Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65
S. Avetyan, N. Savitskaya, I. Savin, E. Shishkonakova
At the end of the 20th century, a geoinformation database on soil degradation in Russia, relied on the soil map of Russia at a scale of 1 : 5 million, was developed under the leadership of V.S. Stolbovoy. As part of the development of this problem and in the course of obtaining new information on soil degradation, an attempt was made to refine and supplement this database, that relies on the soil map of the Russian Federation 1 : 2.5 million scale. Soil degradation resulted from the impact of various types of pollution was taken into account, including industrial emissions, leakage of oil products, excessive application of pesticides, the impact of vehicles and radiation pollution. Each soil polygon of the soil map exposed to the pollution was characterized by the degree and area of pollution in accordance with the developed scales. The results of the analysis were used to construct cartograms illustrating the spatial distribution of chemical and radiation degradation of the country soils. According to the data obtained, in the zone of pollution derived from industrial enterprises and oil pollution, 20% of the soil-geographic polygons of the map are characterized by a strong degree of pollution, and 30% and 50% – by weak and medium, respectively. Agricultural pollution due to excessive use of plant protection products in Russia does not exceed 10% of the area of polygons and is characterized by a low degree. About 10% of the soil polygons of the basic soil map are heavily contaminated with radioactive contamination, while 40% and 50% of the polygons are moderately and weakly contaminated, respectively. Pollution from vehicles is weak and generally has low level. At the same time, megacities and highways with heavy traffic are distinguished by relatively high level of pollution.
{"title":"Cartographic interpretation of chemical and radiation contamination of Russian soils","authors":"S. Avetyan, N. Savitskaya, I. Savin, E. Shishkonakova","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2023-114-29-65","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the 20th century, a geoinformation database on soil degradation in Russia, relied on the soil map of Russia at a scale of 1 : 5 million, was developed under the leadership of V.S. Stolbovoy. As part of the development of this problem and in the course of obtaining new information on soil degradation, an attempt was made to refine and supplement this database, that relies on the soil map of the Russian Federation 1 : 2.5 million scale. Soil degradation resulted from the impact of various types of pollution was taken into account, including industrial emissions, leakage of oil products, excessive application of pesticides, the impact of vehicles and radiation pollution. Each soil polygon of the soil map exposed to the pollution was characterized by the degree and area of pollution in accordance with the developed scales. The results of the analysis were used to construct cartograms illustrating the spatial distribution of chemical and radiation degradation of the country soils. According to the data obtained, in the zone of pollution derived from industrial enterprises and oil pollution, 20% of the soil-geographic polygons of the map are characterized by a strong degree of pollution, and 30% and 50% – by weak and medium, respectively. Agricultural pollution due to excessive use of plant protection products in Russia does not exceed 10% of the area of polygons and is characterized by a low degree. About 10% of the soil polygons of the basic soil map are heavily contaminated with radioactive contamination, while 40% and 50% of the polygons are moderately and weakly contaminated, respectively. Pollution from vehicles is weak and generally has low level. At the same time, megacities and highways with heavy traffic are distinguished by relatively high level of pollution.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47183746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-90-109
I. Bamatov, N. Vasilyeva, A. Vladimirov, T. Vasiliev, K. A. Perevertin
In modern conditions of unprecedented challenges, an alternative to the technological degradation of fertilizer application systems can be the development of original forms of long-acting fertilizers. Despite significant progress in the adaptation of progressive systems of agrochemical impacts, the use of traditional forms of mineral fertilizers does not allow using the full potential of the introduced nutrients, since the processes of incomplete denitrification, immobilization and leaching (leaching) of the main macronutrients (NPK), along with the action of urease, lead to unproductive loss of nutrients in the soil. In addition to economic losses, there are negative environmental consequences – eutrophication of water bodies, emission of greenhouse gases. The studies were carried out in 2022 under production conditions in the Kursk district of the Stavropol Territory on the farm of “StavAgroCom” on southern carbonate chernozem. As a modifier of mineral fertilizers, one of the most common synthetic polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was used. The polymer consumption rate was 3, 5 and 7 kg per 1 ton of fertilizer. Yield growth was positively correlated with the dose of polymer in the fertilizer. The analysis of soil properties was carried out by the method of principal components. The resulting clustering in the coordinates of the first two components (in total they explain 65% of the data variation) shows significant differences in soil properties under different experimental options. To assess the efficiency of the use of nutrients depending on the dose of the polymer, a differential indicator was proposed – the additional efficiency of the use of nutrients (E). It was estimated from the increase in yield relative to the zero dose of the polymer per unit reduction in the concentration of this element in the soil according to the proposed formula. It is shown that the polymer use in fertilizer gives a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat.
