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Quantum Mechanics from the Energy Circulation Theory — Wave Function Showing an Energy Location in the 3D Real Space 从能量循环理论看量子力学——波函数在三维真实空间中的能量位置
Pub Date : 2021-08-27 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942421500018
S. Nagao
The Schrödinger equation is one of the cores in quantum mechanics, but bears a contradiction. In the process to obtain the energy and momentum operators, the relation [Formula: see text] is used for [Formula: see text]. However, when they are applied to the Hamiltonian equation, the kinetic energy is set as [Formula: see text]. Based on the Energy Circulation Theory, we examine in this paper the quantization of motions of a particle. We clarify in which situation and for what energy we can use the relation [Formula: see text]. We derive a wave equation de novo to provide wave functions representing a concrete motion and energy distribution of a particle. The Schrödinger equation has a similar form by chance but the mass in our new equation is that of energy quantum expressed by [Formula: see text], which is common for any energies of any particles and decided only by the moving speed. A solution shows an energy location in the 3D real space even if it is expressed in complex. When a motion of a particle gets in circle, its circular frequency becomes quantized. In an atom, an electron circulates around the hidden dimensional axis, and the circulation can further rotate. We propose the quantization conditions for the electron orbiting, and derive the wave functions in concrete for S and P orbitals, which are different from current perceptions. We also demonstrate that the uncertainty principle is not valid for a motion of a particle.
Schrödinger方程是量子力学的核心之一,但也存在矛盾。在获得能量和动量算符的过程中,对[公式:见文]使用关系[公式:见文]。然而,当它们应用于哈密顿方程时,动能设为[公式:见文]。基于能量循环理论,我们研究了粒子运动的量子化。我们阐明在何种情况下和何种能量下我们可以使用这个关系[公式:见正文]。我们重新推导了一个波动方程,以提供代表粒子具体运动和能量分布的波动函数。Schrödinger方程偶然有一个类似的形式,但我们的新方程中的质量是能量量子的质量,用[公式:见文本]表示,这对任何粒子的任何能量都是常见的,只由运动速度决定。即使用复数表示,解也能显示出能量在三维真实空间中的位置。当一个粒子做圆周运动时,它的圆周频率被量子化。在原子中,电子围绕隐藏的维度轴循环,并且循环可以进一步旋转。我们提出了电子轨道的量子化条件,并推导了不同于目前认识的S轨道和P轨道的具体波函数。我们还证明了测不准原理对粒子的运动是无效的。
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引用次数: 0
From Social to Epidemic Criticality and Back 从社会到疫情危急再回来
Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422400072
P. Grigolini, David E. Lambert, Korosh Mahmoodi, Nicola Piccinini
In this paper, we study the spreading of epidemic in a network of individuals who may either contract a disease through contact with infected nearest neighbors or be vaccinated under the influence of neighbors who are already vaccinated. We show that both interaction between susceptible S and infected individuals I and the imitation of vaccination, a form of sociological interaction between susceptible S and vaccinated V individuals, may lead to a phase transition. If the spreading of epidemic is in the supercritical condition, corresponding to an unlimited growth of infection, the interaction between S and V must reach the supercritical condition to generate control of the spreading of infection, and bring the system to criticality. By adopting a theoretical perspective like that of multilayer complex networks, we study the case where the epidemiological network is under the influence of a sociological debate on whether to be vaccinated. We show that at criticality this debate generates clusters of individuals in favor of vaccination and clusters of individuals opposing it. 3 , 4 We study the influence of this debate on the spread of infection. We show that because of this debate in the epidemic network, a pattern emerges mirroring the structures of the sociological network. Finally, we introduce feedback of the epidemic network on the sociological network, and we prove that because of this feedback the sociological system undergoes a process of self-organization maintaining it at criticality. This system exhibits temporal complexity and critical slowing down. 1 We hope that these results may have an important effect of giving interesting suggestions to behavioral psychologists and information scientists actively involved in the analysis of the social debate on the moral issues connected to sexual activities.
