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Learning from West African storytellers 向西非讲故事的人学习
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1183602
Ayomide Bakare, Paolo Ciancarini, Mirko Farina, Artem Kruglov, Ozioma Okonicha, Marina Smirnova, Giancarlo Succi
Several research works propose non-textual alternatives to textual documentation and similar forms of representing information in software development. This is because of the problems that stem from writing these documents, which range from incomprehensible requirements to ambiguous user stories. The various proposals of researchers often contain some trace of oral or visual communication. In this paper, we study the implications of eliminating textual communication and substituting unnecessary writing by extracting the values of West African oral storytellers. Traditional West African communities did not make use of writing for thousands of years and yet their legends, customs, beliefs, and knowledge were effectively transmitted across several generations. How did they manage to accomplish this? What can we learn from their storytellers? How can these lessons be applied to software products? These are all questions that this paper attempts to answer. Perhaps if we fully understand how they operated, then we can target our written communication to the activities where it is needed instead of spreading writing across plenty of tasks as it is currently. To achieve this, we performed an analysis of the two domains: West African oral storytelling and software development and found similarities, then selected some key elements from oral storytelling and explained how they can have relevance in software development. The theme directly encompasses diversity and inclusion by bringing into software engineering a perspective of a region where its literacy research is scarcely being explored. The study found that traditional oral storytelling can provide insights into effective communication and audience engagement, and identified four ways in which software development can be compared to oral storytelling. The study also found that certain elements of storytelling, such as audience relationship, story structure, parables and proverbs, and community relaxation and support, can be applied to writing tasks in software development.
一些研究工作提出了文本文档的非文本替代方案,以及在软件开发中表示信息的类似形式。这是因为编写这些文档所产生的问题,从难以理解的需求到模棱两可的用户场景。研究人员的各种提案往往包含一些口头或视觉交流的痕迹。在本文中,我们通过提取西非口述故事讲述者的价值来研究消除文本交流和替代不必要的写作的含义。传统的西非社区几千年来没有使用文字,然而他们的传说、习俗、信仰和知识却有效地传承了几代人。他们是怎么做到的?我们能从讲故事的人身上学到什么?如何将这些经验应用到软件产品中?这些都是本文试图回答的问题。也许如果我们完全理解它们是如何运作的,那么我们就可以针对需要的活动进行书面交流,而不是像现在这样将写作分散在大量的任务中。为了实现这一点,我们对两个领域进行了分析:西非口述故事和软件开发,并发现了相似之处,然后从口述故事中选择了一些关键元素,并解释了它们如何与软件开发相关。这个主题直接包含了多样性和包容性,通过将软件工程的一个地区的视角引入软件工程,而这个地区的读写能力研究几乎没有被探索过。研究发现,传统的口头讲故事可以为有效的沟通和受众参与提供见解,并确定了软件开发与口头讲故事的四种方式。该研究还发现,讲故事的某些元素,如观众关系、故事结构、寓言和谚语,以及社区的放松和支持,可以应用于软件开发中的写作任务。
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引用次数: 0
Reimagining the cycle: interaction in self-tracking period apps and menstrual empowerment 重新想象月经周期:在自我跟踪经期应用程序中的互动和月经赋权
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1166210
Beatrice Tylstedt, Maria Normark, Lina Eklund
FemTech, technology often in the forms of apps developed to specifically target female health issues, have billions of users globally. Yet, despite the popularity of e.g., period trackers or pregnancy apps, we know little about the potential impact of these technologies, often developed outside controlled and regulated healthcare. How interactive technology is designed, and in our case the cycle represented through the design, has the potential to shape women's understanding of menstruation. In this study we analyse the interaction design of nine of the most downloaded menstruation apps, asking how commercial menstruation apps represent the cycle through their interaction design. While previous research has criticized these types of apps for lacking privacy and for enforcing normative ideals on women, they are often marketed in terms of female empowerment and users do indeed seem to find them very useful for period and fertility tracking. However, the term 'empowerment' is today used broadly and is known for having many potential meanings. Even within the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), 'empowerment' is used frequently but rarely explicitly defined. The question then becomes what empowerment could mean for menstruation tracking. In order to begin exploring the way menstruation and the period is represented in current apps and the way that future apps could design for empowerment, we engage in a comparative design investigation using what we call critical app-walkthrough methodology where an app's design is explored comprehensibly at one point in time and apps interacted with over a longer time period through researcher use-diares. Our results center around three ways in which these apps represent the cycle to users through design. We analyse; (1) interface metaphors used to represent the temporality of bleeding, (2) datafication of menstruation through input and output for intimate data tracking, and (3) the ways fertility predictions convey certainty over uncertainty. In a second step, we then explore what empowerment could mean for period trackers and how design could support empowering experiences. Finally, we present four design sensitivities meant to inspire designers to design for other types of period tracking experiences that might better empower bleeders. These are: support lived temporalities, embrace uncertainty, empower the self , and design less .