{"title":"Influence of polymer modification of complex fertilizer on the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat on the southern chernozem","authors":"I. Bamatov, N. Vasilyeva, A. Vladimirov, T. Vasiliev, K. A. Perevertin","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-90-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-90-109","url":null,"abstract":"In modern conditions of unprecedented challenges, an alternative to the technological degradation of fertilizer application systems can be the development of original forms of long-acting fertilizers. Despite significant progress in the adaptation of progressive systems of agrochemical impacts, the use of traditional forms of mineral fertilizers does not allow using the full potential of the introduced nutrients, since the processes of incomplete denitrification, immobilization and leaching (leaching) of the main macronutrients (NPK), along with the action of urease, lead to unproductive loss of nutrients in the soil. In addition to economic losses, there are negative environmental consequences – eutrophication of water bodies, emission of greenhouse gases. The studies were carried out in 2022 under production conditions in the Kursk district of the Stavropol Territory on the farm of “StavAgroCom” on southern carbonate chernozem. As a modifier of mineral fertilizers, one of the most common synthetic polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was used. The polymer consumption rate was 3, 5 and 7 kg per 1 ton of fertilizer. Yield growth was positively correlated with the dose of polymer in the fertilizer. The analysis of soil properties was carried out by the method of principal components. The resulting clustering in the coordinates of the first two components (in total they explain 65% of the data variation) shows significant differences in soil properties under different experimental options. To assess the efficiency of the use of nutrients depending on the dose of the polymer, a differential indicator was proposed – the additional efficiency of the use of nutrients (E). It was estimated from the increase in yield relative to the zero dose of the polymer per unit reduction in the concentration of this element in the soil according to the proposed formula. It is shown that the polymer use in fertilizer gives a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat. ","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46690009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-58-89
M. V. Timofeeva, K. Abrosimov, A. Yudina, D. Fomin, V. Klyueva
{"title":"Zymography: developing of the enzyme soil activity visualization method","authors":"M. V. Timofeeva, K. Abrosimov, A. Yudina, D. Fomin, V. Klyueva","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-58-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-58-89","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44809624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-110-137
K. Ponomarev, A. Pervushina, K. Korotaeva, A. Yurtaev, A. S. Petuhov, R. Tabakaev, I. Shanenkov
The paper purpose was to establish the effect of applying biochar obtained from various organic wastes of agriculture (cow manure, straw), woodworking (pine sawdust) and food industry (pine nut shell), which are typical of Western Siberia, on the morphometric characteristics of plants (using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as the example) and the soddy-podzolic soil properties. The assessment of biochar influence was performed by a series of vegetation experiments using climatic chambers. As a result, it was found that the introduction of all the noted biochar types into the soil layer leads to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the morphometric characteristics of spring wheat. For example, when applying the straw biochar to the soil, it results in growing the plant height to the node by 19%, while the number of leaves increased by 8% compared to the control variant. The introduction of biochar from manure leads to the increased length of the spring wheat root by 35%. Moreover, straw and manure biochars contribute to the reduction of soil acidity (increase in pH values from 7.1 to 7.4 and 7.8, respectively). The results of the comprehensive analysis indicate that the agronomic advantages of application of biochars obtained from wheat straw and cattle manure are better compared to biochars from pine sawdust and pine nut shells, which is due to higher concentration of nutrients and substances with alkaline reaction (carbonates and oxides) in the former. The results obtained are useful from the point of view of assessing the environmental risks when applying biochar ameliorants in soils typical of the boreal bioclimatic zone. Subsequent experiments, including studies of the joint application of biochars and fertilizers to the soil, will make it possible to develop recommendations for applying the thermal conversion technology for recycling the regional organic waste into ameliorants that improve soil quality and increase its fertility.