在本文中,我们研究了流行病在一个个体网络中的传播,这些个体可能通过与感染疾病的最近邻居接触而感染疾病,也可能在已经接种疫苗的邻居的影响下接种疫苗。我们发现,易感S和感染个体I之间的相互作用和疫苗接种的模仿,即易感S和接种V个体之间的一种社会学相互作用形式,都可能导致阶段转变。如果流行病的传播处于超临界状态,对应于感染的无限增长,则S和V之间的相互作用必须达到超临界状态才能对感染的传播产生控制,使系统达到临界状态。采用类似多层复杂网络的理论视角,我们研究了流行病学网络受到是否接种疫苗的社会学争论影响的情况。我们表明,在关键时刻,这场辩论产生了支持接种疫苗的个人群体和反对接种疫苗的个人群体。我们研究了这场辩论对传染病传播的影响。我们表明,由于流行病网络中的这种争论,出现了一种模式,反映了社会学网络的结构。最后,我们在社会学网络上引入了流行病网络的反馈,并证明了由于这种反馈,社会学系统经历了一个自组织的过程,使其保持在临界状态。该系统表现出时间复杂性和临界慢化。我们希望这些结果能够对行为心理学家和信息科学家提供一些有趣的建议,这些行为心理学家和信息科学家积极参与分析与性活动有关的道德问题的社会辩论。
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引用次数: 2
Fundamental Values of Length, Time, and Speed 长度、时间和速度的基本价值
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942420500085
A. Abdukadyrov
In 2018, it was shown that the electromagnetic units of the MKSA system (the ampere, coulomb, ohm, volt, etc.) can be written using the base units of the MKS system: the meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s). In this paper, using the conversion of units, the value of the lowest speed of movement in nature is calculated. It is shown that the value of the gravitational constant is determined by the values of the speed of light in a vacuum and the elementary speed. It is obtained a new formula for the law of universal gravitation, which is completely analogous to Coulomb’s law. It is shown that the system of the fundamental units of mass, length, and time is the system of the natural units, built on the universal constants [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]).
2018年,研究表明MKSA系统的电磁单位(安培、库仑、欧姆、伏特等)可以用MKS系统的基本单位:米(m)、千克(kg)、秒(s)来书写。本文通过单位的转换,计算出自然界中最低运动速度的值。结果表明,引力常数的值是由真空中的光速和基本速度的值决定的。得到了一个与库仑定律完全相似的万有引力定律的新公式。结果表明,质量、长度和时间的基本单位制是建立在通用常数(公式:见文)和(公式:见文)基础上的自然单位制。
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引用次数: 2
An Alternative Approach of the Dark Energy Beyond the Equation of State 超越状态方程的暗能量的另一种方法
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942420500097
Mahendra Goray, Ramesh Naidu Annavarapu
Several concepts have been proposed to explain the mystic nature of dark energy and the accelerating universe. Among them, geometrical dark energy is one such class that is based on the scalar curvature, and another type is based upon the “equation of state”. Also, another model suggests that neutrino rest-mass interaction is responsible for the “equation of state” with constant energy density. In this work, we have investigated another dark energy approach which is based on the illusive mass of the photon and a new geometrical perspective. Photon reveals its illusive mass behavior when it interacts with the surface of matter, i.e., photon manifests itself into different forms of mass. Hence, photon might hide some of its energy due to this new characteristic. This photon’s energy is embedded in the form of a curvature dependent complex number and could be considered as the new form of dark energy. Hence, we propose that the dark energy might be hiding in the photon’s illusive form and could pave the way towards unravelling the secrets of the dark energy of the universe and hence the accelerating universe.