FemTech是专门针对女性健康问题开发的应用程序形式的技术,在全球拥有数十亿用户。然而,尽管经期追踪器或怀孕应用程序很受欢迎,但我们对这些技术的潜在影响知之甚少,这些技术通常是在受控制和监管的医疗保健之外开发的。交互技术是如何设计的,在我们的案例中,通过设计代表的周期,有可能塑造女性对月经的理解。在这项研究中,我们分析了9个下载量最大的月经应用程序的交互设计,询问商业月经应用程序如何通过交互设计来代表月经周期。虽然之前的研究批评这些类型的应用程序缺乏隐私,并对女性强制执行规范理想,但它们通常以女性赋权的名义进行营销,用户似乎确实发现它们对经期和生育跟踪非常有用。然而,“授权”一词今天被广泛使用,并以具有许多潜在含义而闻名。即使在人机交互(HCI)领域,“授权”也经常被使用,但很少明确定义。那么问题就变成了授权对月经追踪意味着什么。为了开始探索月经和经期在当前应用程序中的表现方式,以及未来应用程序可以设计的赋权方式,我们使用我们所谓的关键应用程序漫步方法进行了比较设计调查,其中应用程序的设计在一个时间点上被全面探索,应用程序通过研究人员使用日记在更长的时间内与之互动。我们的研究结果围绕着这些应用通过设计向用户展示循环的三种方式展开。我们分析;(1)界面隐喻用于表示出血的时间性,(2)通过输入和输出对月经进行数据化,以进行亲密数据跟踪,以及(3)生育预测传递确定性而不是不确定性的方式。在第二步中,我们将探讨授权对周期跟踪器意味着什么,以及设计如何支持授权体验。最后,我们提出了四个设计敏感性,旨在启发设计师设计其他类型的经期跟踪体验,这些体验可能更好地为出血者提供帮助。它们是:支持短暂的生活,拥抱不确定性,赋予自我权力,减少设计。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating TAM and IS success model: exploring the role of blockchain and AI in predicting learner engagement and performance in e-learning 整合TAM和IS成功模型:探索区块链和人工智能在预测电子学习中学习者参与度和表现方面的作用
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1227749
Damien Tyron Naidoo
This study innovatively intertwines technology adoption and e-learning by integrating blockchain and AI, offering a novel perspective on how cutting-edge technologies revolutionize learning processes. The present study investigates the factors that influence the behavioral use of learners to use blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in e-learning. The study proposes the integrated model of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Information System (IS) success Model that include perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, system quality, information quality, and service quality as antecedents to behavioral use of blockchain and AI in e-learning. The model also examines the moderating effect of learner self-efficacy on the relationship between behavioral use and e-learning engagement and performance. The study collected data from 322 respondents and analyzed the data using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with a bootstrapping technique. The results show that the factors of TAM model and IS model have the significant and positive effects on behavior to use blockchain and AI in e-learning. Additionally, learner self-efficacy has a significant positive effect on e-learning engagement and performance, but it does not moderate the relationship between behavior to use blockchain or AI and e-learning engagement and performance. Overall, the study provides insights into the factors that influence the adoption of blockchain and AI in e-learning and offers practical implications for educators and policymakers.