{"title":"Biochar influence on the development of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and acidity of soddy-podzolic soil in Western Siberia","authors":"K. Ponomarev, A. Pervushina, K. Korotaeva, A. Yurtaev, A. S. Petuhov, R. Tabakaev, I. Shanenkov","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-110-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-110-137","url":null,"abstract":"The paper purpose was to establish the effect of applying biochar obtained from various organic wastes of agriculture (cow manure, straw), woodworking (pine sawdust) and food industry (pine nut shell), which are typical of Western Siberia, on the morphometric characteristics of plants (using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as the example) and the soddy-podzolic soil properties. The assessment of biochar influence was performed by a series of vegetation experiments using climatic chambers. As a result, it was found that the introduction of all the noted biochar types into the soil layer leads to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the morphometric characteristics of spring wheat. For example, when applying the straw biochar to the soil, it results in growing the plant height to the node by 19%, while the number of leaves increased by 8% compared to the control variant. The introduction of biochar from manure leads to the increased length of the spring wheat root by 35%. Moreover, straw and manure biochars contribute to the reduction of soil acidity (increase in pH values from 7.1 to 7.4 and 7.8, respectively). The results of the comprehensive analysis indicate that the agronomic advantages of application of biochars obtained from wheat straw and cattle manure are better compared to biochars from pine sawdust and pine nut shells, which is due to higher concentration of nutrients and substances with alkaline reaction (carbonates and oxides) in the former. The results obtained are useful from the point of view of assessing the environmental risks when applying biochar ameliorants in soils typical of the boreal bioclimatic zone. Subsequent experiments, including studies of the joint application of biochars and fertilizers to the soil, will make it possible to develop recommendations for applying the thermal conversion technology for recycling the regional organic waste into ameliorants that improve soil quality and increase its fertility.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45603726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-31-57
I. Savin, S. A. Berbekov, D. A. Tutukova
One of the most important applications of soil knowledge is in agricultural processes and crop production. Crop and forage yields strongly depend on soil conditions. Therefore, accurate soil information is an important component of informational support for agricultural production. A soil map is used as the basis for obtaining the soil data of a land plot. But the information on the soil map in many cases does not reflect the spatial variation of all agronomically important properties of soils, which leads to oversimplified and inaccurate analysis of soil information when making management decisions. A new methodology of applied soil mapping for agricultural purposes, based on a detailed analysis of the state of crops in a crop rotation with the use of multi-year satellite data archives, is proposed. The maps of soil inhomogeneity of individual fields, obtained on the basis of the proposed approaches, differ significantly from the traditionally developed soil maps and more accurately reflect the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties, predetermining their actual fertility.
{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of soil heterogeneity by crop canopy status","authors":"I. Savin, S. A. Berbekov, D. A. Tutukova","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-31-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-113-31-57","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important applications of soil knowledge is in agricultural processes and crop production. Crop and forage yields strongly depend on soil conditions. Therefore, accurate soil information is an important component of informational support for agricultural production. A soil map is used as the basis for obtaining the soil data of a land plot. But the information on the soil map in many cases does not reflect the spatial variation of all agronomically important properties of soils, which leads to oversimplified and inaccurate analysis of soil information when making management decisions. A new methodology of applied soil mapping for agricultural purposes, based on a detailed analysis of the state of crops in a crop rotation with the use of multi-year satellite data archives, is proposed. The maps of soil inhomogeneity of individual fields, obtained on the basis of the proposed approaches, differ significantly from the traditionally developed soil maps and more accurately reflect the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties, predetermining their actual fertility. ","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-10DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-24-47
I. Savin, M. A. Shishkin, D. Sharychev
By the example of arable horizon samples taken from three soil types (sod-podzolic, gray forest, and leached chernozem) the peculiarities of electromagnetic waves reflection from their different particle size fractions were studied. The extraction of fractions by dry sieving was carried out using Retsch AS 200 BASIC equipment. As a result, 14 fractions ranging in size from less than 20 microns to more than 5,000 microns were isolated. Spectral reflectance was determined for each fraction and for the soil sample before sieving in the electromagnetic wave range from 350 to 2,500 nm using a SR-6500 field spectroradiometer (Spectral Evolution, USA). Analysis of similarities and differences in the obtained spectral reflectance curves of individual fractions was carried out using their visual analysis, the method of similarity dendrogram construction, as well as regression analysis between light reflectance and fraction particle size. It was confirmed that at a more detailed level of analysis compared to the one carried out by other researchers earlier, the general patterns of light reflectance of the samples do not change. A higher reflection of waves by thinner fractions and a lower reflection by more coarse fractions are observed. At the same time, spectral reflection curves for individual fractions are out of the general pattern, the level of intensity of local extremes of the curves’ changes. This confirms the difference of the material composition, which forms the color of soils, of these fractions from others. The color of the mixed sample is a spectral mixture of colors of its separate fractions. Presumably, this is the main reason for such a phenomenon as change of spectral reflectivity of open surface of soils under the influence of atmospheric precipitation.
