This article explores the question of national development in Morocco considering the institution of the makhzen. It asserts that to adequately assess Morocco’s national development as a post-colonial country, it is necessary to rely on an economic model based in politics rather than in theories exclusively informed by classical and neoclassical economics. Among the key economists called upon to investigate the validity of politics in discussions of national development and income inequality are the following: Simon Kuznets, Thomas Piketty, W. A. Lewis, and the duo Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, all of whom continue a long tradition of economic sociology that had been established by George Simmel, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Thorstein Veblen. Acemoglu and Robinson offer an especially useful theoretical model to discuss Morocco in light of its pervasive political institution: the makhzen. Overall, the paper demonstrates that inadequate national institutions, such as the makhzen in the case of Morocco, adversely impact national development and increase the level of income inequality.
{"title":"Morocco’s Makhzen and the Challenge of National Development","authors":"Zakaria Fatih","doi":"10.13016/M2AUD9-MX06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13016/M2AUD9-MX06","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the question of national development in Morocco considering the institution of the makhzen. It asserts that to adequately assess Morocco’s national development as a post-colonial country, it is necessary to rely on an economic model based in politics rather than in theories exclusively informed by classical and neoclassical economics. Among the key economists called upon to investigate the validity of politics in discussions of national development and income inequality are the following: Simon Kuznets, Thomas Piketty, W. A. Lewis, and the duo Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, all of whom continue a long tradition of economic sociology that had been established by George Simmel, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Thorstein Veblen. Acemoglu and Robinson offer an especially useful theoretical model to discuss Morocco in light of its pervasive political institution: the makhzen. Overall, the paper demonstrates that inadequate national institutions, such as the makhzen in the case of Morocco, adversely impact national development and increase the level of income inequality.","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":"22 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75096839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), was the first European to sail from Portugal to India. Accolades for this achievement have long obscured the messianic motivation for the 1498 voyage, “to invade, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and other enemies of Christ; to reduce them to perpetual slavery; to convert them to Christianity; [and] to acquire great wealth by force of arms from the Infidels,” as sanctified by various Papal Bulls, together called “the Doctrine of Discovery” (Dum Diversas, 1452; Romanus Pontifex, 1455; Inter Caetera, 1493). The other key motive in this enormous undertaking was to displace Arab control of the spice trade and establish, instead, Portuguese hegemony that eventually resulted in colonialism/imperialism. The main instrument in this effort was extreme violence, sanctioned by the Church, inflicted upon the natives, and predicated on the Portuguese Inquisition and earlier crusades. The paper concludes with some cautionary remarks about the current Islam-West clash environment.
葡萄牙探险家达伽马(Vasco da Gama, 1460-1524)是第一个从葡萄牙航行到印度的欧洲人。对这一成就的赞誉长期以来一直掩盖了1498年航行的弥赛亚动机，“入侵，捕获，征服和征服所有撒拉逊人(穆斯林)和异教徒以及基督的其他敌人;使他们沦为永远的奴隶;使他们皈依基督教;(和)通过武力从异教徒那里获得巨大的财富”，被各种教皇诏书奉为神圣，统称为“发现的教义”(杜姆·迪弗萨斯，1452;罗马努斯·庞蒂费克斯，1455;国际食堂，1493)。这一巨大事业的另一个关键动机是取代阿拉伯人对香料贸易的控制，取而代之的是最终导致殖民主义/帝国主义的葡萄牙霸权。这种努力的主要手段是极端暴力，由教会批准，强加给当地人，并以葡萄牙宗教裁判所和早期的十字军东征为基础。文章最后对当前的伊斯兰-西方冲突环境提出了一些警示。
