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Soil cover structure and transformation of morphometric parameters of Haplic Chernozems under no-tillage 免耕条件下单立地黑钙土覆盖结构及形态计量参数的变化
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-5-31
V. Belobrov, S. Yudin, N. Ermolaev, A. Y. Aidiev
The results of the field experiment have been analyzed, it was set up on two experimental fields (with an area of 2.4 hectares each), where two different agricultural techniques – traditional and no-till – were applied. Diagnostics of morphometric parameters of typical chernozems such as: the thickness of the A1 horizon, A1 + AB horizons and the depth of carbonates reaction with 10% HCl, has shown that some changes in soils and soil cover had occurred in the fields over 8 years. The integral indicator of soil productivity is the thickness of the humus horizon, it demonstrated trends to decrease and increase in the soil cover structure of the experimental fields with different compositions of chernozem subtypes. The trends result from both climate change and periodic dry periods, which are not typical of the region, and from the change of traditional technology to no-till. The carbonates leaching from chernozem profiles in all variants of the experiment decreased, which correlates well with climatic indicators, changing with the seasons of the year. Chernozems with thin humus layaer and reacting with HCl close to the surface do not require liming. The revealed changes are not statistically significant, they reflect the resistance of chernozems to the variability of natural and anthropogenic factors of soil formation. Crop residues on the soil surface under no-tillage reduce physical evaporation, which contributes to moisture accumulation in the soil. The use of cover crops in winter also increases the moisture reserves, which are consumed by the plants during the summer growing season. Information on the transformation of morphometric parameters allows making temporal and spatial corrections in the applied agricultural practices (crop rotation, fertilization, the use of cover crops, herbicides and pesticides).
对田间试验的结果进行了分析,在两个试验田(每个试验田面积为2.4公顷)上进行了两种不同的农业技术——传统和免耕。对典型黑钙土A1层厚度、A1 + AB层厚度、碳酸盐与10% HCl反应深度等形态计量参数的诊断表明,8年来大田土壤和土壤覆盖发生了一定的变化。土壤生产力的综合指标是腐殖质层厚,不同黑钙土类型组成的试验田土壤覆盖结构呈现出减少和增加的趋势。这种趋势是由于气候变化和周期性干旱期(这在该地区并不典型)以及传统技术向免耕的转变造成的。黑钙土剖面碳酸盐浸出量在各试验变量中均呈下降趋势,与气候指标有较好的相关性,且随季节变化。腐殖质层薄且靠近地表与盐酸反应的黑钙土不需要施石灰。这些变化在统计学上不显著,反映了黑钙土对土壤形成的自然和人为因素的变异性的抵抗力。免耕条件下,作物残留在土壤表面减少了物理蒸发,有利于土壤水分积累。在冬季使用覆盖作物也增加了水分储备,这些水分在夏季生长季节被植物消耗。关于形态计量参数转换的信息可以对应用的农业做法(作物轮作、施肥、覆盖作物的使用、除草剂和杀虫剂)进行时空校正。
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引用次数: 0
Energy of dispersing of loamy soils to elementary particles using ultrasound 利用超声波将壤土分散成基本颗粒的能量
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-87-106
A. Yudina, D. Fomin
Elementary soil particles are the first soil-specific level in the soil structure hierarchy, which is also the object of the soil texture analysis. To disperse soil solids to elementary soil particles (ESP), it is necessary to break the strong bonds between particles by physical action. An effective way of physical dispersion is to treat soil suspensions with ultrasound. However, depending on the type of soil, the required energy level varies, as it is determined by the stability of the soil structure. In this work the experiment with increasing energy (from 65 to 1 101 J·mL-1) of ultrasonic dispersion at constant power equal to 32.4 W is described. Soil samples from the upper horizons of three types of loamy soils (Retisol, Phaeozem, Chernozem) were used in the experiment. For this purpose, a horn-type ultrasonic disruptor Digital Sonifier S-250D (Branson Ultrasonics, USA) with a stepped solid horn tip (13 mm) was used. It was found that the value of the total energy of dispersion Et required for complete destruction of soil aggregates to ESP depends on soil type and varies within 200–800 J·mL-1 for loamy soils with an organic matter content of 1.8–4.6 g. 100 g-1 soil. For sample preparation of soils for grain-size analysis with a subsequent determination of soil texture class according to Kachinsky classification, the value Et = 250 J·mL-1 is sufficient, as it allows obtaining the maximum amount of physical clay (<10 µm) at the minimum duration of sample preparation.
