Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00043-0
Maria AlShurman, Bara’ Abdallah AlShurman, Hibah Sehar, Amy Evans, Tala Alzoubi, Christina Mac, Zahid Ahmad Butt
Abstract Background Since October 2021, multiple paediatric cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology (SAHUA) not caused by hepatitis A–E viruses have been reported by multiple countries. As of 14 September 2022, approximately 1296 probable cases of SAHUA in 37 countries and regions had been reported. Objectives The purpose of this study was to present a complete picture of this outbreak, including its origin, current cases, clinical signs, possible hypotheses, and potential treatments. Methods A thorough search for literature from October 2021 to September 2023 was performed in the PubMed and Medline databases. Additional websites, including the WHO, CDC, ECDC, and the UKHSA, were searched for further relevant data. Results Common clinical symptoms include jaundice, vomiting, pale stools, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea, whereas fever is infrequent. Elevated AST and ALT are prevalent, and most cases test positive for adenovirus. However, immunohistochemical staining on liver tissue often yields negative results for adenovirus, thus challenging the hypothesis that adenovirus is a definitive cause. A recent compelling hypothesis has implicated AAV-2 as a likely etiologic agent of SAHUA in paediatric cases involving abnormal AAV-2 replication products and immune-mediated hepatic disease. Evidence of low immunogenicity, tissue tropism, and immune responses supports this hypothesis. SARS-CoV-2's role has also been explored. Some SAHUA cases have SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity even when PCR tests are negative, thereby suggesting silent prior infections. Cidofovir, a suggested treatment for severe human adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients, has not decreased adenoviral load in two cases. Notably, 29 deaths have been reported, and 55 cases have required or received liver transplant. Conclusion SAHUA in children presents a complex challenge with potential involvement of AAV-2 and immune-mediated factors. SARS-CoV-2 may affect disease severity—a possibility warranting further investigation. Treatment options include diagnostics, supportive care, antivirals, and immunosuppression. Prevention relies on infection control measures, and management requires advanced diagnostics and international collaboration. SAHUA remains an enigma, thus underscoring the need for continued research and adaptability to emerging infectious threats.
{"title":"Uncovering the Underlying Causes of Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology in Children: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Maria AlShurman, Bara’ Abdallah AlShurman, Hibah Sehar, Amy Evans, Tala Alzoubi, Christina Mac, Zahid Ahmad Butt","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00043-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00043-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Since October 2021, multiple paediatric cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology (SAHUA) not caused by hepatitis A–E viruses have been reported by multiple countries. As of 14 September 2022, approximately 1296 probable cases of SAHUA in 37 countries and regions had been reported. Objectives The purpose of this study was to present a complete picture of this outbreak, including its origin, current cases, clinical signs, possible hypotheses, and potential treatments. Methods A thorough search for literature from October 2021 to September 2023 was performed in the PubMed and Medline databases. Additional websites, including the WHO, CDC, ECDC, and the UKHSA, were searched for further relevant data. Results Common clinical symptoms include jaundice, vomiting, pale stools, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea, whereas fever is infrequent. Elevated AST and ALT are prevalent, and most cases test positive for adenovirus. However, immunohistochemical staining on liver tissue often yields negative results for adenovirus, thus challenging the hypothesis that adenovirus is a definitive cause. A recent compelling hypothesis has implicated AAV-2 as a likely etiologic agent of SAHUA in paediatric cases involving abnormal AAV-2 replication products and immune-mediated hepatic disease. Evidence of low immunogenicity, tissue tropism, and immune responses supports this hypothesis. SARS-CoV-2's role has also been explored. Some SAHUA cases have SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity even when PCR tests are negative, thereby suggesting silent prior infections. Cidofovir, a suggested treatment for severe human adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients, has not decreased adenoviral load in two cases. Notably, 29 deaths have been reported, and 55 cases have required or received liver transplant. Conclusion SAHUA in children presents a complex challenge with potential involvement of AAV-2 and immune-mediated factors. SARS-CoV-2 may affect disease severity—a possibility warranting further investigation. Treatment options include diagnostics, supportive care, antivirals, and immunosuppression. Prevention relies on infection control measures, and management requires advanced diagnostics and international collaboration. SAHUA remains an enigma, thus underscoring the need for continued research and adaptability to emerging infectious threats.","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"628 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136067459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00042-1
Zarin Pilakkadavath, Janice M. Weinberg, Serin Kuriakose, Shahul H. Ebrahim, Lekha D. Bhat, Bindhya Vijayan, Salman Khan, Soji D. Jose, Premini Rajeev, Jinbert L. Azariah, Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya
Abstract Background Tamil Nadu state reported the second highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. In this study, we aimed to describe and determine the risk factors for early death among the first 10,000 COVID-19 deaths in the state. Methods We conducted a cross sectional analysis of state government administrative data to describe deaths, examine the differences between early deaths and non-early deaths, and calculate the risks of early death for several independent variables. All p -values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results In total, 4147 early deaths (41.5%) were recorded; the median age of patients who suffered from early death was significantly lower [64 years; interquartile range (IQR): 55–72] when compared with patients who did not suffer from early death (65 years; IQR: 56–73). After adjusting for comorbidities, age, and the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization; we found that the risk of early death was significantly lower for males [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.93; p = 0.002], among rich individuals (aOR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.92; p = 0.004), in the richest districts (aOR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.84; p < 0.001) and for those who received treatment in private facilities (aOR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.51; p < 0.001. Conclusions The risk of early deaths among the first 10,000 reported COVID deaths in the Tamil Nadu state of India was higher in patients treated in government hospitals especially in the poorest districts probably indicating a lack of infrastructure in government facilities or the overburdening of government facilities at least in the early phase of the pandemic.