{"title":"Vasco da Gama’s Voyages to India: Messianism, Mercantilism, and Sacred Exploits","authors":"S. Ghazanfar","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.234","url":null,"abstract":"The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), was the first European to sail from Portugal to India. Accolades for this achievement have long obscured the messianic motivation for the 1498 voyage, “to invade, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and other enemies of Christ; to reduce them to perpetual slavery; to convert them to Christianity; [and] to acquire great wealth by force of arms from the Infidels,” as sanctified by various Papal Bulls, together called “the Doctrine of Discovery” (Dum Diversas, 1452; Romanus Pontifex, 1455; Inter Caetera, 1493). The other key motive in this enormous undertaking was to displace Arab control of the spice trade and establish, instead, Portuguese hegemony that eventually resulted in colonialism/imperialism. The main instrument in this effort was extreme violence, sanctioned by the Church, inflicted upon the natives, and predicated on the Portuguese Inquisition and earlier crusades. The paper concludes with some cautionary remarks about the current Islam-West clash environment.","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43473076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scholarly literature on “global cities” has been criticized for ignoring the long-term historical context within which cities articulate the relationship between the global and the local. Employing a longue durée globalization perspective, this paper historicizes the unequal and uneven nature of contemporary urban development in Mumbai, India’s “global city.” The paper uses two analytical frames: the “port city” and the “colonial city” to highlight two essential dimensions of Mumbai’s contemporary transformation of interconnectedness and segmentation based on unequal power. “I will not claim to possess the prophetic insight to foresee what is in store for Bombay. But as it has adopted the happy motto of Urbs prima in Indis, it may be hoped that this will prove of good augury, and that among other privileges Bombay will own that of priority among the Indian cities for longevity in undecaying prosperity” (da Cunha, [1900] 2004, p. 6). “Urban landscapes come to refract various layers of sedimentation—of past uses and organization—as well as to embody a range of possible meanings and actions falling outside the shifting levels of specification brought to bear on these landscapes by the prevailing and.... often fragmentary apparatuses of control” (Simone, 2004, p. 14).
{"title":"Connections and Disconnections: The Making of Bombay/Mumbai as India’s “Global City”","authors":"R. Ghadge","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.232","url":null,"abstract":"Scholarly literature on “global cities” has been criticized for ignoring the long-term historical context within which cities articulate the relationship between the global and the local. Employing a longue durée globalization perspective, this paper historicizes the unequal and uneven nature of contemporary urban development in Mumbai, India’s “global city.” The paper uses two analytical frames: the “port city” and the “colonial city” to highlight two essential dimensions of Mumbai’s contemporary transformation of interconnectedness and segmentation based on unequal power. “I will not claim to possess the prophetic insight to foresee what is in store for Bombay. But as it has adopted the happy motto of Urbs prima in Indis, it may be hoped that this will prove of good augury, and that among other privileges Bombay will own that of priority among the Indian cities for longevity in undecaying prosperity” (da Cunha, [1900] 2004, p. 6). “Urban landscapes come to refract various layers of sedimentation—of past uses and organization—as well as to embody a range of possible meanings and actions falling outside the shifting levels of specification brought to bear on these landscapes by the prevailing and.... often fragmentary apparatuses of control” (Simone, 2004, p. 14).","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45091664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is India Becoming More Liberal? Globalization, Economic Liberalization, and Social Values","authors":"Tinaz Pavri","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45374430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Housing for All in India and Its Future in Sustainable Development","authors":"N. Shah","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43423492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India is considered as a low-level urbanized country. However, the country has experienced a sharp increase in the number of towns and peri-urban areas during the last decade. Despite India’s efforts in planned development, the urban sector has generally remained unplanned and chaotic. It appears that policy interventions have not been able to achieve the desired goals and needs of the urban sector fully. This paper examines the urban policy measures taken since independence and highlights the inadequacies and dilemmas in the urban context of India. This analysis shows how metropolitan areas are spreading outwards due to shifts in population and economic activities from city cores to the peripheries and considers the policy implications of such trends.
