Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s242494242350007x
Zhi Gang Sha, Rulin Xiu
Holographic principle and the related self-similarity symmetry are observed widely in nature. Research in black hole, string theory and quantum theory of gravity suggests that holographic principle can be an important symmetry for solving challenging problems in theoretical physics, such as finding the grand unification theory (GUT). In this paper, we derive a quantum theory incorporating the holographic principle by introducing the new concept and elementary information. The derived quantum action incorporating holographic principle, holographic action, turns out to be the generalized action encompassing string theory, general relativity and thermodynamics. This holographic quantum theory indicates that phenomena and laws of physics emerge from the holograms represented by the holographic action. Specifically, it predicts the following: (1) Elementary particles, gravity and gauge interactions and the classical equations of motion are the emergence of the hologram due to Poincaré symmetry, diffeomorphic symmetry and Weyl symmetry, respectively. (2) Dark matter and dark energy are the vibrations on the horizon scale of the universe. (3) Cosmological constant is calculated to be [Formula: see text] in Planck unit, in agreement with the cosmological constant deduced from astrophysical observation (4) The observed space-time is negatively curved if its dimension is greater than 4, positively curved if its dimension is less than 4, and flat if its dimension is 4. (5) It gives the mathematical formula to derive the entropy of black hole and study the internal dynamics of black hole. (6) It provides the mathematical framework to study the dynamics of spacetime compactification and the large hierarchy between Planck scale and electroweak scale. One may conclude that the holographic quantum theory based on holographic principle may be not only a GUT but also able to tackle some of the problems impossible to be addressed before.
{"title":"Derivation of a Unified Theory from the Holographic Principle","authors":"Zhi Gang Sha, Rulin Xiu","doi":"10.1142/s242494242350007x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s242494242350007x","url":null,"abstract":"Holographic principle and the related self-similarity symmetry are observed widely in nature. Research in black hole, string theory and quantum theory of gravity suggests that holographic principle can be an important symmetry for solving challenging problems in theoretical physics, such as finding the grand unification theory (GUT). In this paper, we derive a quantum theory incorporating the holographic principle by introducing the new concept and elementary information. The derived quantum action incorporating holographic principle, holographic action, turns out to be the generalized action encompassing string theory, general relativity and thermodynamics. This holographic quantum theory indicates that phenomena and laws of physics emerge from the holograms represented by the holographic action. Specifically, it predicts the following: (1) Elementary particles, gravity and gauge interactions and the classical equations of motion are the emergence of the hologram due to Poincaré symmetry, diffeomorphic symmetry and Weyl symmetry, respectively. (2) Dark matter and dark energy are the vibrations on the horizon scale of the universe. (3) Cosmological constant is calculated to be [Formula: see text] in Planck unit, in agreement with the cosmological constant deduced from astrophysical observation (4) The observed space-time is negatively curved if its dimension is greater than 4, positively curved if its dimension is less than 4, and flat if its dimension is 4. (5) It gives the mathematical formula to derive the entropy of black hole and study the internal dynamics of black hole. (6) It provides the mathematical framework to study the dynamics of spacetime compactification and the large hierarchy between Planck scale and electroweak scale. One may conclude that the holographic quantum theory based on holographic principle may be not only a GUT but also able to tackle some of the problems impossible to be addressed before.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135056539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500135
Ophir Flomenbom
In this paper, we study spark-gap earthing electrical circuits and show that such circuit’s power is greater than the power required to operate the circuit. In the simplest form of such circuits, the energy is captured in coils that are just branched transformers, each having just one wire connection to the main circuit, where the transformers are Tesla coils or pancake transformers or toroid transformers; working also are circuits with multiple such transformers connected in a series in the main circuit, or combinations of branched, parallel and series connected transformers. The spark gap and earthing are essential. The device’s power, [Formula: see text], is linear with the PSU frequency and square with the PSU voltage, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] represents various electrical and geometrical constants in the system, yet also the PSU amperage. In high enough PSU currents, [Formula: see text] can also increase [Formula: see text], where resonance might further increase the cultivated additional power. By utilizing the spin property of electrons, we explain that the additional energy is due to the decrease in the entropy of the combined system: (1) [Formula: see text] in the spark gap, and (2) [Formula: see text] of metal in the grounding; this is in favor of the increase in the electromagnetic energy of the circuit just. We develop such a free energy device that requires just [Formula: see text]W to operate yet can produce about 950[Formula: see text]W.