{"title":"Early Death Among COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the First 10,000 COVID-19 Deaths from the Indian State of Tamil Nadu","authors":"Zarin Pilakkadavath, Janice M. Weinberg, Serin Kuriakose, Shahul H. Ebrahim, Lekha D. Bhat, Bindhya Vijayan, Salman Khan, Soji D. Jose, Premini Rajeev, Jinbert L. Azariah, Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00042-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00042-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Tamil Nadu state reported the second highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. In this study, we aimed to describe and determine the risk factors for early death among the first 10,000 COVID-19 deaths in the state. Methods We conducted a cross sectional analysis of state government administrative data to describe deaths, examine the differences between early deaths and non-early deaths, and calculate the risks of early death for several independent variables. All p -values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results In total, 4147 early deaths (41.5%) were recorded; the median age of patients who suffered from early death was significantly lower [64 years; interquartile range (IQR): 55–72] when compared with patients who did not suffer from early death (65 years; IQR: 56–73). After adjusting for comorbidities, age, and the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization; we found that the risk of early death was significantly lower for males [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.93; p = 0.002], among rich individuals (aOR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.92; p = 0.004), in the richest districts (aOR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.84; p < 0.001) and for those who received treatment in private facilities (aOR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.51; p < 0.001. Conclusions The risk of early deaths among the first 10,000 reported COVID deaths in the Tamil Nadu state of India was higher in patients treated in government hospitals especially in the poorest districts probably indicating a lack of infrastructure in government facilities or the overburdening of government facilities at least in the early phase of the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background This review elaborates on the definition, incidence, risk factors and treatment options for contrast-induced acute renal injury and highlights the potential therapeutic options to prevent this condition. Contrast-induced nephropathy is a subclinical and acute form of renal failure characterized by an unexplained worsening of renal function within 48–72 h after the administration of iodinated contrast media. Methods A PubMed search was performed to identify studies published in English and focused on contrast-induced nephropathy using specific keywords:: contrast-induced nephropathy, acute renal failure, iodinated contrast agent, chronic renal failure, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Results The risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy increases in the presence of certain factors, including pre-existing renal dysfunction, diabetes, congestive heart failure, advanced age, and the concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs; this risk varies from 5% in patients with mild renal dysfunction to 50% in patients with diabetes and severe renal dysfunction. Conclusions Over recent years, many patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, do not opt to receive iodinated contrast agents due to the risk of acute renal failure, thus compromising diagnostic procedures. However, recent studies have shown that contrast-induced nephropathy occurs less frequently in patients with normal renal function than in those with pre-existing chronic renal failure and/or diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, over recent years, preventive strategies using intravenous fluids, pharmaceuticals, and renal replacement therapy, have reduced the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy. However, as diagnostic and therapeutic intervention paradigms evolve, some questions remain unanswered.