{"title":"India’s Unbalanced Urban Growth: An Appraisal of Trends and Policies","authors":"Purva Sharma","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.229","url":null,"abstract":"India is considered as a low-level urbanized country. However, the country has experienced a sharp increase in the number of towns and peri-urban areas during the last decade. Despite India’s efforts in planned development, the urban sector has generally remained unplanned and chaotic. It appears that policy interventions have not been able to achieve the desired goals and needs of the urban sector fully. This paper examines the urban policy measures taken since independence and highlights the inadequacies and dilemmas in the urban context of India. This analysis shows how metropolitan areas are spreading outwards due to shifts in population and economic activities from city cores to the peripheries and considers the policy implications of such trends.","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49261809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), was the first European to sail from Portugal to India. Accolades for this achievement have long obscured the messianic motivation for the 1498 voyage, “to invade, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and other enemies of Christ; to reduce them to perpetual slavery; to convert them to Christianity; [and] to acquire great wealth by force of arms from the Infidels,” as sanctified by various Papal Bulls, together called “the Doctrine of Discovery” (Dum Diversas, 1452; Romanus Pontifex, 1455; Inter Caetera, 1493). The other key motive in this enormous undertaking was to displace Arab control of the spice trade and establish, instead, Portuguese hegemony that eventually resulted in colonialism/imperialism. The main instrument in this effort was extreme violence, sanctioned by the Church, inflicted upon the natives, and predicated on the Portuguese Inquisition and earlier crusades. The paper concludes with some cautionary remarks about the current Islam-West clash environment.
葡萄牙探险家达伽马(Vasco da Gama, 1460-1524)是第一个从葡萄牙航行到印度的欧洲人。对这一成就的赞誉长期以来一直掩盖了1498年航行的弥赛亚动机，“入侵，捕获，征服和征服所有撒拉逊人(穆斯林)和异教徒以及基督的其他敌人;使他们沦为永远的奴隶;使他们皈依基督教;(和)通过武力从异教徒那里获得巨大的财富”，被各种教皇诏书奉为神圣，统称为“发现的教义”(杜姆·迪弗萨斯，1452;罗马努斯·庞蒂费克斯，1455;国际食堂，1493)。这一巨大事业的另一个关键动机是取代阿拉伯人对香料贸易的控制，取而代之的是最终导致殖民主义/帝国主义的葡萄牙霸权。这种努力的主要手段是极端暴力，由教会批准，强加给当地人，并以葡萄牙宗教裁判所和早期的十字军东征为基础。文章最后对当前的伊斯兰-西方冲突环境提出了一些警示。
{"title":"JGI Volume 13, Number 1 - Full Issue","authors":"Daniel J. Paracka, Purva Sharma","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.233","url":null,"abstract":"The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), was the first European to sail from Portugal to India. Accolades for this achievement have long obscured the messianic motivation for the 1498 voyage, “to invade, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and other enemies of Christ; to reduce them to perpetual slavery; to convert them to Christianity; [and] to acquire great wealth by force of arms from the Infidels,” as sanctified by various Papal Bulls, together called “the Doctrine of Discovery” (Dum Diversas, 1452; Romanus Pontifex, 1455; Inter Caetera, 1493). The other key motive in this enormous undertaking was to displace Arab control of the spice trade and establish, instead, Portuguese hegemony that eventually resulted in colonialism/imperialism. The main instrument in this effort was extreme violence, sanctioned by the Church, inflicted upon the natives, and predicated on the Portuguese Inquisition and earlier crusades. The paper concludes with some cautionary remarks about the current Islam-West clash