{"title":"Energy for Free in Spark-gap Earthing Circuits","authors":"Ophir Flomenbom","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500135","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study spark-gap earthing electrical circuits and show that such circuit’s power is greater than the power required to operate the circuit. In the simplest form of such circuits, the energy is captured in coils that are just branched transformers, each having just one wire connection to the main circuit, where the transformers are Tesla coils or pancake transformers or toroid transformers; working also are circuits with multiple such transformers connected in a series in the main circuit, or combinations of branched, parallel and series connected transformers. The spark gap and earthing are essential. The device’s power, [Formula: see text], is linear with the PSU frequency and square with the PSU voltage, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] represents various electrical and geometrical constants in the system, yet also the PSU amperage. In high enough PSU currents, [Formula: see text] can also increase [Formula: see text], where resonance might further increase the cultivated additional power. By utilizing the spin property of electrons, we explain that the additional energy is due to the decrease in the entropy of the combined system: (1) [Formula: see text] in the spark gap, and (2) [Formula: see text] of metal in the grounding; this is in favor of the increase in the electromagnetic energy of the circuit just. We develop such a free energy device that requires just [Formula: see text]W to operate yet can produce about 950[Formula: see text]W.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135507854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500068
Christopher N. Watson
Gravitational redshift decreases the resolution of measurements, causing entropy by increasing the possible microstates of position and momentum for objects within a gravitational field. This is the first paper with a quantitative equation for gravitational entropy, which extends the concept of black hole entropy to any object within a gravitational field. It also provides the first calculation of “inertial entropy,” the entropy of moving objects, by correlating changes in the scale of spacetime due to gravity with those of special relativity. The entropy scale factor (ESF) combines gravitational entropy and inertial entropy to propose that all changes in the scale of spacetime are due to entropy. In the ESF, gravity is due to entropy, not the mass of Newtonian gravity or the energy and momentum of general relativity. The key difference between Newtonian gravity and the ESF is that mass is a property of an object, while gravitational entropy is a property of a field. This means that in the ESF the entropy of objects can be increased by the gravitational fields of nearby objects. This increase in entropy results in the ESF predicting more gravitational force than Newtonian gravity does for complicated systems. This increase in force may be able to explain the phenomena attributed to dark matter, like galaxy rotation dynamics, without the need for dark matter. The same changes in scale predicted by the ESF may be able to explain the expansion of the universe, both in the inflationary epoch and the accelerating universe, without the need for an inflaton field or dark energy. The similarity of the ESF to Newtonian gravity for systems with one or two gravitational bodies explains why it has not been ruled out by prior tests of gravity.
{"title":"Theory of Gravity Dependent on Entropy","authors":"Christopher N. Watson","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500068","url":null,"abstract":"Gravitational redshift decreases the resolution of measurements, causing entropy by increasing the possible microstates of position and momentum for objects within a gravitational field. This is the first paper with a quantitative equation for gravitational entropy, which extends the concept of black hole entropy to any object within a gravitational field. It also provides the first calculation of “inertial entropy,” the entropy of moving objects, by correlating changes in the scale of spacetime due to gravity with those of special relativity. The entropy scale factor (ESF) combines gravitational entropy and inertial entropy to propose that all changes in the scale of spacetime are due to entropy. In the ESF, gravity is due to entropy, not the mass of Newtonian gravity or the energy and momentum of general relativity. The key difference between Newtonian gravity and the ESF is that mass is a property of an object, while gravitational entropy is a property of a field. This means that in the ESF the entropy of objects can be increased by the gravitational fields of nearby objects. This increase in entropy results in the ESF predicting more gravitational force than Newtonian gravity does for complicated systems. This increase in force may be able to explain the phenomena attributed to dark matter, like galaxy rotation dynamics, without the need for dark matter. The same changes in scale predicted by the ESF may be able to explain the expansion of the universe, both in the inflationary epoch and the accelerating universe, without the need for an inflaton field or dark energy. The similarity of the ESF to Newtonian gravity for systems with one or two gravitational bodies explains why it has not been ruled out by prior tests of gravity.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90500379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500020
Michel Canac
