Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_227_22
Nivedita Roy, Sagnik Roy
Background: Development of the human fetal stomach starts at the 4th week of intrauterine life. The knowledge of histogenesis of the musculature of the stomach is important for understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric adenomyoma, congenital anomalies like congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, and abnormalities in the development of the enteric nervous system. The aim of this study was to find out the histogenesis of the submucosa (SM), muscularis mucosa (MM), and muscularis externa (ME) in the human fetal stomach. Methodology: Sixty-three freshly aborted fetuses which were free from any gross abnormality were collected from the obstetrics and gynecology department and studied for 2 years. The fetuses were dissected, the stomach was removed, and the tissue was processed for a histological study. Staining was done by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Van Gieson's stain. Slides were studied under Zeiss branded light microscope using ×10 and ×40 objectives. Results: MM was discontinuous initially and became well defined by 21 weeks in the fundus and body and by the 23rd week in the pyloric region. The density of collagen fibers increased gradually in SM and was seen in bundles from the 23rd week onward. The thickness of SM was more than ME till 22 weeks, and after 27 weeks, it was less than that of ME. In the fundus and body of the stomach, till 18 weeks, ME consisted of two layers, with the inner oblique layer being thicker than the circular layer. The circular layer thickened gradually, and the longitudinal layer appeared by the 25th week. In the pyloric region, initially, there was only a circular layer. The oblique and longitudinal muscle layers appeared at 17–18 weeks and 25th week, respectively. The thickness of the circular layer was found to be more than that of the body from the 21st week onward and became much thicker at around the 27th week. The histological feature of MM, ME, and SM of the stomach resembled an adult pattern by the 28th week of gestational age. Conclusion: The findings of the present study about the time of appearance and further development of MM and ME and the thickness and formation of SM of the human fetal stomach are quite comprehensive. These findings are expected to aid in the knowledge of histogenesis of the stomach in the human fetuses and help in the diagnosis and treatment of various congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving gastric connective tissue and musculature.
{"title":"Development of the submucosa and musculature in the human fetal stomach: A microscopic study","authors":"Nivedita Roy, Sagnik Roy","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_227_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_227_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Development of the human fetal stomach starts at the 4th week of intrauterine life. The knowledge of histogenesis of the musculature of the stomach is important for understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric adenomyoma, congenital anomalies like congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, and abnormalities in the development of the enteric nervous system. The aim of this study was to find out the histogenesis of the submucosa (SM), muscularis mucosa (MM), and muscularis externa (ME) in the human fetal stomach. Methodology: Sixty-three freshly aborted fetuses which were free from any gross abnormality were collected from the obstetrics and gynecology department and studied for 2 years. The fetuses were dissected, the stomach was removed, and the tissue was processed for a histological study. Staining was done by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Van Gieson's stain. Slides were studied under Zeiss branded light microscope using ×10 and ×40 objectives. Results: MM was discontinuous initially and became well defined by 21 weeks in the fundus and body and by the 23rd week in the pyloric region. The density of collagen fibers increased gradually in SM and was seen in bundles from the 23rd week onward. The thickness of SM was more than ME till 22 weeks, and after 27 weeks, it was less than that of ME. In the fundus and body of the stomach, till 18 weeks, ME consisted of two layers, with the inner oblique layer being thicker than the circular layer. The circular layer thickened gradually, and the longitudinal layer appeared by the 25th week. In the pyloric region, initially, there was only a circular layer. The oblique and longitudinal muscle layers appeared at 17–18 weeks and 25th week, respectively. The thickness of the circular layer was found to be more than that of the body from the 21st week onward and became much thicker at around the 27th week. The histological feature of MM, ME, and SM of the stomach resembled an adult pattern by the 28th week of gestational age. Conclusion: The findings of the present study about the time of appearance and further development of MM and ME and the thickness and formation of SM of the human fetal stomach are quite comprehensive. These findings are expected to aid in the knowledge of histogenesis of the stomach in the human fetuses and help in the diagnosis and treatment of various congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving gastric connective tissue and musculature.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"9 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47925890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_164_22
Anisha Nautiyal, Deepika Sharma, Anjali Sharan, Piyush Kumar, Swati Saxena, R. Maurya, S. Maheshwari, J. Agarwal, M. Pant
Introduction: The nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) (or the left renal vein [LRV] entrapment) focuses on the constriction of the LRV. It occurs commonly between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the superior mesenteric artery. The resulting clinical manifestation of this phenomenon is known as the nutcracker syndrome (NCS). Three types of this phenomenon have been reported: anterior, posterior, and mixed. NCP is a rare finding as reported by various authors. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of NCP in the population of Uttarakhand, India. Methodology: The study was conducted to understand the tributaries of the renal veins and any variations in their pattern via 160-slice computed tomography (CT) angiography. CT angiographies were retrospectively studied to study the renal vasculature. A total of 14 renal veins which included four accessory renal veins (aRVs) (one left and three right) were analyzed from cadaveric dissection and 44 CT films were included (36 males and eight females) with 98 renal veins which included 10 aRVs (three left and seven right). Results: The current study was done on 49 cases (five cadavers and 44 CT angiography), in which a 10.2% prevalence of NCP was recorded. All were variants of mixed types of NCP. Conclusion: Although the NCP and NCS are rare occurrences, it has been determined that it was possibly underdiagnosed due to a lack of the proper advanced imaging and diagnostic modalities. Hence, it led to the undertreatment of the same. With recent development in diagnostic modalities such as multidetector CT, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, etc., there has been a rise in diagnosis of NCP and NCS, thus resulting in increased prevalence.