人们提出了几个概念来解释暗能量和宇宙加速膨胀的神秘本质。其中,几何暗能量是一类基于标量曲率的暗能量,另一类基于“状态方程”的暗能量。此外,另一个模型表明,中微子静止质量相互作用是导致能量密度恒定的“状态方程”的原因。在这项工作中,我们研究了另一种暗能量方法,该方法基于光子的虚幻质量和新的几何视角。光子在与物质表面相互作用时,表现出其虚幻的质量行为,即光子表现为不同形式的质量。因此,由于这个新特性,光子可能会隐藏一些能量。该光子的能量以曲率相关复数的形式嵌入,可以被认为是暗能量的新形式。因此,我们提出暗能量可能隐藏在光子的虚幻形式中,这可能为解开宇宙暗能量的秘密铺平道路,从而揭开宇宙加速的秘密。
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引用次数: 1
Galactic Evolution Showing a Constant Circulating Speed of Stars in a Galactic Disc without Requiring Dark Matter 星系演化显示了在不需要暗物质的情况下,星系盘中恒星的恒定循环速度
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942420500048
S. Nagao
It is an unsolved mystery that the rotation velocity of a galactic disc is same at any radial distances. The presence of dark matter is expected, but not observed. Here we propose a novel scheme for the evolution of the initial cosmic energy to current galaxies. According to the energy circulation theory, which we previously reported, the fundamental force works based on momentums. Antiparallel movements of energy pieces form a circulation. Due to the space expansion, the initial energy circulations separate and decompose to smaller level circulations; to galactic seeds, stellar seeds, and smallest energy circulations. The internal circulating velocity of a galactic seed is inherited to the circulating speed of stellar seeds in a ring. The intra-circulation interaction by the fundamental force keeps the stellar seeds to circulate at the initial speed, which does not alter by the space expansion. The new scheme meets the galaxy rotation curve without requiring dark matter.
星系盘的旋转速度在任何径向距离上都是相同的,这是一个未解之谜。暗物质的存在是预料之中的,但没有观测到。在这里,我们提出了一个新的方案,最初的宇宙能量演化到目前的星系。根据我们之前报道过的能量循环理论,基本力的作用基于动量。能量块的反平行运动形成一个循环。由于空间膨胀,初始能量环流分离分解为更小层次的环流;到星系的种子,恒星的种子,最小的能量循环。星系种子的内部循环速度可以遗传到环内恒星种子的循环速度。基本力的循环内相互作用使恒星种子以初始速度循环,不因空间膨胀而改变。新方案在不需要暗物质的情况下满足星系旋转曲线。
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引用次数: 4
RNA Detection in air by means of Cosmic Rays interactions 利用宇宙射线相互作用检测空气中的RNA
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1142/S2424942420500036
J. Adlish, E. Mainardi, P. Neuhold, R. Surrente, L. Tagliapietra
The study research presented hereafter shows a new methodology to reveal traces of Viral particles thanks to their own chemical structure such as phosphate group PO4, a group making up part of the structure of RNA, a type of nucleic acid, such as in a virus, in an open space or a closed ambient (typically an airport hall) detecting sub-atomic particles interactions with the air due to Cosmic Rays, an Outer Space free source. This is constructed with the use of adequate detectors (under development) looking in particular at the peculiar interactions of muons, cosmic rays relativistic particle segment, with the no living matter present as aerosol in the air.
此后提出的研究显示了一种新的方法,利用病毒颗粒自身的化学结构,如磷酸基团PO4,构成RNA结构的一部分,一种核酸,如病毒,在开放空间或封闭环境(通常是机场大厅)检测亚原子粒子与空气的相互作用,由于宇宙射线,一个外太空自由源。这是通过使用适当的探测器(正在开发中)来构建的,特别关注μ子,宇宙射线相对论粒子段,与空气中以气溶胶形式存在的无生命物质之间的特殊相互作用。
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引用次数: 1
Topological Entanglement Entropy of Black Hole Interiors 黑洞内部的拓扑纠缠熵
Pub Date : 2020-02-19 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942419400012
E. Howard
Recent theoretical progress shows that ([Formula: see text]) black hole solution manifests long-range topological quantum entanglement similar to exotic non-Abelian excitations with fractional quantum statistics. In topologically ordered systems, there is a deep connection between physics of the bulk and that at the boundaries. Boundary terms play an important role in explaining the black hole entropy in general. We find several common properties between BTZ black holes and the Quantum Hall effect in ([Formula: see text])-dimensional bulk/boundary theories. We calculate the topological entanglement entropy of a ([Formula: see text]) black hole and recover the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, showing that black hole entropy and topological entanglement entropy are related. Using Chern–Simons and Liouville theories, we find that long-range entanglement describes the interior geometry of a black hole and identify it with the boundary entropy as the bond required by the connectivity of spacetime, gluing the short-range entanglement described by the area law. The IR bulk–UV boundary correspondence can be realized as a UV low-excitation theory on the bulk matching the IR long-range excitations on the boundary theory. Several aspects of the current findings are discussed.