Birkhoff’s theorem (1923) states that in the framework of General Relativity the only solution to the central symmetric gravitational field in vacuum is the Schwarzschild metric. This result has crucial consequences in the resolution of the dark matter problem. This problem can only be solved through the discovery of a new type of matter particles, or by the introduction of a new theory of gravitation which supplants General Relativity. After reviewing Birkhoff’s theorem, it was discovered that by starting the calculation of the metric from an indeterminate metric whose coefficients are locally defined, we obtain a solution containing two arbitrary functions. In general, these functions do not induce any difference between this solution and the Schwarzschild metric. However, it can be seen that if we choose a triangular signal for these functions, the situation changes dramatically: (1) the metric is broken down into four distinct metrics that replace each other cyclically over time, (2) for two of these four metrics, the coordinate differentials dr and dt switch their spatial/temporal role cyclically, (3) the four metrics are not separable: they form a single logical set that we call a 4-metric and (4) this 4-metric cannot be transformed into the Schwarzschild metric by any coordinate change. According to these findings, there is a second solution in the spherical space, in addition to the Schwarzschild metric, and thus, Birkhoff’s theorem is incomplete. In the 4-metric, the orbital velocity of a massive particle does not depend on the radial distance. This 4-metric is thus in agreement with the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR), (consequently BTFR is in agreement with a solution of General Relativity without presence of dark matter and without hypothesis on the distribution of stars in galaxies). By combining the 4-metric with the Schwarzschild metric, another 4-metric in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve can been obtained. The calculation of the light deflection in this space is also exposed in this paper. According to these findings: (1) it is not necessary to introduce the notion of dark matter or the notion of distribution of stars in galaxies in order to find the observed galaxy rotation curve in the framework of General Relativity, (2) the modification of the metric with respect to the Schwarzschild metric appears to be due to the existence of a lower bound of the space-time curvature in galaxies (without external field effect), this phenomenon leading to a temporal oscillation of the space-time curvature, (3) an analysis of the external field effect for the Milky Way-Andromeda couple allows to model the rotation curve of the two galaxies beyond the plateau zone. The validation of these findings would be the first step toward challenging the standard model of cosmology ([Formula: see text]CDM), as the [Formula: see text]CDM model cannot be in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve without presence of dark ma
{"title":"On the Incompleteness of Birkhoff’s Theorem: A New Approach to the Central Symmetric Gravitational Field in Vacuum Space","authors":"Michel Canac","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500020","url":null,"abstract":"Birkhoff’s theorem (1923) states that in the framework of General Relativity the only solution to the central symmetric gravitational field in vacuum is the Schwarzschild metric. This result has crucial consequences in the resolution of the dark matter problem. This problem can only be solved through the discovery of a new type of matter particles, or by the introduction of a new theory of gravitation which supplants General Relativity. After reviewing Birkhoff’s theorem, it was discovered that by starting the calculation of the metric from an indeterminate metric whose coefficients are locally defined, we obtain a solution containing two arbitrary functions. In general, these functions do not induce any difference between this solution and the Schwarzschild metric. However, it can be seen that if we choose a triangular signal for these functions, the situation changes dramatically: (1) the metric is broken down into four distinct metrics that replace each other cyclically over time, (2) for two of these four metrics, the coordinate differentials dr and dt switch their spatial/temporal role cyclically, (3) the four metrics are not separable: they form a single logical set that we call a 4-metric and (4) this 4-metric cannot be transformed into the Schwarzschild metric by any coordinate change. According to these findings, there is a second solution in the spherical space, in addition to the Schwarzschild metric, and thus, Birkhoff’s theorem is incomplete. In the 4-metric, the orbital velocity of a massive particle does not depend on the radial distance. This 4-metric is thus in agreement with the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR), (consequently BTFR is in agreement with a solution of General Relativity without presence of dark matter and without hypothesis on the distribution of stars in galaxies). By combining the 4-metric with the Schwarzschild metric, another 4-metric in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve can been obtained. The calculation of the light deflection in this space is also exposed in this paper. According to these findings: (1) it is not necessary to introduce the notion of dark matter or the notion of distribution of stars in galaxies in order to find the observed galaxy rotation curve in the framework of General Relativity, (2) the modification of the metric with respect to the Schwarzschild metric appears to be due to the existence of a lower bound of the space-time curvature in galaxies (without external field effect), this phenomenon leading to a temporal oscillation of the space-time curvature, (3) an analysis of the external field effect for the Milky Way-Andromeda couple allows to model the rotation curve of the two galaxies beyond the plateau zone. The validation of these findings would be the first step toward challenging the standard model of cosmology ([Formula: see text]CDM), as the [Formula: see text]CDM model cannot be in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve without presence of dark ma","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74285254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422500050
L. Nash
It is known that very distant galaxies, much like our own, show remarkably high receding velocities, the magnitude of which increases with distance. Therefore, in this study, a gravitational analog of the photoelectric effect was investigated by replacing the classical (wave) theory of gravity with a gravity quanta hypothesis. The significance of this concept regarding the motion of distant galaxies is evaluated by comparing the results obtained for a photon traveling through a Planck lattice model of spacetime to the observational data for both the cosmological redshift and time dilation effects of light from distant Type Ia supernovae. The photogravity effect does not necessarily invalidate the standard big bang cosmology and may in fact add a layer of fidelity to its conclusions concerning the evolution and age of the universe.