environment.","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46130753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores how Hinduism and other religions and philosophies outside the Christian traditions were received by Americans influenced by secularism, science, globalization, and expanding U.S. imperialism in the late 19th century. The article also explores the role of two missionaries, John Henry Barrows and Swami Vivekananda, arguably the most influential participants in the World Parliament of Religions of 1893. Get Karma, good—well rubbed into you—absorb it, wallow in it, and then you will batter down all the obstacles of life. —New York Times book review, 1896 A journalist writing four years after the shuttering of the World’s Columbian Exposition described Chicago’s Lake Front Park1 as a “barren waste” (The New York Times, 1897, p. 13).2 Dominating this “eyesore” and “source of annoyance” was the building that had housed the 1893 General Committee on the Congress of Religions, which came to be known as the World Parliament of Religions.3 The fireravaged park also contained a tangle of railroad tracks; a sculpture described as “a nightmare in bronze, supposed to represent the late Mr. Columbus as he appeared to the distempered visions of the artist”; and “a varied assortment of men out of 1 i.e., Jackson Park, as it is known today. 2 That the reporter was from New York City may have darkened his view of the abandoned fairground. According to Robert W. Rydell (2005), the U.S. Congress had been charged in 1890 with deciding whether the Exposition would take place in Chicago or New York City. “New York's financial titans, including J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and William Waldorf Astor, pledged $15 million to underwrite the fair if Congress awarded it to New York City. Not to be outdone, Chicago's leading capitalists and exposition sponsors, including Charles T. Yerkes, Marshall Field, Philip Armour, Gustavus Swift, and Cyrus McCormick, responded in kind. Furthermore, Chicago's promoters presented evidence of significant financial support from the city and state as well as over $5 million in stock subscriptions from people from every walk of life. What finally led Congress to vote in Chicago's favor was banker Lyman Gage's ability to raise several million additional dollars in a 24-hour period to best New York's final offer.” 3 Now the Art Institute of Chicago. 42 Journal of Global Initiatives work, and men to whom work [was] only an abstract proposition” (The New York Times, 1897, p. 13). In 1897, Chicago’s population of nearly 2 million had been increasing by 50,000 annually although in many neighborhoods, such as those surrounding the park, water could not be pumped above the first floor of buildings. During six months in 1893, more than 20 million visitors from around the globe streamed to the park’s “White City” (Rydell, 2005), and thousands crowded into the Hall of Columbus in the Memorial Art Palace to witness “the birth of formal interreligious dialogue worldwide” (Parliament of the World’s Religions, 2015b). Delegates to
这篇文章探讨了印度教和基督教传统之外的其他宗教和哲学是如何被19世纪后期受世俗主义、科学、全球化和扩张的美帝国主义影响的美国人所接受的。这篇文章还探讨了两位传教士的角色，约翰·亨利·巴罗斯和斯瓦米·维韦卡南达，可以说是1893年世界宗教议会最有影响力的参与者。把因果报应揉进你的身体里——吸收它，沉浸其中，然后你就会冲破生活中的所有障碍。——《纽约时报》书评，1896年一位记者在哥伦比亚世界博览会关闭四年后写道，芝加哥的湖滨公园是“贫瘠的荒地”(《纽约时报》，1897，第13页)在这个“眼中钉”和“恼人之源”中占主导地位的是1893年宗教大会总委员会的大楼，后来被称为世界宗教议会。一件被描述为“青铜的噩梦，应该代表已故哥伦布先生在艺术家的疯狂想象中出现的样子”的雕塑;还有“形形色色的人，也就是今天所说的杰克逊公园”。这位记者来自纽约，这可能使他对这个废弃的露天市场的看法变得模糊了。根据Robert W. Rydell(2005)的说法，1890年美国国会负责决定世博会是在芝加哥还是在纽约举行。包括j.p.摩根、科尼利厄斯·范德比尔特和威廉·华尔道夫·阿斯特在内的纽约金融巨头承诺，如果国会将博览会授予纽约市，他们将出资1500万美元为博览会提供担保。不甘示弱，芝加哥的主要资本家和博览会赞助者，包括查尔斯·t·耶克斯、马歇尔·菲尔德、菲利普·阿穆尔、古斯塔夫斯·斯威夫特和赛勒斯·麦考密克，也做出了同样的回应。