最近的理论进展表明(公式:见文本)黑洞解表现出类似于具有分数阶量子统计的奇异非阿贝尔激发的长程拓扑量子纠缠。在拓扑有序系统中,体物理和边界物理之间有着深刻的联系。一般来说,边界项在解释黑洞熵方面起着重要的作用。我们在(公式:见原文)维体/边界理论中发现了BTZ黑洞和量子霍尔效应之间的几个共同特性。我们计算了(公式:见文)黑洞的拓扑纠缠熵,并恢复了贝肯斯坦-霍金熵,表明黑洞熵与拓扑纠缠熵是相关的。利用chen - simons和Liouville理论,我们发现远程纠缠描述了黑洞的内部几何形状,并将其与边界熵识别为时空连通性所需的键,粘合了由面积定律描述的短程纠缠。红外体-紫外边界对应可以实现为体上的紫外低激发理论与边界理论上的红外远程激发相匹配。讨论了当前研究结果的几个方面。
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引用次数: 2
Toward the Unification of Physics and Number Theory 走向物理学和数论的统一
Pub Date : 2019-11-28 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942419500038
K. Irwin
This paper introduces the notion of simplex-integers and shows how, in contrast to digital numbers, they are the most powerful numerical symbols that implicitly express the information of an integer and its set theoretic substructure. A geometric analogue to the primality test is introduced: when [Formula: see text] is prime, it divides [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text]. The geometric form provokes a novel hypothesis about the distribution of prime-simplexes that, if solved, may lead to a proof of the Riemann hypothesis. Specifically, if a geometric algorithm predicting the number of prime simplexes within any bound [Formula: see text]-simplex or associated [Formula: see text] lattice is discovered, a deep understanding of the error factor of the prime number theorem would be realized — the error factor corresponding to the distribution of the non-trivial zeta zeros, which might be the mysterious link between physics and the Riemann hypothesis [D. Schumayer and D. A. W. Hutchinson, Colloquium: Physics of the Riemann hypothesis, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 (2011) 307]. It suggests how quantum gravity and particle physicists might benefit from a simplex-integer-based quasicrystal code formalism. An argument is put forth that the unifying idea between number theory and physics is code theory, where reality is information theoretic and 3-simplex integers form physically realistic aperiodic dynamic patterns from which space, time and particles emerge from the evolution of the code syntax.
本文介绍了单纯整数的概念,并说明了相对于数字,它们是隐式表达整数及其集合论子结构信息的最强大的数字符号。引入了一个几何上类似于素数检验的方法:当[公式:见文]是素数时,它将[公式:见文]除以所有[公式:见文]。这种几何形式引发了一个关于素数单形分布的新假设,如果这个假设得到解决,可能会导致黎曼假设的证明。具体地说,如果发现了一种几何算法,可以预测任何边界[公式:见文]-单纯形或相关的[公式:见文]格内的素数单纯形的数量,那么将实现对素数定理的误差因子的深刻理解-与非平凡zeta零的分布相对应的误差因子,这可能是物理学与黎曼假设之间的神秘联系[D]。舒迈和d.a.w . Hutchinson, Riemann假设的物理讨论,物理学报,83(2011)307。它表明量子引力和粒子物理学家如何从基于简单整数的准晶体编码形式中获益。提出了数论与物理学的统一思想是码理论,其中实在性是信息论,三单纯形整数形成物理上实在的非周期动态模式,空间、时间和粒子从码语法的演化中产生。
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引用次数: 6
Structures and Interactions of Quantum Particles Based on the Energy Circulation Theory 基于能量循环理论的量子粒子结构与相互作用
Pub Date : 2019-11-07 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942419500014
S. Nagao