{"title":"Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: An Overview","authors":"Yuvashri Kaliyaperumal, Shalini Sivadasan, Rajasekaran Aiyalu","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00040-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00040-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background This review elaborates on the definition, incidence, risk factors and treatment options for contrast-induced acute renal injury and highlights the potential therapeutic options to prevent this condition. Contrast-induced nephropathy is a subclinical and acute form of renal failure characterized by an unexplained worsening of renal function within 48–72 h after the administration of iodinated contrast media. Methods A PubMed search was performed to identify studies published in English and focused on contrast-induced nephropathy using specific keywords:: contrast-induced nephropathy, acute renal failure, iodinated contrast agent, chronic renal failure, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Results The risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy increases in the presence of certain factors, including pre-existing renal dysfunction, diabetes, congestive heart failure, advanced age, and the concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs; this risk varies from 5% in patients with mild renal dysfunction to 50% in patients with diabetes and severe renal dysfunction. Conclusions Over recent years, many patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, do not opt to receive iodinated contrast agents due to the risk of acute renal failure, thus compromising diagnostic procedures. However, recent studies have shown that contrast-induced nephropathy occurs less frequently in patients with normal renal function than in those with pre-existing chronic renal failure and/or diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, over recent years, preventive strategies using intravenous fluids, pharmaceuticals, and renal replacement therapy, have reduced the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy. However, as diagnostic and therapeutic intervention paradigms evolve, some questions remain unanswered.","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135499254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00041-2
Mansour Z. Alqahtani, A. Alkattan, Aljoharah M. Almazrou, N. Radwan, N. Mahmoud, Ahmed Elkhobby, Mohamed Alshaibani, K. Alabdulkareem
{"title":"Severity of COVID-19 Disease Among Unvaccinated Users and Non-users of Tobacco Products","authors":"Mansour Z. Alqahtani, A. Alkattan, Aljoharah M. Almazrou, N. Radwan, N. Mahmoud, Ahmed Elkhobby, Mohamed Alshaibani, K. Alabdulkareem","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00041-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00041-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74322171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00038-x
Rana M Ibrahim, A. Al-hajje, D. Khachman, Salam Zein
{"title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices, alongside Predictive Factors, Affecting Optimal Management of Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women across Multicenter Sites in Lebanon","authors":"Rana M Ibrahim, A. Al-hajje, D. Khachman, Salam Zein","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00038-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00038-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75337719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00039-w
N. Radwan, A. Alkattan, Alhan Haji, K. Alabdulkareem
{"title":"Evaluation of Levels and Determinants of Patient Satisfaction with Primary Health Care Services in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"N. Radwan, A. Alkattan, Alhan Haji, K. Alabdulkareem","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00039-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00039-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80470364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00037-y
A. Alshukairi, A. Dada, Y. Aldabbagh, Mohammed F. Saeedi, S. El-Kafrawy, Ahmed M. Hassan, T. Alandijany, Mohammad K. Al Hroub, B. Alraddadi, I. Khalid, Ghadeer E. Albishi, M. Qutub, A. El-Saed, J. Al-Tawfiq, F. Alhamlan, E. Azhar, Awad Al-omari
{"title":"Use of Rapid Antigen Detection Tests Versus Viral Culture in De-isolation Decision-Making for Critically Ill Patients Infected with Omicron B.1.1.529","authors":"A. Alshukairi, A. Dada, Y. Aldabbagh, Mohammed F. Saeedi, S. El-Kafrawy, Ahmed M. Hassan, T. Alandijany, Mohammad K. Al Hroub, B. Alraddadi, I. Khalid, Ghadeer E. Albishi, M. Qutub, A. El-Saed, J. Al-Tawfiq, F. Alhamlan, E. Azhar, Awad Al-omari","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00037-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00037-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"94 1","pages":"93 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80321022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00036-z
S. Ahmad, M. Alsaeed
{"title":"Recurrent Benign Lymphocytic Meningitis Due to HSV-2: A Case Report","authors":"S. Ahmad, M. Alsaeed","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00036-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00036-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91249461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1007/s44229-023-00035-0
Owayed AlShammeri, I. AlEidan, Asel Budaichieva, Bilal ElHayek, Linda AlWabel, A. Alwahbi
{"title":"Novel Endovascular Techniques for Dialysis Access-Associated Steal Syndrome (DASS)","authors":"Owayed AlShammeri, I. AlEidan, Asel Budaichieva, Bilal ElHayek, Linda AlWabel, A. Alwahbi","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00035-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00035-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"87 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85534361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morbidity Patterns and Determinants of Healthcare-Seeking Behavior Among Older Women in Selected Rural Areas of Bangladesh","authors":"Shahinur Akter, Tazrin Azad, Md. Habibur Rahman, Md. Firoz Raihan","doi":"10.1007/s44229-023-00033-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44229-023-00033-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52781,"journal":{"name":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"70 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83735570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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