土壤基本颗粒是土壤结构层次中的第一个土壤特异层次,也是土壤质地分析的对象。为了使土壤固体分散到基本土壤颗粒(ESP)中,需要通过物理作用打破颗粒之间的强结合。超声处理土壤悬浮液是一种有效的物理分散方法。然而,根据土壤的类型,所需的能量水平是不同的,因为它是由土壤结构的稳定性决定的。本文描述了在32.4 W恒定功率下,超声色散能量从65 J·mL-1增加到1 101 J·mL-1的实验。试验采用三种壤土类型(雷蒂松、费厄泽姆、黑钙土)的上层土壤样品。为此,我们使用了喇叭型超声干扰器数字Sonifier S-250D (Branson Ultrasonics, USA),其尖端为阶梯状实心喇叭(13 mm)。结果表明,土壤团聚体对ESP完全破坏所需的分散总能量Et值与土壤类型有关,有机质含量为1.8 ~ 4.6 g的壤土在200 ~ 800 J·mL-1之间变化。对于用于粒度分析的土壤样品制备,随后根据Kachinsky分类确定土壤质地等级,值Et = 250 J·mL-1是足够的,因为它允许在最短的样品制备时间内获得最大的物理粘土量(<10µm)。
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引用次数: 0
Features of soils of the natural park “Scherbakovsky” Volgograd region 伏尔加格勒地区“谢尔巴科夫斯基”自然公园的土壤特征
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-32-53
O. Gordienko, N. Onistratenko, D. A. Andreeva
The paper presents the results of a study of the soil cover of the Shcherbakovsky Nature Park in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region. To achieve the results 12 soil sections were laid along the studied soil catena (1.5 km), so that morphological and chemical features of the soils of the study area were investigated. Variety and diversity are due to vertical zonality and geological and hydrological peculiarities. So, in the gullies and in massive forest plantations various dark humus and gley soils have become widespread. On steppe, slope and watershed areas lithosolic light humus luvisols and light humus lithozems were formed. On areas with open sand surface, humus psammozems with protohumus horizons W, as well as light humus (AJ-C) and humus soils (A-C), and a variety of soil-forming rocks of the natural park were found. In relief depressions they are represented mainly by gleyed sandy, as well as proluvial-deluvial deposits with inclusions of large fragments of opokas. On steppe and steep-slope areas, the soil-forming rocks are thick layers of opoka deposits. Their upper boundary varies from 20 to 60 cm depth depending on the meso- and microrelief. On the watersheds, the soilforming rocks are represented by sandy, ferruginous deposits with new formations of clay and pseudofibres. The parent rock is registered starting from 100 cm depth and consists of large blocks of hardened sandstone. The chemical properties of the studied soils are characterized by a neutral or slightly acidic pH. Easily soluble salts are leached from all soil horizons. The maximum values of Сorg are typical of humus and transitional horizons. The studies conducted in the Shcherbakovsky Nature Park are of greatest importance for monitoring the state of soils, and also allowed us to identify the features of the genesis of underdeveloped soils and luvisols of the dry-steppe natural zone.