{"title":"Variations of nutcracker phenomenon: A cadaveric and computed tomography angiographic study","authors":"Anisha Nautiyal, Deepika Sharma, Anjali Sharan, Piyush Kumar, Swati Saxena, R. Maurya, S. Maheshwari, J. Agarwal, M. Pant","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_164_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_164_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) (or the left renal vein [LRV] entrapment) focuses on the constriction of the LRV. It occurs commonly between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the superior mesenteric artery. The resulting clinical manifestation of this phenomenon is known as the nutcracker syndrome (NCS). Three types of this phenomenon have been reported: anterior, posterior, and mixed. NCP is a rare finding as reported by various authors. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of NCP in the population of Uttarakhand, India. Methodology: The study was conducted to understand the tributaries of the renal veins and any variations in their pattern via 160-slice computed tomography (CT) angiography. CT angiographies were retrospectively studied to study the renal vasculature. A total of 14 renal veins which included four accessory renal veins (aRVs) (one left and three right) were analyzed from cadaveric dissection and 44 CT films were included (36 males and eight females) with 98 renal veins which included 10 aRVs (three left and seven right). Results: The current study was done on 49 cases (five cadavers and 44 CT angiography), in which a 10.2% prevalence of NCP was recorded. All were variants of mixed types of NCP. Conclusion: Although the NCP and NCS are rare occurrences, it has been determined that it was possibly underdiagnosed due to a lack of the proper advanced imaging and diagnostic modalities. Hence, it led to the undertreatment of the same. With recent development in diagnostic modalities such as multidetector CT, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, etc., there has been a rise in diagnosis of NCP and NCS, thus resulting in increased prevalence.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"4 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46172148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_231_22
M. Subbaramaiah, R. Archana, SR Jagannatha
Not just anatomists but also clinicians from a variety of disciplines, including orthopedic doctors, surgeons, neurologists, and neurosurgeons, are interested in vertebral abnormalities. Numerous morphological anomalies, such as spinal synostosis, occipitalization, sacralization, and lumbarization, as well as the absence of the posterior vertebral arch, have been reported. Sequentially fused vertebral segments might result in spinal fusion, synostosis of the vertebrae, or blocked vertebrae. Movement limitations, early degenerative changes, and accompanying neurological abnormalities may all be brought on by the block vertebrae. The fusion may be whole or partial, acquired, or congenital. The cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebral levels are the most frequently affected by vertebral fusion, whether it is congenital or acquired. A systemic disorder, known as idiopathic diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), is defined by distinctive ossification patterns that can run over at least three more vertebral levels or four successive vertebrae on their anterolateral aspect. Here, we present a series of spinal synostosis at various levels that were identified in museum specimens from our institution and that were associated with the clinical and developmental importance.