此外，芝加哥的发起人还展示了该市和州政府提供的大量资金支持，以及来自各行各业人士超过500万美元的股票认购。最终导致国会投票支持芝加哥的原因是，银行家莱曼·盖奇(Lyman Gage)有能力在24小时内再筹集数百万美元，以超过纽约的最终报价。“现在芝加哥艺术学院。42杂志的全球倡议工作，和那些工作只是一个抽象命题的人”(纽约时报，1897年，第13页)。1897年，芝加哥将近200万的人口以每年5万人的速度增长，尽管在许多社区，比如公园周围的社区，水无法泵到建筑物的一楼以上。在1893年的六个月里，来自世界各地的2000多万游客涌入公园的“白城”(Rydell, 2005)，数千人涌入纪念艺术宫的哥伦布大厅，见证“世界宗教间正式对话的诞生”(Parliament of the World’s Religions, 2015b)。参加9月11日至27日举行的世界宗教议会的代表们代表了41种精神传统(伯克利中心，n.d)，包括“儒教、道教、神道教、印度教、佛教、耆那教、琐罗亚斯德教、犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教”(Michaud & Adiprasetya, 2004)。议会激起了广泛的带有宗教色彩的反应。一位与会者计划在耶路撒冷建立一个类似的议会。据报道，一位Kiretchjiam先生“在世界宗教公平议会的讲台上发表了题为‘来自东方年轻人的声音’的杰出演讲，使他自己和他的人民(亚美尼亚使徒基督徒)脱颖而出”(《亚特兰大宪法》，1897年，第6页)，据说这是在美国听到的“亚美尼亚人的第一次呐喊”。议会成立后不久，Kiretchjiam向纽约市的教会俱乐部发表演讲，这些俱乐部由“商界和专业领域的杰出人士”组成，通过这种拓展，他成立了亚美尼亚救济协会(亚特兰大宪法，1897年，第6页)。根据巴哈伊信仰历史学家的说法，他们在美国土地上的宗教活动可以追溯到议会(Abdu 'l bah<e:1> in America, 2011)。国会的天主教发言人远道而来，从澳大利亚、巴西和比利时赶来。许多基督教代表和其他传统的代表一样，在活动前后在美国各地旅行。1894年夏天，《纽约时报》(1894b)报道说:“莫莫卢·马萨夸伊，来自西非利比里亚维伊地区的非洲王子，萨利纳斯国王拉海·马萨夸伊的儿子，拜访了警察总部……并向伯恩斯局长表示敬意。马萨魁王子一直在这个国家做传教工作。他是参加世界博览会的宗教议会的代表。他很快就要回非洲去了”(第8页)。 基督教团结兄弟会是“集市上宗教议会的产物”，其创始人之一马萨魁在声明上签了名:“为了与所有渴望在耶稣基督的生命和教导的鼓舞下为上帝和他们的同胞服务的人团结在一起，我特此注册成为基督教团结兄弟会的一员”(《纽约时报》，1893年3月1日，第1页)。新兄弟会签署名单的主要成员是世界宗教议会主席约翰·亨利·巴罗斯(1847-1902)。在纽约市，活动结束后，一位自称“里奇教授”的人立即宣读了他“在宗教议会上提交的关于‘圣公会及其主张’的论文”(第5页)。根据《纽约时报》(1893c)，“里奇教授还对议会完成的工作进行了简短的回顾”(第5页)。除了代表和访客，有关议会的文件也在流传;
{"title":"The World Parliament of Religions, the Swami, and the Evangelist: Contextualizing Late 19th-Century American Responses to Hinduism","authors":"Anne R. Richards","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.236","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores how Hinduism and other religions and philosophies outside the Christian traditions were received by Americans influenced by secularism, science, globalization, and expanding U.S. imperialism in the late 19th century. The article also explores the role of two missionaries, John Henry Barrows and Swami Vivekananda, arguably the most influential participants in the World Parliament of Religions of 1893. Get Karma, good—well rubbed into you—absorb it, wallow in it, and then you will batter down all the obstacles of life. —New York Times book review, 1896 A journalist writing four years after the shuttering of the World’s Columbian Exposition described Chicago’s Lake Front Park1 as a “barren waste” (The New York Times, 1897, p. 13).2 Dominating this “eyesore” and “source of annoyance” was the building that had housed the 1893 General Committee on the Congress of Religions, which came to be known as the World Parliament of Religions.3 The fireravaged park also contained a tangle of railroad tracks; a sculpture described as “a nightmare in bronze, supposed to represent the late Mr. Columbus as he appeared to the distempered visions of the artist”; and “a varied assortment of men out of 1 i.e., Jackson Park, as it is known today. 2 That the reporter was from New York City may have darkened his view of the abandoned fairground. According to Robert W. Rydell (2005), the U.S. Congress had been charged in 1890 with deciding whether the Exposition would take place in Chicago or New York City. “New York's financial titans, including J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and William Waldorf Astor, pledged $15 million to underwrite the fair if Congress awarded it to New York City. Not to be outdone, Chicago's leading capitalists and exposition sponsors, including Charles T. Yerkes, Marshall Field, Philip Armour, Gustavus Swift, and Cyrus McCormick, responded in kind. Furthermore, Chicago's promoters presented evidence of significant financial support from the city and state as well as over $5 million in stock subscriptions from people from every walk of life. What finally led Congress to vote in Chicago's favor was banker Lyman Gage's ability to raise several million additional dollars in a 24-hour period to best New York's final offer.” 