以取自三种土壤类型（草皮灰化土、灰色森林和浸出黑钙土）的耕地层位样品为例，研究了不同粒径组分的电磁波反射特性。使用Retsch AS 200 BASIC设备通过干筛提取级分。结果，分离出尺寸从小于20微米到大于5000微米的14个级分。在使用SR-6500场光谱辐射计（Spectral Evolution，USA）在350至2500nm的电磁波范围内进行筛选之前，确定每个部分和土壤样品的光谱反射率。通过视觉分析、相似树状图构建方法以及光反射率与粒径之间的回归分析，对所获得的各个组分的光谱反射率曲线的相似性和差异性进行了分析。已经证实，与其他研究人员早些时候进行的分析相比，在更详细的分析层面上，样本的光反射率的总体模式没有改变。观察到较薄的部分对波的较高反射和较粗的部分对较低反射。同时，单个分数的光谱反射曲线不符合一般模式，曲线的局部极值强度水平发生变化。这证实了这些部分与其他部分形成土壤颜色的材料成分的差异。混合样品的颜色是其单独部分的颜色的光谱混合。这可能是大气降水影响下土壤开放表面光谱反射率变化的主要原因。
{"title":"Peculiarities of spectral reflectance of fractions with sizes from 20 to 5,000 microns in soil samples","authors":"I. Savin, M. A. Shishkin, D. Sharychev","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-24-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-24-47","url":null,"abstract":"By the example of arable horizon samples taken from three soil types (sod-podzolic, gray forest, and leached chernozem) the peculiarities of electromagnetic waves reflection from their different particle size fractions were studied. The extraction of fractions by dry sieving was carried out using Retsch AS 200 BASIC equipment. As a result, 14 fractions ranging in size from less than 20 microns to more than 5,000 microns were isolated. Spectral reflectance was determined for each fraction and for the soil sample before sieving in the electromagnetic wave range from 350 to 2,500 nm using a SR-6500 field spectroradiometer (Spectral Evolution, USA). Analysis of similarities and differences in the obtained spectral reflectance curves of individual fractions was carried out using their visual analysis, the method of similarity dendrogram construction, as well as regression analysis between light reflectance and fraction particle size. It was confirmed that at a more detailed level of analysis compared to the one carried out by other researchers earlier, the general patterns of light reflectance of the samples do not change. A higher reflection of waves by thinner fractions and a lower reflection by more coarse fractions are observed. At the same time, spectral reflection curves for individual fractions are out of the general pattern, the level of intensity of local extremes of the curves’ changes. This confirms the difference of the material composition, which forms the color of soils, of these fractions from others. The color of the mixed sample is a spectral mixture of colors of its separate fractions. Presumably, this is the main reason for such a phenomenon as change of spectral reflectivity of open surface of soils under the influence of atmospheric precipitation.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48529572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-10DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-48-72
O. Piletskaya, D. A. Yachnaya
The analysis of the biological and enzymatic properties of soils is an important aspect of soil ecology, but the results of studies can be strongly influenced by the storage conditions of the samples. Variation in storage methods and duration studies reduces the ability to accurately interpret data and compare results. This work presents a study of the influence of various storage conditions and time on the results of the activity of enzymes of hydrolase class (urease, phosphatase), and oxidoreductases class (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) of meadow chernozem-like soil of the Zeya-Bureya plain. For the research, a laboratory experiment was performed, in which naturally moist and air-dry samples were taken and stored under various conditions: room temperature (+23 – +25 °С), low positive temperature (refrigerator, +10 °C), negative temperature (freezer, –10 °С) within 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. As a result, we found that drying soil samples immediately after sampling increases the activity of urease, phosphatase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. Storage conditions do not significantly affect the activity of enzymes. To assess the actual enzymatic activity, we recommend using naturally moist soil samples immediatel y after sampling; to assess potential enzymatic activity, drying the soil and storing it for no more than 7 days are recommended. The results of this study provide useful information on the impact of sample storage conditions for researchers of enzyme activity in similar climates and contribute to further consideration and discussion of the implications of sample storage.