本研究通过整合区块链和人工智能,创新地将技术采用和电子学习交织在一起,为前沿技术如何彻底改变学习过程提供了一个新颖的视角。本研究调查了影响学习者在电子学习中使用区块链和人工智能(AI)的行为使用的因素。该研究提出了技术接受模型(TAM)和信息系统成功模型的集成模型,其中包括感知有用性、感知易用性、系统质量、信息质量和服务质量,作为区块链和人工智能在电子学习中的行为使用的先决条件。该模型还考察了学习者自我效能感对行为使用与网络学习投入和绩效之间关系的调节作用。该研究收集了322名调查对象的数据,并使用带自举技术的偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)对数据进行了分析。结果表明,TAM模型和IS模型的因素对区块链和人工智能在电子学习中的使用行为具有显著的正向影响。此外,学习者自我效能感对电子学习投入和绩效有显著的正向影响,但它不会调节使用区块链或人工智能的行为与电子学习投入和绩效之间的关系。总体而言,该研究提供了影响区块链和人工智能在电子学习中应用的因素的见解,并为教育工作者和政策制定者提供了实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Shareability: novel perspective on human-media interaction 可分享性:人与媒体互动的新视角
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1106322
Nicola Bruno, Giorgia Guerra, Brigitta Pia Alioto, Alessandra Cecilia Jacomuzzi
Interpersonal communication in the twenty-first century is increasingly taking place within digital media. This poses the problem of understanding the factors that may facilitate or hinder communication processes in virtual contexts. Digital media require a human-machine interface, and the analysis of human-machine interfaces traditionally focuses on the dimension of usability. However, interface usability pertains to the interaction of users with digital devices, not to the interaction of users with other users. Here we argue that there is another dimension of human-media interaction that has remained largely unexplored, but plays a key role in interpersonal communication within digital media: shareability. We define shareability as the resultant of a set of interface features that: (i) make sharing of materials with fellow users easy, efficient, and timely (sharing-related usability); (ii) include features that intuitively invite users to share materials (sharing-related affordances); and (iii) provide a sensorimotor environment that includes perceptual information about both presented materials and the behavior of other users that are experiencing these materials through the medium at hand (support to shared availability). Capitalizing on concepts from semiotics, proxemics, and perceptual and cognItive neuroscience, we explore potential criteria to asses shareability in human-machine interfaces. Finally, we show how these notions may be applied in the analysis of three prototypical cases: online gaming, visual communication on social media, and online distance teaching.
21世纪的人际交流越来越多地发生在数字媒体中。这就提出了理解可能促进或阻碍虚拟环境中交流过程的因素的问题。数字媒体需要一个人机界面,而传统上对人机界面的分析主要集中在可用性维度上。然而,界面可用性涉及用户与数字设备的交互,而不是用户与其他用户的交互。在这里,我们认为,人类媒体互动的另一个维度在很大程度上尚未被探索,但在数字媒体的人际交流中起着关键作用:可分享性。我们将可共享性定义为一系列界面特性的结果,这些特性:(i)使与其他用户共享材料变得简单、高效和及时(与共享相关的可用性);(ii)包含直观地邀请用户共享材料的功能(共享相关功能);(iii)提供一个感觉运动环境,其中包括关于呈现材料的感知信息,以及通过手边的媒介体验这些材料的其他用户的行为(支持共享可用性)。利用符号学、邻近学、感知和认知神经科学的概念,我们探索了评估人机界面可共享性的潜在标准。最后,我们展示了这些概念如何应用于三个典型案例的分析:在线游戏、社交媒体上的视觉交流和在线远程教学。
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引用次数: 0
Tutorial: calibration refinement in quantum annealing 教程:量子退火中的校准细化
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1238988
Kevin Chern, Kelly Boothby, Jack Raymond, Pau Farré, Andrew D. King
Quantum annealing has emerged as a powerful platform for simulating and optimizing classical and quantum Ising models. Quantum annealers, like other quantum and/or analog computing devices, are susceptible to non-idealities including crosstalk, device variation, and environmental noise. Compensating for these effects through calibration refinement or “shimming” can significantly improve performance but often relies on ad-hoc methods that exploit symmetries in both the problem being solved and the quantum annealer itself. In this tutorial, we attempt to demystify these methods. We introduce methods for finding exploitable symmetries in Ising models and discuss how to use these symmetries to suppress unwanted bias. We work through several examples of increasing complexity and provide complete Python code. We include automated methods for two important tasks: finding copies of small subgraphs in the qubit connectivity graph and automatically finding symmetries of an Ising model via generalized graph automorphism. We conclude the tutorial by surveying additional methods, providing practical implementation tips, and discussing limitations and remedies of the calibration procedure. Code is available at: https://github.com/dwavesystems/shimming-tutorial.