Although the quark model is widely accepted, it is unknown what the origin of the electric charge of a quark is and why the charge magnitudes are fractional and different among the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] quarks. Here we propose a novel scheme for quantum particles independent of quantum chromodynamics and quarks. We previously reported the energy circulation theory, in which the fundamental force works between antiparallel energy movements based on momentums, and forms an energy circulation. The electric charge is the momentum in the hidden dimension of an energy circulation in hidden–space dimensions. In this paper, we examine the interactions between energy circulations precisely covering the whole range of distance, and derive formulas for strong and weak nuclear interactions. The strong force is an inter-circulation interaction by the fundamental force. The weak interaction is an orthogonal separation of an energy circulation in space–space dimensions to two halves. A quantum particle consists of one or plural energy circulations in a unit space of radius of the lowest-frequency hidden dimension. We propose the respective compositions of energy circulations for major particles so that they as much conform to reported decays, spin and rest-mass values. This new model of particles provides potential solutions to unexplained issues from the Standard Model as follows: The new model presents the theoretical origin of the electric charge and its elementary charge. Because elementary components of hadrons are energy circulations instead of quarks, it is not required to introduce a fractional electric charge. A composition of elementary energy circulations for a quantum particle shows its electric charge and mass (rest energy) by the addition of those of elements. Furthermore, the model successfully exhibits strong and weak nuclear interactions as well as the electric force.
虽然夸克模型被广泛接受,但夸克电荷的起源是什么,以及为什么夸克和夸克之间的电荷大小是分数的和不同的,这是未知的。本文提出了一种独立于量子色动力学和夸克的量子粒子方案。我们之前报道了能量循环理论,其中基本力在基于动量的反平行能量运动之间起作用,并形成能量循环。电荷是隐藏空间维度中能量循环的隐藏维度中的动量。在本文中,我们精确地研究了覆盖整个距离范围的能量循环之间的相互作用,并推导了强核相互作用和弱核相互作用的公式。强力是基本力在循环间的相互作用。弱相互作用是一个能量循环在空间-空间维度上的正交分离成两半。一个量子粒子由一个或多个能量循环在一个单位空间的最低频率隐藏维度的半径。我们提出了主要粒子各自的能量循环组成,使它们尽可能符合报道的衰变、自旋和静止质量值。这个新的粒子模型为标准模型中无法解释的问题提供了潜在的解决方案,如下所示:新模型提出了电荷及其基本电荷的理论起源。因为强子的基本成分是能量循环而不是夸克,所以不需要引入分数电荷。量子粒子的基本能量循环组成通过添加元素的电荷和质量(静止能量)来显示其电荷和质量。此外,该模型成功地展示了强、弱核相互作用以及电磁力。
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引用次数: 2
The Code-Theoretic Axiom: The Third Ontology 码论公理:第三本体
Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2424942419500026
K. Irwin
A logical physical ontology is code theory, wherein reality is neither deterministic nor random. In light of Conway and Kochen’s free will theorem [The free will theorem, Found. Phys. 36(10) (2006) 1441–1473] and strong free will theorem [The strong free will theorem, Not. Am. Math. Soc. 56(2) (2009) 226–232], we discuss the plausibility of a third axiomatic option — geometric language; the code-theoretic axiom. We suggest that freewill choices at the syntactically-free steps of a geometric language of spacetime form the code-theoretic substrate upon which particle and gravitational physics emerge.
逻辑物理本体论是代码理论,其中的实在既不是确定的,也不是随机的。根据康威和柯辰的自由意志定理[自由意志定理,发现。物理学报,36(10)(2006)1441-1473]和强自由意志定理[强自由意志定理,不是。]点。数学。Soc. 56(2)(2009) 226-232],我们讨论了第三种公理选项-几何语言的合理性;码理论公理。我们认为,在时空几何语言的语法自由步骤上的自由意志选择形成了粒子和引力物理学出现的密码理论基础。
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引用次数: 7
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Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences
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