）图像检查坐骨神经的解剖变化。研究方法使用 DICOM 查看器查看骨盆放疗患者的 33 张 CT 图像系列，根据 Beaton 和 Aston 的分类评估坐骨神经和梨状肌之间的关系。结果如下共评估了 33 组 CT 图像和 66 个臀部区域。在 84.85% 的样本中发现了 Beaton 和 Aston 的 A 型，在 15.15% 的样本中发现了 B 型。没有发现其他类型。66%的 B 型分类为双侧。结论坐骨神经地形变异的比例为 15.15%，这与其他研究结果一致。使用医学影像进行此类研究将使结果更加可靠。
{"title":"Anatomical variations between sciatic nerve and piriformis muscle on computed tomography images from radiotherapy patients","authors":"Juan Pari Salas","doi":"10.4103/2277-4025.386794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.386794","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The sciatic nerve has several topographic variations, some of them in relation to the piriformis muscle. Such variations provide meaning insight while addressing pathologies related to sciatic nerve. Hence, this study was undertaken to check the anatomical variations of sciatic nerve using computed tomography (CT) images. Methodology: Thirty-three CT image series from pelvic radiotherapy patients were reviewed, with a DICOM viewer to assess the relation between the sciatic nerve and piriformis muscles, according to Beaton and Aston's classification. Results: Thirty-three CT image sets and 66 gluteal regions were assessed. Type A of Beaton and Aston was found in 84.85% of the samples and Type B was found in 15.15%. No other types were found. Sixty-six percentage of the Type B classifications were bilateral. Conclusion: There is a 15.15% of topographical variation of sciatic nerve consistent with other studies. The use of medical images for this kind of study will allow more reliable results.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarita Chowdhary, Maneesha Upadhayaya, Gunjan Rai, Manpreet Kaur, N. Singh, Kanika Sharma, Ritesh Yadav, Bitan Naik, Shiv Sharma, Royana Singh
Background: Disorders of sexual development (DSD) encompass a group of congenital conditions characterized by diverse genotypic and phenotypic variations. Ovotesticular (OT) DSD is a distinctive subtype within this spectrum. Among the array of DSD, OT-DSD stands as one of the most infrequent anomalies, with reported prevalence rates as scarce as 1 in 83,000. This study aims to elucidate the clinical, hormonal, cytogenetic, surgical, and histopathological characteristics of OT disorder of sex development (OT-DSD) within a tertiary center in North India. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted, involving a comprehensive review of records pertaining to OT-DSD patients from the years 2018 to 2022, all of whom were incorporated into the study. Results: The mean age of presentation in this study was 10 years, spanning from 6 to 15 years. Predominantly, the affected individuals were male, with a solitary patient representing the female category. Clinical manifestations displayed a spectrum encompassing genital ambiguity, inguinal swelling, and primary amenorrhea. The karyotypes observed were 46,XX in four patients and 46,XY in one patient. A holistic assessment, inclusive of clinical evaluation, hormonal assays, pelvic ultrasonography, and surgical intervention when necessary, was administered to all patients. Among these cases, three patients were reared as males, their gender assignment driven by external genital appearance and sociocultural influences. Notably, none of the patients manifested gonadal tumors during the course of the study. Conclusion: In cases of ambiguous genitalia, the consideration of OT-DSD should be integral to the differential diagnosis, underscoring the significance of heightened clinical awareness and informed decision-making.