{"title":"Influence of terms and methods of storage on changes in enzyme activity of meadow chernozem-like soil on Zeya-Bureya plain","authors":"O. Piletskaya, D. A. Yachnaya","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-48-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-48-72","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the biological and enzymatic properties of soils is an important aspect of soil ecology, but the results of studies can be strongly influenced by the storage conditions of the samples. Variation in storage methods and duration studies reduces the ability to accurately interpret data and compare results. This work presents a study of the influence of various storage conditions and time on the results of the activity of enzymes of hydrolase class (urease, phosphatase), and oxidoreductases class (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) of meadow chernozem-like soil of the Zeya-Bureya plain. For the research, a laboratory experiment was performed, in which naturally moist and air-dry samples were taken and stored under various conditions: room temperature (+23 – +25 °С), low positive temperature (refrigerator, +10 °C), negative temperature (freezer, –10 °С) within 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. As a result, we found that drying soil samples immediately after sampling increases the activity of urease, phosphatase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. Storage conditions do not significantly affect the activity of enzymes. To assess the actual enzymatic activity, we recommend using naturally moist soil samples immediatel y after sampling; to assess potential enzymatic activity, drying the soil and storing it for no more than 7 days are recommended. The results of this study provide useful information on the impact of sample storage conditions for researchers of enzyme activity in similar climates and contribute to further consideration and discussion of the implications of sample storage.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47705490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-122-133
V. A. Kholodov, Y. Farkhodov, N. V. Yaroslavtseva, N. Danchenko, B. Ilyin, V. I. Lazarev
Water-extractable organic matter is the most active and mobile form of soil carbon. The other active fraction and extremely biolabile is the carbon constituent of microorganisms. Both of these fractions play an essential role in agrocenoses and in the global carbon cycle on our planet. The aim of the work was to estimate the carbon content of water-extractable organic matter as well as that of microbial origin in typical chernozems (Protocalcic Chernozems) of different land-use types. Protocalcic Chernozem samples taken from the fields of long-term experiments with different types of land use were investigated: a permanent bare fallow for 55 years (since 1964); conventional tillage – four-field crop rotation, first rotation; direct seeding – crop rotation similar to direct seeding, first rotation; a 21-year fallow (since 1998) after 34 years of bare fallow (since 1964). We determined the carbon content of water-extractable organic matter and the carbon content of microbial origin. In the studied series of variants, the proportion of carbon of water-extractable organic matter in the total amount of organic matter in the upper horizon (0–15 cm) was 0.69, 0.85, 1.01, and 0.98%, respectively, while that of carbon of microbial origin was 0.27, 0.55, 0.53, and 1.52%. It was noted that against the background of increasing the content of total organic carbon in direct seeding variant, compared with the traditional soil treatment, the microbial biomass in this variant does not increase. The fallow variant, unlike all other types of land use, is characterized by a higher proportion of microbial carbon, in contrast to the carbon of water-extractable organic matter.