{"title":"A case series of synostosis/blocks observed in Indian human vertebra: Clinical and developmental perspective","authors":"M. Subbaramaiah, R. Archana, SR Jagannatha","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_231_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_231_22","url":null,"abstract":"Not just anatomists but also clinicians from a variety of disciplines, including orthopedic doctors, surgeons, neurologists, and neurosurgeons, are interested in vertebral abnormalities. Numerous morphological anomalies, such as spinal synostosis, occipitalization, sacralization, and lumbarization, as well as the absence of the posterior vertebral arch, have been reported. Sequentially fused vertebral segments might result in spinal fusion, synostosis of the vertebrae, or blocked vertebrae. Movement limitations, early degenerative changes, and accompanying neurological abnormalities may all be brought on by the block vertebrae. The fusion may be whole or partial, acquired, or congenital. The cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebral levels are the most frequently affected by vertebral fusion, whether it is congenital or acquired. A systemic disorder, known as idiopathic diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), is defined by distinctive ossification patterns that can run over at least three more vertebral levels or four successive vertebrae on their anterolateral aspect. Here, we present a series of spinal synostosis at various levels that were identified in museum specimens from our institution and that were associated with the clinical and developmental importance.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"50 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48606261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Professional advancement in medical institutions: Should research and publications be prioritized over teaching?","authors":"N. Pushpa, A. Patra, K. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_6_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_6_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49290908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_221_22
Vinay Sharma, P. Panchal, Aruna Arya, C. R. Ramesh Babu
The posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) typically emanates from the axillary artery (AxA) that supplies the shoulder region and surrounding structure. During routine dissection, we noticed that a truncus profundocircumflexus arose as a branch of Brachial Artery distal to teres major (TM), which branches into profunda brachii, besides PCHA. This circumflex humeral artery, winding around the TM muscle, coursed superolaterally and reached the quadrangular space for its usual vascular territory. Adequate awareness of such rare variations observed in the present study is pertinent for physicians for quadrangular space syndrome, radiologists to avert misreading of angiographs, and orthopedics in case of trauma to the axilla, shoulder region, and upper arm or during invasive vascular procedures.
{"title":"The posterior circumflex humeral artery with variant origin and course","authors":"Vinay Sharma, P. Panchal, Aruna Arya, C. R. Ramesh Babu","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_221_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_221_22","url":null,"abstract":"The posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) typically emanates from the axillary artery (AxA) that supplies the shoulder region and surrounding structure. During routine dissection, we noticed that a truncus profundocircumflexus arose as a branch of Brachial Artery distal to teres major (TM), which branches into profunda brachii, besides PCHA. This circumflex humeral artery, winding around the TM muscle, coursed superolaterally and reached the quadrangular space for its usual vascular territory. Adequate awareness of such rare variations observed in the present study is pertinent for physicians for quadrangular space syndrome, radiologists to avert misreading of angiographs, and orthopedics in case of trauma to the axilla, shoulder region, and upper arm or during invasive vascular procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"60 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47440379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_234_22
Urvi Sharma, Suman Verma, Subathra Adithan
Background: Cerebral vasculature fenestration is a rare congenital anomaly and is mostly found in association with aneurysms. Fenestration involving anterior communicating artery (ACoA) is rare. The study's objective was to determine ACoA fenestration incidence in Indian population using computed tomography angiography (CTA). Methodology: Datasets of CT cerebral angiography in 105 patients (67 males and 38 females), of average age- 47.96±16.58 years were systematically reviewed for fenestration in ACoA. The cases with aneurysms and infarcts were excluded from the study. Results: The fenestration involving ACoA was seen in 0.95% (1/105). The fenestration was triangular and located in the proximal part of the artery. No other vascular anomaly was observed in ACoA. Conclusion: The incidence of ACoA fenestration is low in Indian population. Knowledge about the variations of cerebral vasculature will be helpful for radiologists and neurovascular surgeons while dealing with cerebrovascular diseases.
{"title":"Incidence of fenestration of anterior communicating artery in Indian population using computed tomography angiography","authors":"Urvi Sharma, Suman Verma, Subathra Adithan","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_234_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_234_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cerebral vasculature fenestration is a rare congenital anomaly and is mostly found in association with aneurysms. Fenestration involving anterior communicating artery (ACoA) is rare. The study's objective was to determine ACoA fenestration incidence in Indian population using computed tomography angiography (CTA). Methodology: Datasets of CT cerebral angiography in 105 patients (67 males and 38 females), of average age- 47.96±16.58 years were systematically reviewed for fenestration in ACoA. The cases with aneurysms and infarcts were excluded from the study. Results: The fenestration involving ACoA was seen in 0.95% (1/105). The fenestration was triangular and located in the proximal part of the artery. No other vascular anomaly was observed in ACoA. Conclusion: The incidence of ACoA fenestration is low in Indian population. Knowledge about the variations of cerebral vasculature will be helpful for radiologists and neurovascular surgeons while dealing with cerebrovascular diseases.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"27 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47505845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_219_22
S. Behera, R. Chowdhury, M. Sar, S. Mishra
Background: Cadavers are the mainstay of learning anatomy by dissection. Due to insufficient awareness of body donation, most of the medical institutions are facing a shortage of cadavers. Health-care professionals should have knowledge about the complete process of body donation, so that they can become motivators of organ and body donation. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the awareness, knowledge, and attitude regarding body donation among medical and paramedical students. Methodology: A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted among 182 medical and 119 paramedical students through a pretested semistructured questionnaire via a Google form. The Chi-square test was used for the estimation of the P value. Results: 96.7% of medical students and 93.2% of paramedical students had heard about the concept of body donation. 31.8%medical and 49.5% of paramedical students (P < 0.00001) knew that body donation and eye donation can be done simultaneously. The cadavers available are not adequate was felt by 45% of medical and 42.8% of paramedical groups. 90.1% of medical and 86.5% of paramedical students opined for the inclusion of a chapter on body donation. The virtual anatomy table cannot be a substitute for body donation was perceived by 78% of medical and 15.1% of paramedical students (P < 000001). 34.6% of medical students and 56.3% of paramedical students have shown their willingness to donate their whole body and eyes. Conclusion: Although medical and paramedical students have heard about the concept of body donation, their awareness, knowledge, and attitude need to be improved.