本文介绍了伏尔加格勒地区Kamyshinsky区Shcherbakovsky自然公园土壤覆盖的研究结果。为了获得结果,沿所研究的土壤链(1.5km)铺设了12个土壤剖面,从而研究了研究区域土壤的形态和化学特征。多样性和多样性是由于垂直地带性以及地质和水文特性造成的。因此,在沟壑和大规模的森林种植园中,各种深色腐殖质和潜育性土壤已经广泛存在。在草原、斜坡和分水岭地区形成了岩石质的轻质腐殖质陆坡土和轻质腐殖质的岩石圈。在沙面开阔的地区,发现了原腐殖质层为W的腐殖质沙土,以及轻质腐殖质(AJ-C)和腐殖质土(A-C),以及自然公园的各种成土岩石。在起伏凹陷中,它们主要以潜育的沙质沉积物以及洪积-坡积沉积物为代表,其中包含大型opokas碎片。在草原和陡坡地区,形成土壤的岩石是厚厚的opka沉积物层。它们的上边界深度从20到60厘米不等,这取决于中尺度和微观起伏。在分水岭上,形成土壤的岩石以砂质含铁矿床为代表,这些矿床由粘土和假纤维组成。母岩从100厘米深开始记录,由大块硬化砂岩组成。所研究土壤的化学性质以中性或微酸性pH为特征。易溶盐从所有土层中浸出。Сorg的最大值是典型的腐殖质和过渡层。在Shcherbakovsky自然公园进行的研究对监测土壤状况具有重要意义,也使我们能够确定干旱草原自然区未发育土壤和羽扇豆的成因特征。
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引用次数: 0
Chicken manure as an organic fertilizer: composting technologies and impact on soil properties (a review) 鸡粪作为有机肥料:堆肥技术及其对土壤性质的影响(综述)
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-160-198
M. Semenov, Alena Zhelezova, N. A. Ksenofontova, E. Ivanova, D. Nikitin
Chicken manure and composts derived from it are valuable organic fertilizers that have a positive impact on soil fertility and significantly enhance crop yields. However, the application of fresh manure can lead to excessive concentrations of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil, as well as contamination of the soil with microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is recommended to compost chicken manure prior to its use in agriculture. This review examines the composition and properties of chicken manure, the techniques involved in its composting, and its influence on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The utilization of composted manure results in increased levels of organic carbon (on average by 1–1.5%), nitrogen (by 0.1–0.2%), and other biophilic elements. Moreover, it improves various physical properties of the soil, such as porosity, aeration, and density. Levels of pH increase (by 0.2–0.4), as well as electrical conductivity (by 2–2.5 times), and the quantity of water-resistant aggregates (by 5–10%). The application of these fertilizers also promotes biological activity, microbial diversity, microbial biomass carbon (by 25–75%), and soil enzymatic activity (phosphatase and catalase increase by 5–7 times, and urease by 3–5 times). When chicken manure is incorporated into the soil, a significant (2–4 times) increase in the population of bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria is observed. The necessity of investigating the effects of compost derived from chicken manure on the chemical composition and storage of soil organic matter, pore space, and the ecotrophic structure of the soil microbiome is also discussed.