3 Now the Art Institute of Chicago. 42 Journal of Global Initiatives work, and men to whom work [was] only an abstract proposition” (The New York Times, 1897, p. 13). In 1897, Chicago’s population of nearly 2 million had been increasing by 50,000 annually although in many neighborhoods, such as those surrounding the park, water could not be pumped above the first floor of buildings. During six months in 1893, more than 20 million visitors from around the globe streamed to the park’s “White City” (Rydell, 2005), and thousands crowded into the Hall of Columbus in the Memorial Art Palace to witness “the birth of formal interreligious dialogue worldwide” (Parliament of the World’s Religions, 2015b). Delegates to ","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45757072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Year of India: Introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"Daniel J. Paracka","doi":"10.32727/11.2018.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/11.2018.235","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48790033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.7835/ccwp-2012-09-0010
G. Scott, I. Chaston
Political stability, macro-economic caution and the aggressive pursuit of free trade have enabled Peru to emerge as one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America. This economic expansion has created heightened interest in the evolution of corporate culture and its influence on firm performance. This paper examines organizational performance in relation to the influence of cultural values on innovation by means of a survey of upper level managers. Involvement in innovation did not assist sales growth whereas involvement in open innovation did. There was a positive relation between open innovation and power distance and uncertainty. No relationship was identified for individualism and masculinity. Practical implications are open innovation may enhance business performance while declining power distance and lower aversion to uncertainty can have a positive impact as well.
{"title":"Culture and Innovation in Peru from a Management Perspective","authors":"G. Scott, I. Chaston","doi":"10.7835/ccwp-2012-09-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7835/ccwp-2012-09-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Political stability, macro-economic caution and the aggressive pursuit of free trade have enabled Peru to emerge as one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America. This economic expansion has created heightened interest in the evolution of corporate culture and its influence on firm performance. This paper examines organizational performance in relation to the influence of cultural values on innovation by means of a survey of upper level managers. Involvement in innovation did not assist sales growth whereas involvement in open innovation did. There was a positive relation between open innovation and power distance and uncertainty. No relationship was identified for individualism and masculinity. Practical implications are open innovation may enhance business performance while declining power distance and lower aversion to uncertainty can have a positive impact as well.","PeriodicalId":52906,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Initiatives","volume":"68 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85377610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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