量子退火已经成为模拟和优化经典和量子Ising模型的强大平台。量子退火炉,像其他量子和/或模拟计算设备一样,容易受到非理想的影响,包括串扰、设备变化和环境噪声。通过校准微调或“调光”来补偿这些影响可以显着提高性能,但通常依赖于利用正在解决的问题和量子退火器本身的对称性的特殊方法。在本教程中,我们试图揭开这些方法的神秘面纱。我们介绍了在Ising模型中寻找可利用的对称性的方法,并讨论了如何使用这些对称性来抑制不必要的偏差。我们将介绍几个日益复杂的示例,并提供完整的Python代码。我们包含了两个重要任务的自动化方法:在量子比特连接图中寻找小子图的副本和通过广义图自同构自动寻找Ising模型的对称性。我们通过调查其他方法来结束本教程,提供实用的实施技巧,并讨论校准程序的局限性和补救措施。代码可从https://github.com/dwavesystems/shimming-tutorial获得。
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引用次数: 3
Informing the ethical review of human subjects research utilizing artificial intelligence 对利用人工智能进行的人类受试者研究进行伦理审查
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1235226
Christos Andreas Makridis, Anthony Boese, Rafael Fricks, Don Workman, Molly Klote, Joshua Mueller, Isabel J. Hildebrandt, Michael Kim, Gil Alterovitz
Introduction The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) has produced many opportunities, but also new risks that must be actively managed, particularly in the health care sector with clinical practice to avoid unintended health, economic, and social consequences. Methods Given that much of the research and development (R&D) involving human subjects is reviewed and rigorously monitored by institutional review boards (IRBs), we argue that supplemental questions added to the IRB process is an efficient risk mitigation technique available for immediate use. To facilitate this, we introduce AI supplemental questions that provide a feasible, low-disruption mechanism for IRBs to elicit information necessary to inform the review of AI proposals. These questions will also be relevant to review of research using AI that is exempt from the requirement of IRB review. We pilot the questions within the Department of Veterans Affairs–the nation's largest integrated healthcare system–and demonstrate its efficacy in risk mitigation through providing vital information in a way accessible to non-AI subject matter experts responsible for reviewing IRB proposals. We provide these questions for other organizations to adapt to fit their needs and are further developing these questions into an AI IRB module with an extended application, review checklist, informed consent, and other informational materials. Results We find that the supplemental AI IRB module further streamlines and expedites the review of IRB projects. We also find that the module has a positive effect on reviewers' attitudes and ease of assessing the potential alignment and risks associated with proposed projects. Discussion As projects increasingly contain an AI component, streamlining their review and assessment is important to avoid posing too large of a burden on IRBs in their review of submissions. In addition, establishing a minimum standard that submissions must adhere to will help ensure that all projects are at least aware of potential risks unique to AI and dialogue with their local IRBs over them. Further work is needed to apply these concepts to other non-IRB pathways, like quality improvement projects.