鸡粪和由此产生的堆肥是有价值的有机肥料,对土壤肥力有积极影响,并显著提高作物产量。然而,施用新鲜肥料会导致土壤中氮和其他营养物质浓度过高,并导致对人类和动物致病的微生物污染土壤。因此,建议在将鸡粪用于农业之前对其进行堆肥。本文综述了鸡粪的组成和性质,堆肥技术,以及它对土壤物理、化学和生物特性的影响。堆肥肥料的利用导致有机碳(平均增加1-1.5%)、氮(增加0.1-0.2%)和其他亲生物元素的水平增加。此外,它还改善了土壤的各种物理特性,如孔隙率、通气性和密度。pH值增加(0.2–0.4),电导率增加(2–2.5倍),防水骨料数量增加(5–10%)。施用这些肥料还可提高生物活性、微生物多样性、微生物生物量碳(增加25-75%)和土壤酶活性(磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶增加5-7倍,脲酶增加3-5倍)。当鸡粪被掺入土壤中时,可以观察到厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门的细菌数量显著增加(2-4倍)。还讨论了研究鸡粪堆肥对土壤有机质化学组成和储存、孔隙空间以及土壤微生物组生态营养结构的影响的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Productivity of corn Ross 140 depending on the level of the chemicalization of zonal soils of the republic of Tatarstan 取决于鞑靼斯坦共和国带状土壤化学化水平的玉米Ross 140的生产力
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-199-223
F. Safiollin, M. Khismatullin, A. Lukmanov, R. Gabitov, I. Yakhin
It is known that one and the same corn plant material can be used to produce silage, cornage, milled grain, or grain for fodder. Each of them contains completely different amounts of nutrients and a wide range of gross yield of fodder units. The results of the research show the direct dependence of the choice of corn use on zonal features of the soil cover and the existing level of chemicalization of agricultural formations of the Republic of Tatarstan, which are considered in detail in this paper. Thus, in order to produce the ploughed grain or corn with the gross harvest of fodder units 7.94–8.82 t/ha and profitability of 78.7% on leached chernozems, which account for 38% of soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is recommended to cultivate corn using the complex application of agromeliorants and calculated norms of mineral fertilizers. Liming of acidic dark gray and gray forest soils with phosphorite and zeolite application in combination with NPK provides increase in gross harvest of fodder units of corn silage from 4.22 to 6.13 and 3.34 to 5.86 t/ha respectively. The high efficiency of agrochemicals application on corn crops and forage harvesting of different types of fodder taking into account zonal features of soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan is also confirmed by economic indicators. The profitability of production of rolled grain reaches the maximum value (78.8%) in the variant with liming and phosphating of leached chernozem combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in rates calculated for obtaining the planned 35 t/ha of green mass. At the same time, on dark gray and gray forest soils as the yield of green mass increases under the influence of agromeliorants the total costs of silage production increases by 13.1 and 16.5 thousand rubles/ha compared with the control variants of the experiment (without agrochemicals). However, the costs of production of 1 000 fodder units are reduced to 9.9 and 10.4 thousand rubles respectively, provided that the sale price is about14 thousand rubles.
众所周知,同一种玉米植物材料可以用来生产青贮饲料、玉米饲料、碾磨谷物或饲料谷物。每一种饲料所含的营养成分完全不同,饲料单位的毛产量差别很大。研究结果表明,玉米利用的选择直接依赖于鞑靼斯坦共和国土壤覆盖的地域性特征和现有农业结构的化学化水平,本文对此进行了详细的考虑。因此,为了生产饲料单位总收获量为7.94-8.82 t/ha的耕作谷物或玉米,以及占鞑靼斯坦共和国土壤38%的淋溶黑钙土的收益率为78.7%,建议使用复合施用农药和计算规范的矿物肥料来种植玉米。在酸性深灰色和灰色森林土壤中施用磷灰石和沸石与氮磷钾相结合,可使玉米青贮饲料单位的总收获量分别从4.22吨/公顷增加到6.13吨/公顷和3.34吨/公顷增加到5.86吨/公顷。考虑到鞑靼斯坦共和国土壤覆盖的地域性特征,农用化学品在玉米作物上的高效施用和不同类型饲料的牧草收获也得到了经济指标的证实。在对浸出黑钙土进行石灰化和磷化,并施用矿肥的情况下,生产轧粮的收益率达到最大值(78.8%),以获得计划的35 t/ha绿色质量。与此同时,在深灰色和灰色森林土壤上,随着青贮质量在农药影响下的产量增加,青贮生产的总成本比试验的对照品种(不使用农药)增加了13.1万和16.5万卢布/公顷。然而,在销售价格约为1.4万卢布的情况下,1000个饲料单位的生产成本分别减少到9.9和10.4万卢布。
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引用次数: 0
Methods for determining the organic carbon content in soils (critical review) 土壤中有机碳含量的测定方法(评论)
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-5-28
B. Kogut, E. Milanovsky, Sh. A. Hamatnurov