{"title":"Dissolved organic matter and microbial carbon of Protocalcic Chernozems of different land management","authors":"V. A. Kholodov, Y. Farkhodov, N. V. Yaroslavtseva, N. Danchenko, B. Ilyin, V. I. Lazarev","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-122-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-122-133","url":null,"abstract":"Water-extractable organic matter is the most active and mobile form of soil carbon. The other active fraction and extremely biolabile is the carbon constituent of microorganisms. Both of these fractions play an essential role in agrocenoses and in the global carbon cycle on our planet. The aim of the work was to estimate the carbon content of water-extractable organic matter as well as that of microbial origin in typical chernozems (Protocalcic Chernozems) of different land-use types. Protocalcic Chernozem samples taken from the fields of long-term experiments with different types of land use were investigated: a permanent bare fallow for 55 years (since 1964); conventional tillage – four-field crop rotation, first rotation; direct seeding – crop rotation similar to direct seeding, first rotation; a 21-year fallow (since 1998) after 34 years of bare fallow (since 1964). We determined the carbon content of water-extractable organic matter and the carbon content of microbial origin. In the studied series of variants, the proportion of carbon of water-extractable organic matter in the total amount of organic matter in the upper horizon (0–15 cm) was 0.69, 0.85, 1.01, and 0.98%, respectively, while that of carbon of microbial origin was 0.27, 0.55, 0.53, and 1.52%. It was noted that against the background of increasing the content of total organic carbon in direct seeding variant, compared with the traditional soil treatment, the microbial biomass in this variant does not increase. The fallow variant, unlike all other types of land use, is characterized by a higher proportion of microbial carbon, in contrast to the carbon of water-extractable organic matter.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45989731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-73-121
D. Konyushkov, T. Ananko, M. Gerasimova, N. Savitskaya, S. V. Chuvanov
An analysis of the soil cover of Russia as presented on the soil map on a scale of 1 : 2.5 M with the use of a new substantive-genetic soil classification system has been performed at the level of soil orders. The high level of classification-based generalization makes it possible to assess the most general patterns of soil geography and soil resources and to identify changes that have occurred as a result of renaming of each polygon on the map with the use of the new classification. The areas occupied by soil orders have been calculated. In total, there are 24 soil orders on the new map, including 21 orders of natural soils and 3 orders (agrozems, turfzems, stratozems) of anthropogenically transformed soils. Soils of the orders of agro-abrazems, chernozems, and turbozems are not presented on the map. As on most small-scale soil maps of Russia, the zonal regularities of the soil cover in the East European Plain and high lithogenic mosaicity in Central and Eastern Siberia are clearly seen. The new map includes soil orders that were absent on the initial map: cryozems, cryometamorphic and hydrometamorphic soils, lithozems, cryoabrazems, cryoturbozems, urbostratozems, and organo-accumulative soils. Soils characteristic of humid conditions predominate: Al-Fe-humus soils (Podzols) (319.2 M ha, or 19% of the land fund of Russia), gley soils (Gleysols) (223.9 M ha, 13%), texture-differentiated soils (Luvisols and Regosols) (190.8 M ha, 11%), and peat soils (Histosols) (143.5 M ha, 8%) and occupy more than a half of the territory of Russia. The area of humus-accumulative soils most suitable for arable use is 103.6 M ha (6%). Considerable areas are occupied by soils of the orders of cryozems (Turbic Cryosols) (111.4 M ha), iron-metamorphic soils (Chromic Cambisols) (92.7 M ha), structure-metamorphic soils (Cambisols) (47.3 M ha), pale-metamorphic soils (Cambic Cryosols) (12.8 M ha), hydrometamorphic soils (Calcic Gleysols) (4.3 M ha), and cryometamorphic soils (Cambisols Gelic) (3.4 M ha), which corresponds to the vast continental territory of Russia with balanced moisture conditions. Separate place belongs to the soils with strict limitations for use (lithosols (Leptosols), weakly developed soils (Regosols, Nudilithic Leptosols)) but playing important biospheric functions and requiring special protection.
{"title":"Soil orders and their areas on the updated soil map of the Russian Federation, 1 : 2.5 M scale","authors":"D. Konyushkov, T. Ananko, M. Gerasimova, N. Savitskaya, S. V. Chuvanov","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-73-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-73-121","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the soil cover of Russia as presented on the soil map on a scale of 1 : 2.5 M with the use of a new substantive-genetic soil classification system has been performed at the level of soil orders. The high level of classification-based generalization makes it possible to assess the most general patterns of soil geography and soil resources and to identify changes that have occurred as a result of renaming of each polygon on the map with the use of the new classification. The areas occupied by soil orders have been calculated. In total, there are 24 soil orders on the new map, including 21 orders of natural soils and 3 orders (agrozems, turfzems, stratozems) of anthropogenically transformed soils. Soils