{"title":"Awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards body donation among medical and paramedical students","authors":"S. Behera, R. Chowdhury, M. Sar, S. Mishra","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_219_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_219_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cadavers are the mainstay of learning anatomy by dissection. Due to insufficient awareness of body donation, most of the medical institutions are facing a shortage of cadavers. Health-care professionals should have knowledge about the complete process of body donation, so that they can become motivators of organ and body donation. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the awareness, knowledge, and attitude regarding body donation among medical and paramedical students. Methodology: A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted among 182 medical and 119 paramedical students through a pretested semistructured questionnaire via a Google form. The Chi-square test was used for the estimation of the P value. Results: 96.7% of medical students and 93.2% of paramedical students had heard about the concept of body donation. 31.8%medical and 49.5% of paramedical students (P < 0.00001) knew that body donation and eye donation can be done simultaneously. The cadavers available are not adequate was felt by 45% of medical and 42.8% of paramedical groups. 90.1% of medical and 86.5% of paramedical students opined for the inclusion of a chapter on body donation. The virtual anatomy table cannot be a substitute for body donation was perceived by 78% of medical and 15.1% of paramedical students (P < 000001). 34.6% of medical students and 56.3% of paramedical students have shown their willingness to donate their whole body and eyes. Conclusion: Although medical and paramedical students have heard about the concept of body donation, their awareness, knowledge, and attitude need to be improved.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"20 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47947585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_235_22
R. Keshri, Rajiv Ranjan
Background: Morphological studies have highlighted the roles of the crista terminalis (CT) and musculi pectinati (MP) in the process behind cardiac arrhythmias. It is also intriguing to explore the notion that structural problems with the CT and MP may be the major anomaly in those who have atrial flutter and may also account for the incidence of atrial flutter even in people with atria that appear to be normal. The aim is to study the cumulative arrangement and morphology of CT and MP in the right atrium of formalin-fixed human cadavers. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted on thirty hearts obtained from formalin-embalmed adult human cadavers of the age range between 25 and 65 years (22 males and 8 females). Anatomical course, arrangements, and variations of CT and MP were observed and noted. Results: After meticulous dissection of formalin-fixed human heart, variations associated with the morphological traits of the MP and taenia sagittalis (TS) were observed and recorded. According to the gross anatomical architecture of CT and associated MP, it was classified into six various patterns. Type 1 (MP oriented nearly 90° to CT) was found to be the most common variant, exhibited by 16 (53%) hearts, Type 2 (MP oriented parallel to CT) was noted in 1 (4%), 7 (22%) shown Type 3 (combination of Type 1 and Type 2), Type 4 (branching of the MP) was noted in 2 (7%), Type 5 (interlacing trabeculation) was seen in 3 (10%), whereas Type 6 (prominent muscular column of MP) was present in 1 (4%) of the heart. In addition, the observation on TS (prominent band of MP, seen emerging from CT) was also classified into three groups – Type A (TS was absent) was noted in 15 (50%) hearts was the most common variant, Type B (single trunk of TS) was present in 3 (10%) and Type C (multiple trunks of TS) in 12 (40%) hearts. Conclusion: Cardiovascular catheterization frequently results in injury to Type 6 MP and Type B/Type C TS, which have a more intricate arrangement of fibers. Henceforth, collectively the incidence of these clinically relevant variants was a little more than 50%.