The paper presents theoretical basis of the methods for determining the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) both by direct dry combustion using automated analyzers and indirectly – by I.V. Tyurin and Walkley–Black oxidation. Author's and literature experimental data of SOC analyses in various soils by these methods are presented. Comparative analysis of the above data showed that in some cases the content of SOC determined by oxidability is lower than the one obtained by dry combustion (in most cases), while in others, on the contrary, the content of SOC is higher. This conclusion fully complies with the theoretical views of I.V. Tyurin on the chemical nature of soil organic matter (SOM). A schematic description of determining the content of total (organic) carbon in non-carbonate soils by dry combustion method using automated analyzers Leco (USA) and AH-7529 (Gomel, Belarus) is given. It was pointed out that it is difficult to determine SOC content by dry combustion method with automated analyzers in carbonate soils. For these soils it is recommended to determine the content of inorganic carbon by decomposition of carbonates with HClO4 solution using express analyzer AN-7529. The direct method of determining the content of SOC has the best metrological characteristics compared to ones of the indirect method, which convincingly confirms the authoritative opinions of Schollenberg and Tyurin about the inaccuracy of the latter. It is concluded that the indicators determined by the methods of Tyurin and Walkley–Black and dry combustion are chemically independent, characterizing, respectively, the oxidability and organic carbon content of SOM. It is recommended to use dry combustion method with automated analyzers when monitoring the content and stocks of organic carbon in soils.
本文介绍了自动分析仪直接干燃烧法测定土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的理论基础,以及间接采用Tyurin和Walkley-Black氧化法测定土壤有机碳含量的方法。本文给出了作者和文献用这些方法分析不同土壤有机碳的实验数据。对上述数据的对比分析表明,在某些情况下,氧化性测定的有机碳含量低于干燃烧测定的有机碳含量(大多数情况下),而在另一些情况下,有机碳含量则更高。这一结论完全符合秋林关于土壤有机质(SOM)化学性质的理论观点。本文介绍了用美国的Leco和白俄罗斯的AH-7529自动分析仪干燃烧法测定非碳酸盐土壤中总(有机)碳含量的方法。指出用自动分析仪进行干燃烧法测定碳酸盐土壤中有机碳含量的困难。对于这些土壤,建议使用AN-7529快速分析仪通过HClO4溶液分解碳酸盐来测定无机碳的含量。与间接法相比,直接法测定有机碳含量具有最好的计量特性,这有力地证实了Schollenberg和Tyurin关于间接法测定有机碳含量不准确的权威观点。结果表明,Tyurin法和Walkley-Black法测定的指标与干燃烧法测定的指标具有化学独立性,分别表征了SOM的氧化性和有机碳含量。在监测土壤中有机碳的含量和储量时,建议使用干燃烧法和自动分析仪。
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引用次数: 0
Soils of the polar archaeological site “Settlement Labytnangi 1 (Komy village)”: morphological analysis and chemical composition 极地考古遗址“迷宫1号定居点(科米村)”土壤:形态分析和化学成分
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-66-108
T. Nizamutdinov, A. Suleymanov, E. Morgun, A. V. Gusev, O. S. Tupakhina, A. V. Gusev, A. V. Plekhanov, D. S. Tupakhin, E. Abakumov
Soils of archaeological sites are highly interesting objects for multidisciplinary research in various fields of soil science, ecology, archaeology, anthropology and other sciences. Currently, the soils of archaeological sites in the Arctic regions have not been studied sufficiently, although many ancient monuments beyond the polar circle have been found. This work is devoted to the study of morphological and chemical properties of soils of the archaeological site “Settlement Labytnangi 1”, which is located beyond the northern polar circle, near the cities of Labytnangi and Salekhard (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Development of these territories (according to archaeological research) began in the Eneolithic (Late IV – III millennia BC) and continues to the present day. Soil types on the territory of the monument are represented by soil-like bodies (urbikvazizems), podzols, turbozems, urbo-agrozems and peat soils with inclusions of archaeological and anthropogenic artifacts dating back to the XX century. Most of the studied soils were previously subjected to the processes of cryoturbation, although at present the lower boundary of the active layer of permafrost lies at a depth of 120–130 cm, according to the conducted electrophysical sounding. Significant changes occurred in the acid-base properties of the studied soils. In addition, anthropogenic activity entailed the introduction of biophilic elements and organic matter into the soil profile, in particular phosphorus, which is concentrated in the urbanized soil horizons (phosphorus concentrations above 2 800 mg/kg were recorded). The concentrations of heavy metals in the soils are at/below the conventional background (vicinity of Salekhard and Labytnangi). However, some excess concentrations of copper (up to 87.5 mg/kg), zinc (up to 303.3 mg/kg), lead (up to 76.1 mg/kg), and cadmium (up to 2.1 mg/kg) in the urbanized soil horizons have been detected. According to the results of the work, we can conclude that the soils of the archaeological site were formed under the strong influence of modern and past anthropogenic activity, which determined their morphological structure and chemical characteristics at present.