{"title":"Ovotesticular disorder of sex development in a tertiary care center in North India: A single-center analysis over a 5-year period","authors":"Sarita Chowdhary, Maneesha Upadhayaya, Gunjan Rai, Manpreet Kaur, N. Singh, Kanika Sharma, Ritesh Yadav, Bitan Naik, Shiv Sharma, Royana Singh","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_81_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_81_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Disorders of sexual development (DSD) encompass a group of congenital conditions characterized by diverse genotypic and phenotypic variations. Ovotesticular (OT) DSD is a distinctive subtype within this spectrum. Among the array of DSD, OT-DSD stands as one of the most infrequent anomalies, with reported prevalence rates as scarce as 1 in 83,000. This study aims to elucidate the clinical, hormonal, cytogenetic, surgical, and histopathological characteristics of OT disorder of sex development (OT-DSD) within a tertiary center in North India. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted, involving a comprehensive review of records pertaining to OT-DSD patients from the years 2018 to 2022, all of whom were incorporated into the study. Results: The mean age of presentation in this study was 10 years, spanning from 6 to 15 years. Predominantly, the affected individuals were male, with a solitary patient representing the female category. Clinical manifestations displayed a spectrum encompassing genital ambiguity, inguinal swelling, and primary amenorrhea. The karyotypes observed were 46,XX in four patients and 46,XY in one patient. A holistic assessment, inclusive of clinical evaluation, hormonal assays, pelvic ultrasonography, and surgical intervention when necessary, was administered to all patients. Among these cases, three patients were reared as males, their gender assignment driven by external genital appearance and sociocultural influences. Notably, none of the patients manifested gonadal tumors during the course of the study. Conclusion: In cases of ambiguous genitalia, the consideration of OT-DSD should be integral to the differential diagnosis, underscoring the significance of heightened clinical awareness and informed decision-making.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Robert Wagner found a rare communication between precentral and postcentral sulcus in the right hemisphere of the brain of mathematician C.H. Fuch. He also documented right postcentral gyrus showing a bridge connecting it to posterior gyrus. Both these bridges are considered as bridge of Wagner. The aim of this study is to find the incidence and asymmetry of Wagner's bridge and to also determine morphometry of Rolandic fissure. Methodology: This is a descriptive study of 50 hemispheres from 25 formalin embalmed cadavers used for regular undergraduate classes to determine morphometry of Rolandic fissure and bridge of Wagner. Results: The length of Rolandic fissure was found more on the left side (10.49 cm). The depth of Rolandic fissure was found more in male hemispheres (1.52 cm). Interrupted precentral and postcentral sulcus was seen and a bridge of Wagner connecting the gyrus with adjacent gyrus was noted. Conclusion: Asymmetry was seen in the morphometry of the Central sulcus. A bridge of Wagner from pre and postcentral gyrus to adjacent gyrus anteriorly and posteriorly was seen. Knowledge of morphometry and bridge of Wagner will guide neurosurgeons during operative procedures.
{"title":"Morphometry of rolandic fissure and bridge of wagner","authors":"A. Shinde, Dinesh K. Patel","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_94_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_94_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Robert Wagner found a rare communication between precentral and postcentral sulcus in the right hemisphere of the brain of mathematician C.H. Fuch. He also documented right postcentral gyrus showing a bridge connecting it to posterior gyrus. Both these bridges are considered as bridge of Wagner. The aim of this study is to find the incidence and asymmetry of Wagner's bridge and to also determine morphometry of Rolandic fissure. Methodology: This is a descriptive study of 50 hemispheres from 25 formalin embalmed cadavers used for regular undergraduate classes to determine morphometry of Rolandic fissure and bridge of Wagner. Results: The length of Rolandic fissure was found more on the left side (10.49 cm). The depth of Rolandic fissure was found more in male hemispheres (1.52 cm). Interrupted precentral and postcentral sulcus was seen and a bridge of Wagner connecting the gyrus with adjacent gyrus was noted. Conclusion: Asymmetry was seen in the morphometry of the Central sulcus. A bridge of Wagner from pre and postcentral gyrus to adjacent gyrus anteriorly and posteriorly was seen. Knowledge of morphometry and bridge of Wagner will guide neurosurgeons during operative procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_117_23
N. Pushpa, A. Patra, A. Asghar, K. Ravi
{"title":"Revolutionizing medical education and health care: The crucial role of cross-sectional neuroanatomy","authors":"N. Pushpa, A. Patra, A. Asghar, K. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_117_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_117_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Pathologies related to the Achilles tendon (AT) and its insertion are a very prevalent problem. A thorough understanding of its anatomy would assist us to develop and fine-tune treatment options for the same. Hence, a study was done to identify the anatomical footprint of the insertion of AT on the calcaneal tuberosity (CT). Methodology: A cadaveric study was conducted, in which 27 human lower limbs (18 cadavers) were dissected to determine the insertion site of all three fascicles of the AT on the CT. The width of the insertion and thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion were also calculated. Results: Rotation of AT, presence of three individual fascicles for each muscle belly, and insertion of these fascicles were consistent throughout the 27 lower extremities dissected. The average width of its insertion is 26.62 mm, with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.98 mm. The average thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion was found to be 8.06 mm with a SD of 2.18 mm. Conclusion: These findings are of worth to the ankle and foot surgeons for a better understanding of the insertional tendinopathies and partial thickness tears of AT to design better surgical options for its repair and modulate the conservative management in terms of physiotherapy to the South Indian population.