人工智能(AI)的快速发展带来了许多机遇,但也带来了必须积极管理的新风险,特别是在具有临床实践的卫生保健部门,以避免意外的健康、经济和社会后果。方法考虑到许多涉及人类受试者的研究和开发(R&D)都是由机构审查委员会(IRB)审查和严格监控的,我们认为,在IRB过程中添加补充问题是一种可立即使用的有效风险缓解技术。为了促进这一点,我们引入了人工智能补充问题,为irb提供了一个可行的、低干扰的机制,以获取必要的信息,为人工智能提案的审查提供信息。这些问题也将与审查使用人工智能的研究有关,这些研究不受IRB审查的要求。我们在退伍军人事务部(美国最大的综合医疗保健系统)内试点了这些问题,并通过向负责审查IRB提案的非人工智能主题专家提供重要信息的方式,证明了其在降低风险方面的有效性。我们为其他组织提供这些问题,以适应他们的需求,并进一步将这些问题开发成AI IRB模块,其中包含扩展应用程序、审查清单、知情同意和其他信息材料。结果我们发现补充AI IRB模块进一步简化和加快了对IRB项目的审查。我们还发现,该模块对审稿人的态度和评估与拟议项目相关的潜在一致性和风险的便利性有积极的影响。随着项目越来越多地包含人工智能组件,简化它们的审查和评估对于避免在审查提交时给irb带来过大的负担非常重要。此外,建立提交必须遵守的最低标准将有助于确保所有项目至少意识到人工智能特有的潜在风险,并与当地的irb就这些风险进行对话。需要进一步的工作将这些概念应用于其他非内部审查途径,如质量改进项目。
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引用次数: 0
Specific Gestalt principles cannot explain (un)crowding 特定的格式塔原理不能解释(非)拥挤
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1154957
Oh-Hyeon Choung, Einat Rashal, Marina Kunchulia, Michael H. Herzog
The standard physiological model has serious problems accounting for many aspects of vision, particularly when stimulus configurations become slightly more complex than the ones classically used, e.g., configurations of Gabors rather than only one or a few Gabors. For example, as shown in many publications, crowding cannot be explained with most models crafted in the spirit of the physiological approach. In crowding, a target is neighbored by flanking elements, which impair target discrimination. However, when more flankers are added, performance can improve for certain flanker configurations (uncrowding), which cannot be explained by classic models. As was shown, aspects of perceptual organization play a crucial role in uncrowding. For this reason, we tested here whether known principles of perceptual organization can explain crowding and uncrowding. The answer is negative. As shown with subjective tests, whereas grouping is indeed key in uncrowding, the four Gestalt principles examined here did not provide a clear explanation to this effect, as variability in performance was found between and within categories of configurations. We discuss the philosophical foundations of both the physiological and the classic Gestalt approaches and sketch a way to a happy marriage between the two.
标准的生理模型在解释视觉的许多方面存在严重问题,特别是当刺激配置比经典使用的稍微复杂时,例如,Gabors配置而不是只有一个或几个Gabors配置。例如,正如许多出版物所显示的那样,拥挤现象不能用大多数基于生理学方法的模型来解释。在拥挤情况下,目标被侧翼元素包围,这会影响目标的识别。然而,当添加更多侧卫时,某些侧卫配置(不拥挤)的性能可以得到改善,这是经典模型无法解释的。正如所显示的,知觉组织的各个方面在疏解拥挤中起着至关重要的作用。出于这个原因,我们在这里测试了知觉组织的已知原则是否可以解释拥挤和不拥挤。答案是否定的。正如主观测试所显示的那样,虽然分组确实是消除拥挤的关键,但这里审查的四个格式塔原则并没有对这种效果提供明确的解释,因为在配置类别之间和内部发现了性能的可变性。我们讨论了生理学和经典格式塔方法的哲学基础,并概述了两者之间幸福婚姻的途径。
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引用次数: 0
The mid-level vision toolbox for computing structural properties of real-world images 用于计算真实世界图像结构属性的中级视觉工具箱
Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1140723
Dirk B. Walther, Delaram Farzanfar, Seohee Han, Morteza Rezanejad
Mid-level vision is the intermediate visual processing stage for generating representations of shapes and partial geometries of objects. Our mechanistic understanding of these operations is limited, in part, by a lack of computational tools for analyzing image properties at these levels of representation. We introduce the Mid-Level Vision (MLV) Toolbox, an open-source software that automatically processes low- and mid-level contour features and perceptual grouping cues from real-world images. The MLV toolbox takes vectorized line drawings of scenes as input and extracts structural contour properties. We also include tools for contour detection and tracing for the automatic generation of vectorized line drawings from photographs. Various statistical properties of the contours are computed: the distributions of orientations, contour curvature, and contour lengths, as well as counts and types of contour junctions. The toolbox includes an efficient algorithm for computing the medial axis transform of contour drawings and photographs. Based on the medial axis transform, we compute several scores for local mirror symmetry, local parallelism, and local contour separation. All properties are summarized in histograms that can serve as input into statistical models to relate image properties to human behavioral measures, such as esthetic pleasure, memorability, affective processing, and scene categorization. In addition to measuring contour properties, we include functions for manipulating drawings by separating contours according to their statistical properties, randomly shifting contours, or rotating drawings behind a circular aperture. Finally, the MLV Toolbox offers visualization functions for contour orientations, lengths, curvature, junctions, and medial axis properties on computer-generated and artist-generated line drawings. We include artist-generated vectorized drawings of the Toronto Scenes image set, the International Affective Picture System, and the Snodgrass and Vanderwart object images, as well as automatically traced vectorized drawings of set architectural scenes and the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS).