{"title":"Morphological study of musculi pectinati and crista terminalis with its applied significance in the human adult cadaver","authors":"R. Keshri, Rajiv Ranjan","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_235_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_235_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Morphological studies have highlighted the roles of the crista terminalis (CT) and musculi pectinati (MP) in the process behind cardiac arrhythmias. It is also intriguing to explore the notion that structural problems with the CT and MP may be the major anomaly in those who have atrial flutter and may also account for the incidence of atrial flutter even in people with atria that appear to be normal. The aim is to study the cumulative arrangement and morphology of CT and MP in the right atrium of formalin-fixed human cadavers. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted on thirty hearts obtained from formalin-embalmed adult human cadavers of the age range between 25 and 65 years (22 males and 8 females). Anatomical course, arrangements, and variations of CT and MP were observed and noted. Results: After meticulous dissection of formalin-fixed human heart, variations associated with the morphological traits of the MP and taenia sagittalis (TS) were observed and recorded. According to the gross anatomical architecture of CT and associated MP, it was classified into six various patterns. Type 1 (MP oriented nearly 90° to CT) was found to be the most common variant, exhibited by 16 (53%) hearts, Type 2 (MP oriented parallel to CT) was noted in 1 (4%), 7 (22%) shown Type 3 (combination of Type 1 and Type 2), Type 4 (branching of the MP) was noted in 2 (7%), Type 5 (interlacing trabeculation) was seen in 3 (10%), whereas Type 6 (prominent muscular column of MP) was present in 1 (4%) of the heart. In addition, the observation on TS (prominent band of MP, seen emerging from CT) was also classified into three groups – Type A (TS was absent) was noted in 15 (50%) hearts was the most common variant, Type B (single trunk of TS) was present in 3 (10%) and Type C (multiple trunks of TS) in 12 (40%) hearts. Conclusion: Cardiovascular catheterization frequently results in injury to Type 6 MP and Type B/Type C TS, which have a more intricate arrangement of fibers. Henceforth, collectively the incidence of these clinically relevant variants was a little more than 50%.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"12 1","pages":"31 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44377780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_146_22
A. Anbarasan, S. Mitra, Arundhati Kar, M. Gaikwad, Sweta Singh, P. Tripathy
Introduction: The fetal liver cells can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes based on the induction due to clonogenic properties with high growth potential. Understanding liver histogenesis might be helpful in liver and hepatocyte transplantation. Special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains provide better insight into the hepatic cellular architecture, although the literature regarding the same is relatively sparse. Methodology: This study's objective was to document the microscopic structure of the organization of hepatocytes, the appearance of central veins and sinusoids, the formation of the portal triad, and hematopoietic blasts of the liver at various weeks of gestation by using special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains and also to compare our observations with other regions of India and Western countries. Results: It was observed that the central vein and the arrangement of hepatocytes appeared at 14 weeks of gestation. The sinusoids and portal triads were formed at 15 weeks of gestation. The hemopoiesis level in the liver gradually increased from the 14th to 26th week of gestation, after which it decreased. Conclusion: A better understanding of human fetal liver histogenesis will help future research activities in liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation from the aborted/stillborn fetal liver from various weeks of gestation.
{"title":"Histogenesis of human fetal liver with special histochemical and selective immunohistochemical stains","authors":"A. Anbarasan, S. Mitra, Arundhati Kar, M. Gaikwad, Sweta Singh, P. Tripathy","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_146_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_146_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The fetal liver cells can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes based on the induction due to clonogenic properties with high growth potential. Understanding liver histogenesis might be helpful in liver and hepatocyte transplantation. Special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains provide better insight into the hepatic cellular architecture, although the literature regarding the same is relatively sparse. Methodology: This study's objective was to document the microscopic structure of the organization of hepatocytes, the appearance of central veins and sinusoids, the formation of the portal triad, and hematopoietic blasts of the liver at various weeks of gestation by using special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains and also to compare our observations with other regions of India and Western countries. Results: It was observed that the central vein and the arrangement of hepatocytes appeared at 14 weeks of gestation. The sinusoids and portal triads were formed at 15 weeks of gestation. The hemopoiesis level in the liver gradually increased from the 14th to 26th week of gestation, after which it decreased. Conclusion: A better understanding of human fetal liver histogenesis will help future research activities in liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation from the aborted/stillborn fetal liver from various weeks of gestation.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"11 1","pages":"176 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45256236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_150_22
Vishan Dev Singh Jamwal, A. Tandon
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