背景：跟腱（AT）及其插入部位的病变是一个非常普遍的问题。对其解剖结构的透彻了解将有助于我们制定和调整治疗方案。因此，我们进行了一项研究，以确定跟腱插入小方结节（CT）的解剖足迹。研究方法：通过解剖 27 具人体下肢（18 具尸体）来确定 AT 的所有三个筋膜在 CT 上的插入部位。此外，还计算了插入点的宽度和插入点近端 1 厘米处 AT 的厚度。结果：在所解剖的 27 个下肢中，反张力肌的旋转、每个肌腹有三个单独的束带以及这些束带的插入位置都是一致的。其插入部分的平均宽度为 26.62 毫米，标准差（SD）为 1.98 毫米。在距插入点近 1 厘米处的 AT 平均厚度为 8.06 毫米，标准差为 2.18 毫米。结论：这些发现对踝关节和足部外科医生来说很有价值，有助于他们更好地了解插入性肌腱病变和部分厚度的 AT 撕裂，从而设计出更好的手术修复方案，并在物理治疗方面对南印度人进行保守治疗。
{"title":"Insertional footprint of achilles tendon on calcaneal tuberosity in South Indian population: A cadaveric study","authors":"V. Sengodan, M. Sengodan, Anjana Sushama","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_73_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_73_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pathologies related to the Achilles tendon (AT) and its insertion are a very prevalent problem. A thorough understanding of its anatomy would assist us to develop and fine-tune treatment options for the same. Hence, a study was done to identify the anatomical footprint of the insertion of AT on the calcaneal tuberosity (CT). Methodology: A cadaveric study was conducted, in which 27 human lower limbs (18 cadavers) were dissected to determine the insertion site of all three fascicles of the AT on the CT. The width of the insertion and thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion were also calculated. Results: Rotation of AT, presence of three individual fascicles for each muscle belly, and insertion of these fascicles were consistent throughout the 27 lower extremities dissected. The average width of its insertion is 26.62 mm, with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.98 mm. The average thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion was found to be 8.06 mm with a SD of 2.18 mm. Conclusion: These findings are of worth to the ankle and foot surgeons for a better understanding of the insertional tendinopathies and partial thickness tears of AT to design better surgical options for its repair and modulate the conservative management in terms of physiotherapy to the South Indian population.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Ralte, A. Bhattacharyya, Ambath D. Momin, S. Sundaram
Introduction: The advent of three-dimensional (3D) virtual digital technology in the 21st century has tremendously impacted medical education worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the attitude and response of first-year MBBS students toward traditional cadaveric dissection and 3D virtual dissection in learning human anatomy through descriptive validated questionnaires. Methodology: The present study is a cross-sectional and observational study. Fifty students of first-year MBBS batch of a tertiary medical college in north-east region of India were taught gross anatomy of the human body by cadaveric, 3D virtual, and combined dissection methodologies in the Department of Anatomy, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Mawdiangdiang, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, over a period of 1 year. The students assessed the perceived effectiveness of different dissection methodologies through semi-structured questionnaires at the first-phase, mid-phase, and at the end-phase of the study. Results: More than half of the respondents (60%) preferred learning the gross anatomy of the upper limb and lower limb regions by “combined 3D virtual followed by cadaveric dissection methodology.” At the completion of thorax and abdomen regions, 28 students (56%) voted for “combined cadaveric followed by 3D virtual dissection methodology.” At the completion of the study, all students preferred the combined dissection methodology with 30 (60%) students preferring the “combined cadaveric followed by 3D virtual dissection methodology” while 26 (52%) students voted for the “combined 3D virtual followed by cadaveric dissection methodology.” The feedback from the validated questionnaires at the completion of the study was statistically analyzed using Cronbach's alpha test. Conclusions: The findings suggest that both the combined dissection methodologies complemented each other very well in understanding, recalling, and learning human anatomy, with the highest rating coming from both the combined dissection methodologies.