中级视觉是生成物体形状和部分几何形状表示的中间视觉处理阶段。我们对这些操作的机械理解是有限的,部分原因是缺乏在这些表示级别上分析图像属性的计算工具。我们介绍了中级视觉(MLV)工具箱,这是一个开源软件,可以自动处理来自现实世界图像的低级和中级轮廓特征和感知分组线索。MLV工具箱以矢量化的场景线条图为输入,提取结构轮廓属性。我们还包括用于轮廓检测和跟踪的工具,用于从照片中自动生成矢量化线条图。计算了等高线的各种统计性质:方向分布、等高线曲率和等高线长度,以及等高线结点的数量和类型。该工具箱包括一个有效的算法,用于计算等高线图纸和照片的中间轴变换。基于中轴线变换,我们计算了局部镜像对称、局部平行度和局部轮廓分离的分数。所有属性都总结在直方图中,可以作为统计模型的输入,将图像属性与人类行为测量(如审美愉悦、记忆、情感处理和场景分类)联系起来。除了测量轮廓属性外,我们还包括通过根据统计属性分离轮廓、随机移动轮廓或在圆形孔径后面旋转绘图来操纵绘图的功能。最后,MLV工具箱为计算机生成和艺术家生成的线条图提供了轮廓方向、长度、曲率、连接点和中间轴属性的可视化功能。我们包括艺术家生成的多伦多场景图像集、国际情感图像系统、Snodgrass和Vanderwart对象图像的矢量化绘图,以及建筑场景集和开放情感标准化图像集(OASIS)的自动跟踪矢量化绘图。
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引用次数: 3
Skeletons, Object Shape, Statistics. 骨架,对象形状,统计。
IF 2.6 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2022.842637
Stephen M Pizer, J S Marron, James N Damon, Jared Vicory, Akash Krishna, Zhiyuan Liu, Mohsen Taheri

Objects and object complexes in 3D, as well as those in 2D, have many possible representations. Among them skeletal representations have special advantages and some limitations. For the special form of skeletal representation called "s-reps," these advantages include strong suitability for representing slabular object populations and statistical applications on these populations. Accomplishing these statistical applications is best if one recognizes that s-reps live on a curved shape space. Here we will lay out the definition of s-reps, their advantages and limitations, their mathematical properties, methods for fitting s-reps to single- and multi-object boundaries, methods for measuring the statistics of these object and multi-object representations, and examples of such applications involving statistics. While the basic theory, ideas, and programs for the methods are described in this paper and while many applications with evaluations have been produced, there remain many interesting open opportunities for research on comparisons to other shape representations, new areas of application and further methodological developments, many of which are explicitly discussed here.