考古遗址土壤是土壤科学、生态学、考古学、人类学和其他科学领域多学科研究的热门对象。目前,北极地区考古遗址的土壤还没有得到充分的研究,尽管已经发现了许多极地以外的古代遗迹。这项工作致力于研究考古遗址“Labytnangi 1号定居点”土壤的形态和化学性质,该遗址位于北极圈之外,靠近Labytnanji和Salekhard(亚马尔-涅涅茨自治区)。这些领土的开发(根据考古研究)始于Eneolitic(公元前四至公元前三世纪晚期),并一直持续到今天。纪念碑领土上的土壤类型以类土体(urbikvazizems)、灰阶土、涡土、urbo农用土和泥炭土为代表,其中包括可追溯到XX世纪的考古和人为文物。尽管根据所进行的电物理探测,目前永久冻土活动层的下边界位于120–130厘米的深度,但大多数研究的土壤以前都经历过冷冻过程。研究土壤的酸碱性质发生了显著变化。此外,人为活动需要将亲生物元素和有机物引入土壤剖面,特别是磷,它集中在城市化土壤层中(记录到磷浓度超过2800毫克/公斤)。土壤中的重金属浓度处于/低于常规背景(Salekhard和Labytnangi附近)。然而,在城市化土壤层中检测到一些铜(高达87.5 mg/kg)、锌(高达303.3 mg/kg)、铅(高达76.1 mg/kg)和镉(高达2.1 mg/kg)的过量浓度。根据研究结果,我们可以得出结论,考古遗址的土壤是在现代和过去人类活动的强烈影响下形成的,这决定了它们目前的形态结构和化学特征。
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引用次数: 1
Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties of recreational areas of Volgograd 伏尔加格勒休闲区土壤性质的空间异质性
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-109-134
O. Gordienko, R. Balkushkin
The article presents the developed soil maps and maps of spatial variability of soil properties (pH, total salt and carbonate content, organic carbon, density) in some recreational areas of Volgograd. The anthropogenic soils in the studied recreational areas include various urbostratozems (Urbic Technosols (Transportic)), Ekranic Technosols (Transportic), as well as quasizems (Phaeozems (Tehnic)), among the agrogenic ones – accumulation-carbonate agrozems (Cambisols (Aric, Protocalcic). Natural soils are represented by light and dark humus soils, chestnut soils, solonetz, as well as stratozems and psammozems. According to the data of isolinear mapping, it was found that acid-alkaline properties of soils of green zones vary from slightly alkaline to alkaline depending on the soil horizon and anthropogenic load. The mapping did not reveal salinization of the upper 0–30 cm layer. Values of organic carbon vary greatly (1–10%) and are conditioned by the presence or absence of meliorative artificial layers, as well as by the character of territory use. The content of calcium carbonates in the upper 30 cm is small and varies from 0.7 to 5%. It is established that the physical properties (density) directly depend on the level of anthropogenic load, increasing in footpaths and lawns. Spatial assessment of the properties of urban soils is important for identifying areas with an excess or on the contrary – low content of certain chemical and physical indicators for the planning of landscaping and gardening of urban areas.