{"title":"Perceived effectiveness of cadaveric and three-dimensional virtual dissection in learning anatomy among first-year MBBS Students: A cross-sectional study from Northeastern India","authors":"Sarah Ralte, A. Bhattacharyya, Ambath D. Momin, S. Sundaram","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_79_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_79_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The advent of three-dimensional (3D) virtual digital technology in the 21st century has tremendously impacted medical education worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the attitude and response of first-year MBBS students toward traditional cadaveric dissection and 3D virtual dissection in learning human anatomy through descriptive validated questionnaires. Methodology: The present study is a cross-sectional and observational study. Fifty students of first-year MBBS batch of a tertiary medical college in north-east region of India were taught gross anatomy of the human body by cadaveric, 3D virtual, and combined dissection methodologies in the Department of Anatomy, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Mawdiangdiang, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, over a period of 1 year. The students assessed the perceived effectiveness of different dissection methodologies through semi-structured questionnaires at the first-phase, mid-phase, and at the end-phase of the study. Results: More than half of the respondents (60%) preferred learning the gross anatomy of the upper limb and lower limb regions by “combined 3D virtual followed by cadaveric dissection methodology.” At the completion of thorax and abdomen regions, 28 students (56%) voted for “combined cadaveric followed by 3D virtual dissection methodology.” At the completion of the study, all students preferred the combined dissection methodology with 30 (60%) students preferring the “combined cadaveric followed by 3D virtual dissection methodology” while 26 (52%) students voted for the “combined 3D virtual followed by cadaveric dissection methodology.” The feedback from the validated questionnaires at the completion of the study was statistically analyzed using Cronbach's alpha test. Conclusions: The findings suggest that both the combined dissection methodologies complemented each other very well in understanding, recalling, and learning human anatomy, with the highest rating coming from both the combined dissection methodologies.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The obturator vein (OV) is formed in the proximal adductor region and traverses through the obturator foramen to terminate in the internal iliac vein (IIV). It is occasionally replaced by an enlarged pubic vein that terminates into the external iliac vein (EIV) forming a venous corona mortis. These variant OVs are liable to injury during surgical interventions near the pubic bone. The present study aimed to report the prevalence of variant as well as duplicated OVs in Indian cadavers. Methodology: The present descriptive study included 25 adult human cadavers and 11 hemi-pelves. The specimens with variant OVs were identified and followed to their termination into the internal or external iliac system. The external diameter of variant OVs and their distance from the symphysis pubis were recorded. Results: Variant OVs were observed in 34.42%. Most of the variant veins crossed over the pubic ramus. In 21.31%, duplicated OVs were observed, which drained separately into the internal iliac as well as the EIV, or the IIV as a common trunk. The average diameter of the variant OVs on the superior pubic ramus was 4.12 ± 1.2 mm. The average distance between the pubic symphysis and the variant OVs on the superior pubic ramus was 45.28 ± 7.65 mm. Conclusion: The present study appreciates the variant anatomy of the OV and its relation to the superior pubic ramus. Understanding these variations will help avoid the risk of injury and hemorrhage in pelvis surgeries as well as endoscopic procedures.
背景：闭孔静脉（OV）形成于内收肌近端区域，穿过闭孔后最终汇入髂内静脉（IIV）。它偶尔会被一条扩大的耻骨静脉所取代，耻骨静脉最终汇入髂外静脉（EIV），形成静脉冠。在耻骨附近进行外科手术时，这些变异的耻骨外静脉很容易受到损伤。本研究旨在报告印度尸体中变异和重复 OV 的发生率。研究方法：本描述性研究包括 25 具成人尸体和 11 具半人尸体。对具有变异外髂骨的标本进行了鉴定，并追踪其终点至髂内或髂外系统。记录了变异外髂骨的外径及其与耻骨联合的距离。结果：34.42%的变异髂外静脉被观察到。大多数变异静脉穿过耻骨横突。有 21.31% 的变异外静脉是重复的，它们分别排入髂内静脉和髂外静脉，或以髂内静脉为共同主干。耻骨上横梁上的变异 OV 平均直径为 4.12 ± 1.2 毫米。耻骨联合与耻骨上横突上的变异OV之间的平均距离为（45.28 ± 7.65）毫米。结论本研究了解了变异的耻骨联合解剖结构及其与耻骨上横突的关系。了解这些变异有助于避免骨盆手术和内窥镜手术中的损伤和出血风险。
{"title":"Obturator vein and its anatomical variations in cadavers: A descriptive study","authors":"S. Sakthivel, K. Sarala Devi, Suman Verma","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_70_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_70_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The obturator vein (OV) is formed in the proximal adductor region and traverses through the obturator foramen to terminate in the internal iliac vein (IIV). It is occasionally replaced by an enlarged pubic vein that terminates into the external iliac vein (EIV) forming a venous corona mortis. These variant OVs are liable to injury during surgical interventions near the pubic bone. The present study aimed to report the prevalence of variant as well as duplicated OVs in Indian cadavers. Methodology: The present descriptive study included 25 adult human cadavers and 11 hemi-pelves. The specimens with variant OVs were identified and followed to their termination into the internal or external iliac system. The external diameter of variant OVs and their distance from the symphysis pubis were recorded. Results: Variant OVs were observed in 34.42%. Most of the variant veins crossed over the pubic ramus. In 21.31%, duplicated OVs were observed, which drained separately into the internal iliac as well as the EIV, or the IIV as a common trunk. The average diameter of the variant OVs on the superior pubic ramus was 4.12 ± 1.2 mm. The average distance between the pubic symphysis and the variant OVs on the superior pubic ramus was 45.28 ± 7.65 mm. Conclusion: The present study appreciates the variant anatomy of the OV and its relation to the superior pubic ramus. Understanding these variations will help avoid the risk of injury and hemorrhage in pelvis surgeries as well as endoscopic procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Many anatomical variations have been described in the deep neck; several of these are associated with the hyolarynx complex, consisting of the styloid process, hyoid bone, stylohyoid ligament, and thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages as well as their associated ligaments. Methodology: An anterolateral deep dissection of the neck was performed bilaterally in 37 donors. Results: A novel ligament was found to connect the lesser horns of the hyoid bone to the angle of the mandible bilaterally in seven body donors (a total of 14 sides). To the best of our knowledge, the presence or function of a ligament connecting the lesser horns of the hyoid bone to the mandible has never been previously described or reported. Due to its proximal and distal attachment sites, we have termed this finding a “hyomandibular ligament.” Conclusion: This unique finding is clinically relevant and may add insight into the structural and functional variations of the deep neck. Knowledge of this structure and similar anatomical variations may provide an explanation for idiopathic difficulties, chewing or swallowing as a by-product of limited hyoideal mobility.