3D和2D中的对象和对象复合体有许多可能的表示。其中,骨架表示有其独特的优点,也有一定的局限性。对于称为“s-reps”的骨骼表示的特殊形式,这些优点包括表示板状对象种群和这些种群的统计应用程序的强大适用性。如果认识到s-代表存在于弯曲的形状空间中,那么完成这些统计应用程序是最好的。在这里,我们将列出s-代表的定义,它们的优点和局限性,它们的数学性质,将s-代表拟合到单对象和多对象边界的方法,测量这些对象和多对象表示的统计数据的方法,以及涉及统计的此类应用的示例。虽然本文描述了这些方法的基本理论、思想和程序,并且已经产生了许多带有评估的应用程序,但在与其他形状表示的比较、新的应用领域和进一步的方法发展方面,仍有许多有趣的开放研究机会,其中许多在这里被明确讨论。
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引用次数: 4
A workflow for rapid unbiased quantification of fibrillar feature alignment in biological images. 快速无偏量化生物图像中纤维特征排列的工作流程。
IF 2.6 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2021.745831
Stefania Marcotti, Deandra Belo de Freitas, Lee D Troughton, Fiona N Kenny, Tanya J Shaw, Brian M Stramer, Patrick W Oakes

Measuring the organisation of the cellular cytoskeleton and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is currently of wide interest as changes in both local and global alignment can highlight alterations in cellular functions and material properties of the extracellular environment. Different approaches have been developed to quantify these structures, typically based on fibre segmentation or on matrix representation and transformation of the image, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here we present AFT-Alignment by Fourier Transform, a workflow to quantify the alignment of fibrillar features in microscopy images exploiting 2D Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Using pre-existing datasets of cell and ECM images, we demonstrate our approach and compare and contrast this workflow with two other well-known ImageJ algorithms to quantify image feature alignment. These comparisons reveal that AFT has a number of advantages due to its grid-based FFT approach. 1) Flexibility in defining the window and neighbourhood sizes allows for performing a parameter search to determine an optimal length scale to carry out alignment metrics. This approach can thus easily accommodate different image resolutions and biological systems. 2) The length scale of decay in alignment can be extracted by comparing neighbourhood sizes, revealing the overall distance that features remain anisotropic. 3) The approach is ambivalent to the signal source, thus making it applicable for a wide range of imaging modalities and is dependent on fewer input parameters than segmentation methods. 4) Finally, compared to segmentation methods, this algorithm is computationally inexpensive, as high-resolution images can be evaluated in less than a second on a standard desktop computer. This makes it feasible to screen numerous experimental perturbations or examine large images over long length scales. Implementation is made available in both MATLAB and Python for wider accessibility, with example datasets for single images and batch processing. Additionally, we include an approach to automatically search parameters for optimum window and neighbourhood sizes, as well as to measure the decay in alignment over progressively increasing length scales.

目前,测量细胞细胞骨架和周围细胞外基质(ECM)的组织结构受到广泛关注,因为局部和全局排列的变化都能突出细胞功能和细胞外环境材料特性的改变。目前已开发出不同的方法来量化这些结构,这些方法通常基于纤维分割或矩阵表示和图像转换,各有利弊。在这里,我们介绍 AFT-Alignment by Fourier Transform,这是一种利用二维快速傅立叶变换(FFT)量化显微图像中纤维特征排列的工作流程。我们利用已有的细胞和 ECM 图像数据集演示了我们的方法,并将此工作流程与其他两种著名的 ImageJ 算法进行了比较和对比,以量化图像特征对齐情况。这些比较表明,AFT 基于网格的 FFT 方法具有许多优势。1) 灵活定义窗口和邻域大小,允许执行参数搜索,以确定执行配准度量的最佳长度尺度。因此,这种方法很容易适应不同的图像分辨率和生物系统。2) 通过比较邻域大小,可以提取配准衰减的长度尺度,从而揭示特征保持各向异性的总体距离。3) 该方法对信号源不敏感,因此适用于多种成像模式,而且与分割方法相比,依赖的输入参数更少。4) 最后,与分割方法相比,该算法计算成本低廉,在标准台式电脑上不到一秒钟就能评估高分辨率图像。这使得筛选大量实验扰动或检查长长度尺度的大型图像变得可行。为了让更多人能够使用,我们提供了 MATLAB 和 Python 版本,并提供了单幅图像和批量处理的示例数据集。此外,我们还提供了一种方法来自动搜索最佳窗口和邻域大小的参数,以及测量随着长度尺度逐渐增大对齐度的衰减。
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