本文介绍了伏尔加格勒一些休闲区开发的土壤图和土壤性质(pH、总盐和碳酸盐含量、有机碳、密度)的空间变异图。所研究娱乐区的人为土壤包括各种urbostratozems(Urbic Technosols(Transportic))、Ekranic Technosolls(Transportic。天然土壤以浅色和深色腐殖质土、栗子土、solonetz以及层积土和砂土为代表。根据等线性映射数据,绿区土壤的酸碱性随土层和人为负荷的不同而从微碱性到碱性不等。测绘没有显示0-30厘米上层的盐碱化。有机碳的值变化很大(1–10%),受是否存在改良人工层以及领土使用特征的制约。上部30cm中的碳酸钙含量较小,在0.7%至5%之间变化。已经确定,物理特性(密度)直接取决于人为负荷的水平,在人行道和草坪中增加。城市土壤性质的空间评估对于识别某些化学和物理指标含量过高或相反的区域非常重要,这些指标用于城市地区的景观美化和园艺规划。
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引用次数: 0
Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka (23.06.1867 – 02.11.1927) – the first academician-soil scientist, organizer and first Director of V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute and the first Rector of Voronezh Agricultural Institute named after Emperor Peter I, Professor, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences 康斯坦丁·德米特里耶维奇·格林卡(1867年6月23日- 1927年11月2日),第一位院士兼土壤科学家,多库恰耶夫土壤科学研究所的组织者和首任所长,沃罗涅日农业研究所的首任所长,以彼得一世皇帝命名,教授,苏联科学院正式成员
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-135-148
A. L. Ivanov, L. V. Orlova
Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka made a major contribution to the development of such areas of soil science as genesis, geography, cartography and mineralogy of soils. He made the first world soil maps (1908, 1915, 1927), the first soil map of the Asian part of Russia (1927, jointly with L.I. Prasolov), classic studies of weathering processes and transformation of primary minerals into secondary, first studies of buried and relic soils, which laid the foundation for paleosoil science. Fundamental, encyclopedic textbook, written by K.D. Glinka “Soil science” went through six editions (1908–1936) and became a basic guide for many generations of soil scientists. The ideas of K.D. Glinka in the genesis of different types of soils, including gray forest soils, podzols, red earths, burozems (brown soils) have not lost their scientific value until the present day. His outstanding scientific, organizational and pedagogical contribution to the development of genetic soil science has earned K.D. Glinka a well-deserved fame as a scientist of world class.
康斯坦丁·德米特里耶维奇·格林卡对土壤科学的发生、地理、地图学和矿物学等领域的发展作出了重大贡献。他绘制了第一张世界土壤图(1908年、1915年、1927年),第一张俄罗斯亚洲部分土壤图(1927年,与L.I. Prasolov合作),对风化过程和原生矿物向次生矿物转化的经典研究,首次对埋藏土和遗迹土进行了研究,为古土壤学奠定了基础。基础,百科全书式的教科书,由K.D.格林卡写的“土壤科学”经历了六个版本(1908-1936),并成为许多代土壤科学家的基本指南。克林卡关于不同类型土壤(包括灰色森林土、灰化土、红土、褐土)成因的观点直到今天仍未失去其科学价值。他对遗传土壤科学发展的杰出科学、组织和教学贡献为K.D. Glinka赢得了当之无愧的世界一流科学家的声誉。
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引用次数: 0
Cartographic interpretation of chemical and radiation contamination of Russian soils 俄罗斯土壤化学和辐射污染的制图解释
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65
S. Avetyan, N. Savitskaya, I. Savin, E. Shishkonakova
At the end of the 20th century, a geoinformation database on soil degradation in Russia, relied on the soil map of Russia at a scale of 1 : 5 million, was developed under the leadership of V.S. Stolbovoy. As part of the development of this problem and in the course of obtaining new information on soil degradation, an attempt was made to refine and supplement this database, that relies on the soil map of the Russian Federation 1 : 2.5 million scale. Soil degradation resulted from the impact of various types of pollution was taken into account, including industrial emissions, leakage of oil products, excessive application of pesticides, the impact of vehicles and radiation pollution. Each soil polygon of the soil map exposed to the pollution was characterized by the degree and area of pollution in accordance with the developed scales. The results of the analysis were used to construct cartograms illustrating the spatial distribution of chemical and radiation degradation of the country soils. According to the data obtained, in the zone of pollution derived from industrial enterprises and oil pollution, 20% of the soil-geographic polygons of the map are characterized by a strong degree of pollution, and 30% and 50% – by weak and medium, respectively. Agricultural pollution due to excessive use of plant protection products in Russia does not exceed 10% of the area of polygons and is characterized by a low degree. About 10% of the soil polygons of the basic soil map are heavily contaminated with radioactive contamination, while 40% and 50% of the polygons are moderately and weakly contaminated, respectively. Pollution from vehicles is weak and generally has low level. At the same time, megacities and highways with heavy traffic are distinguished by relatively high level of pollution.