{"title":"Novel finding: Hyo-mandibular ligament- A cadaveric study","authors":"Meghan Neill, H. Nation","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_95_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_95_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Many anatomical variations have been described in the deep neck; several of these are associated with the hyolarynx complex, consisting of the styloid process, hyoid bone, stylohyoid ligament, and thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages as well as their associated ligaments. Methodology: An anterolateral deep dissection of the neck was performed bilaterally in 37 donors. Results: A novel ligament was found to connect the lesser horns of the hyoid bone to the angle of the mandible bilaterally in seven body donors (a total of 14 sides). To the best of our knowledge, the presence or function of a ligament connecting the lesser horns of the hyoid bone to the mandible has never been previously described or reported. Due to its proximal and distal attachment sites, we have termed this finding a “hyomandibular ligament.” Conclusion: This unique finding is clinically relevant and may add insight into the structural and functional variations of the deep neck. Knowledge of this structure and similar anatomical variations may provide an explanation for idiopathic difficulties, chewing or swallowing as a by-product of limited hyoideal mobility.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: To sustain learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there was the adoption of online teaching and learning for all academic programs, including anatomy in a Nigerian University. This study assessed the participation, perception, and experience of undergraduate students regarding the online classes adopted for uninterrupted anatomy learning during the pandemic. Methodology: The online class participation of 85 students of the nursing science, physiotherapy, and human anatomy programs was evaluated in four anatomy modules – systemic histology, systemic embryology, gross anatomy, and neuroanatomy. A survey was conducted to evaluate their perception and experience during the online classes. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: The students had ≥ 96.5% active participation in each module. In comparison to physical classes, the distribution of perception of the students about online classes included less effective (50.6%), less interactive (48.2%), and more challenging time management (56.5%), requiring more self-discipline (65.9%), increased lecture hour per week (76.4%), and improved performance in class continuous assessments (58.8%), and a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority reported the similar level of knowledge gained during the online classes. However, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority indicated a preference for the traditional physical classes. Conclusion: Online learning can be adopted to achieve comparatively similar learning outcome in anatomy courses when physical learning is not possible. Hence, a hybrid mode of learning for anatomy education should be developed in medical colleges to sustain learning during a global emergency that prevents physical learning.
{"title":"Adoption of online classes for anatomy learning during Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic – Participation, perception, and preference of basic medical students of a Nigerian University","authors":"Dayo Omotoso","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_48_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_48_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: To sustain learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there was the adoption of online teaching and learning for all academic programs, including anatomy in a Nigerian University. This study assessed the participation, perception, and experience of undergraduate students regarding the online classes adopted for uninterrupted anatomy learning during the pandemic. Methodology: The online class participation of 85 students of the nursing science, physiotherapy, and human anatomy programs was evaluated in four anatomy modules – systemic histology, systemic embryology, gross anatomy, and neuroanatomy. A survey was conducted to evaluate their perception and experience during the online classes. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: The students had ≥ 96.5% active participation in each module. In comparison to physical classes, the distribution of perception of the students about online classes included less effective (50.6%), less interactive (48.2%), and more challenging time management (56.5%), requiring more self-discipline (65.9%), increased lecture hour per week (76.4%), and improved performance in class continuous assessments (58.8%), and a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority reported the similar level of knowledge gained during the online classes. However, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority indicated a preference for the traditional physical classes. Conclusion: Online learning can be adopted to achieve comparatively similar learning outcome in anatomy courses when physical learning is not possible. Hence, a hybrid mode of learning for anatomy education should be developed in medical colleges to sustain learning during a global emergency that prevents physical learning.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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