of the orders of agro-abrazems, chernozems, and turbozems are not presented on the map. As on most small-scale soil maps of Russia, the zonal regularities of the soil cover in the East European Plain and high lithogenic mosaicity in Central and Eastern Siberia are clearly seen. The new map includes soil orders that were absent on the initial map: cryozems, cryometamorphic and hydrometamorphic soils, lithozems, cryoabrazems, cryoturbozems, urbostratozems, and organo-accumulative soils. Soils characteristic of humid conditions predominate: Al-Fe-humus soils (Podzols) (319.2 M ha, or 19% of the land fund of Russia), gley soils (Gleysols) (223.9 M ha, 13%), texture-differentiated soils (Luvisols and Regosols) (190.8 M ha, 11%), and peat soils (Histosols) (143.5 M ha, 8%) and occupy more than a half of the territory of Russia. The area of humus-accumulative soils most suitable for arable use is 103.6 M ha (6%). Considerable areas are occupied by soils of the orders of cryozems (Turbic Cryosols) (111.4 M ha), iron-metamorphic soils (Chromic Cambisols) (92.7 M ha), structure-metamorphic soils (Cambisols) (47.3 M ha), pale-metamorphic soils (Cambic Cryosols) (12.8 M ha), hydrometamorphic soils (Calcic Gleysols) (4.3 M ha), and cryometamorphic soils (Cambisols Gelic) (3.4 M ha), which corresponds to the vast continental territory of Russia with balanced moisture conditions. Separate place belongs to the soils with strict limitations for use (lithosols (Leptosols), weakly developed soils (Regosols, Nudilithic Leptosols)) but playing important biospheric functions and requiring special protection.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43633828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-160-180
A. Kulik, O. Gordienko, M. R. Shaifullin
The article presents the dynamics of soil freezing and thawing in the agroforestry landscape of the dry-steppe zone. These processes in winters with unstable snow cover have their own characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the character of soil freezing and thawing in the agroforestry landscape under conditions of low snowfall winters. Observations were carried out in the winter period of 2020–2021 at the existing runoff-erosion research station in Volgograd. The dynamics of soil freezing and thawing was studied using Danilin freeze-thaw meters installed in the field and in the center of a four-row forest belt. Simultaneously, snow cover height was measured in triplicate with a snow measuring rod. The weather conditions were characterized by alternating thaws, which promoted snow cover melt, and frosts, which increased the depth of soil freezing. The formation of a 10-15 cm snow cover did not affect soil freezing. In the absence of snow on the background of a brief thaw, the lower boundary of the frozen layer in the field decreased by 11 cm compared to the forest belt, which even in the leafless state affected the inflow of solar thermal energy. Average freezing at the end of winter was 85 cm in the field and 67 cm in the forest belt. Thawing in the field was faster. During the first two weeks, the rate of soil thawing averaged 2.3 cm/day in the field and 1.3 cm/day in the forest belt. After that, the depth of freezing in the whole agroforestry landscape became equal. During the next two weeks, the thawing rate doubled. After complete soil thawing in the field in the forest belt, the thickness of the frozen layer averaged 32 cm.
{"title":"Dynamics of soil freezing and thawing in the agroforestry landscape","authors":"A. Kulik, O. Gordienko, M. R. Shaifullin","doi":"10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-160-180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-112-160-180","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the dynamics of soil freezing and thawing in the agroforestry landscape of the dry-steppe zone. These processes in winters with unstable snow cover have their own characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the character of soil freezing and thawing in the agroforestry landscape under conditions of low snowfall winters. Observations were carried out in the winter period of 2020–2021 at the existing runoff-erosion research station in Volgograd. The dynamics of soil freezing and thawing was studied using Danilin freeze-thaw meters installed in the field and in the center of a four-row forest belt. Simultaneously, snow cover height was measured in triplicate with a snow measuring rod. The weather conditions were characterized by alternating thaws, which promoted snow cover melt, and frosts, which increased the depth of soil freezing. The formation of a 10-15 cm snow cover did not affect soil freezing. In the absence of snow on the background of a brief thaw, the lower boundary of the frozen layer in the field decreased by 11 cm compared to the forest belt, which even in the leafless state affected the inflow of solar thermal energy. Average freezing at the end of winter was 85 cm in the field and 67 cm in the forest belt. Thawing in the field was faster. During the first two weeks, the rate of soil thawing averaged 2.3 cm/day in the field and 1.3 cm/day in the forest belt. After that, the depth of freezing in the whole agroforestry landscape became equal. During the next two weeks, the thawing rate doubled. After complete soil thawing in the field in the forest belt, the thickness of the frozen layer averaged 32 cm.","PeriodicalId":52755,"journal":{"name":"Biulleten'' Pochvennogo instituta im VV Dokuchaeva","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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