20世纪末,在斯托尔博沃伊(V.S. Stolbovoy)的领导下,以150万比例尺的俄罗斯土壤地图为基础,建立了俄罗斯土壤退化地理信息数据库。在解决这一问题的过程中以及在取得关于土壤退化的新资料的过程中,曾试图改进和补充这一数据库,该数据库依靠俄罗斯联邦1:1 . 250万比例尺的土壤地图。考虑到各种污染造成的土壤退化,包括工业排放、石油产品泄漏、过度使用杀虫剂、车辆的影响和辐射污染。根据制定的尺度,对土壤图中受污染的每个土壤多边形进行污染程度和污染面积表征。分析结果被用于绘制农村土壤化学和辐射退化的空间分布图。根据获得的数据,在工业企业污染区和石油污染区,地图中20%的土壤地理多边形的污染程度为强,30%和50%的土壤地理多边形的污染程度为弱和中。俄罗斯因过度使用植保产品造成的农业污染不超过多边形面积的10%,且具有程度较低的特点。土壤基本图中约10%的土壤多边形受到严重放射性污染,40%和50%的土壤多边形受到中度和轻度放射性污染。车辆污染较弱,总体水平较低。与此同时,交通繁忙的特大城市和高速公路的特点是污染程度相对较高。
{"title":"Cartographic interpretation of chemical and radiation contamination of Russian soils","authors":"S. Avetyan, N. Savitskaya, I. Savin, E. Shishkonakova","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the 20th century, a geoinformation database on soil degradation in Russia, relied on the soil map of Russia at a scale of 1 : 5 million, was developed under the leadership of V.S. Stolbovoy. As part of the development of this problem and in the course of obtaining new information on soil degradation, an attempt was made to refine and supplement this database, that relies on the soil map of the Russian Federation 1 : 2.5 million scale. Soil degradation resulted from the impact of various types of pollution was taken into account, including industrial emissions, leakage of oil products, excessive application of pesticides, the impact of vehicles and radiation pollution. Each soil polygon of the soil map exposed to the pollution was characterized by the degree and area of pollution in accordance with the developed scales. The results of the analysis were used to construct cartograms illustrating the spatial distribution of chemical and radiation degradation of the country soils. According to the data obtained, in the zone of pollution derived from industrial enterprises and oil pollution, 20% of the soil-geographic polygons of the map are characterized by a strong degree of pollution, and 30% and 50% – by weak and medium, respectively. Agricultural pollution due to excessive use of plant protection products in Russia does not exceed 10% of the area of polygons and is characterized by a low degree. About 10% of the soil polygons of the basic soil map are heavily contaminated with radioactive contamination, while 40% and 50% of the polygons are moderately and weakly contaminated, respectively. Pollution from vehicles is weak and generally has low level. At the same time, megacities and highways with heavy traffic are distinguished by relatively high level of pollution.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47183746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva
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