{"title":"On the Cosmological Transformation of Light: A Gravitational Analogue of the Photoelectric Effect","authors":"L. Nash","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422500050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422500050","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that very distant galaxies, much like our own, show remarkably high receding velocities, the magnitude of which increases with distance. Therefore, in this study, a gravitational analog of the photoelectric effect was investigated by replacing the classical (wave) theory of gravity with a gravity quanta hypothesis. The significance of this concept regarding the motion of distant galaxies is evaluated by comparing the results obtained for a photon traveling through a Planck lattice model of spacetime to the observational data for both the cosmological redshift and time dilation effects of light from distant Type Ia supernovae. The photogravity effect does not necessarily invalidate the standard big bang cosmology and may in fact add a layer of fidelity to its conclusions concerning the evolution and age of the universe.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"268 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74365205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422500062
Hua Liang
Based on Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a new hypothesis for the model of hydrogen atom and perform mathematical calculations and verifications using experimental values and physical constants. The new model can not only provide the explanations that the existing theories failed to provide, but also can be used to construct neutrons, atomic nuclei, and individual atoms and molecules by involving only electrons and protons and their interactions. This means we only need to know how single electron and proton interact with each other, then we can establish a full model of hydrogen atom, and then we can establish other atomic nuclei. After all, all matter in the universe is made from hydrogen atoms through nuclear fusion.
{"title":"Alternative Model of Hydrogen Atom and its Mathematical Verification","authors":"Hua Liang","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422500062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422500062","url":null,"abstract":"Based on Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a new hypothesis for the model of hydrogen atom and perform mathematical calculations and verifications using experimental values and physical constants. The new model can not only provide the explanations that the existing theories failed to provide, but also can be used to construct neutrons, atomic nuclei, and individual atoms and molecules by involving only electrons and protons and their interactions. This means we only need to know how single electron and proton interact with each other, then we can establish a full model of hydrogen atom, and then we can establish other atomic nuclei. After all, all matter in the universe is made from hydrogen atoms through nuclear fusion.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"2018 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72629789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422400060
Jacob D. Baxley, David E. Lambert, P. Grigolini
Several studies have used the logistic equation to model the growth of cancer cell populations 1 as seen in Eq. ( 1 ). This has included correlated multiplicative, [Formula: see text] and additive, [Formula: see text], noise terms. These noise terms can affect the growth rate, [Formula: see text], and death rate, [Formula: see text], of tumor cells and can be induced from factors such as radiotherapy or other cancer treatments. Depending on the intensity of the noise the terms, the fluctuations can induce a phase transition. Noise-induced transitions of nonlinear stochastic systems have applications in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology. [Formula: see text] We study the logistic differential equation with a multiplicative noise term before and at phase transition. Computational methods used to investigate this cancer cell model include a Diffusion Entropy Analysis method and a waiting time distribution method. 2 , 3 , 4 DEA will establish the scaling of a simulated series without altering the data through detrending. We hypothesize the treatment that causes a phase transition in the logistic model will induce tumor extinction and management. Understanding how to better evaluate and study cancer cell growth models will assist in assessing the efficacy of cancer treatments. Future work will include running simulations with a modified DEA method that includes the use of stripes. 2 For better statistics, the code will be adopted to run ensembles of simulated data instead of a single series. Generating and analyzing these large datasets can be computationally expensive. Through multiprocessing and the use of a supercomputer, we believe these computational limitations can be overcome.
{"title":"Studying the Logistic Model","authors":"Jacob D. Baxley, David E. Lambert, P. Grigolini","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422400060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422400060","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have used the logistic equation to model the growth of cancer cell populations 1 as seen in Eq. ( 1 ). This has included correlated multiplicative, [Formula: see text] and additive, [Formula: see text], noise terms. These noise terms can affect the growth rate, [Formula: see text], and death rate, [Formula: see text], of tumor cells and can be induced from factors such as radiotherapy or other cancer treatments. Depending on the intensity of the noise the terms, the fluctuations can induce a phase transition. Noise-induced transitions of nonlinear stochastic systems have applications in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology. [Formula: see text] We study the logistic differential equation with a multiplicative noise term before and at phase transition. Computational methods used to investigate this cancer cell model include a Diffusion Entropy Analysis method and a waiting time distribution method. 2 , 3 , 4 DEA will establish the scaling of a simulated series without altering the data through detrending. We hypothesize the treatment that causes a phase transition in the logistic model will induce tumor extinction and management. Understanding how to better evaluate and study cancer cell growth models will assist in assessing the efficacy of cancer treatments. Future work will include running simulations with a modified DEA method that includes the use of stripes. 2 For better statistics, the code will be adopted to run ensembles of simulated data instead of a single series. Generating and analyzing these large datasets can be computationally expensive. Through multiprocessing and the use of a supercomputer, we believe these computational limitations can be overcome.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83105962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422400126
W. Teizer
Nature has generated sophisticated and very efficient molecular motors, employed for nanoscale transport at the intracellular level. As a complementary tool to nanofluidics, these motors have been envisioned for nanotechnological devices. In order to pave the way for such applications, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing these motors is needed. Because of the complexity of their in vivo functions, this understanding is best acquired in vitro, where functional parameters can independently be controlled. I will report on work in my group that studies and harnesses the transport properties of molecular motors on functionalized structures of reduced dimensionality such as carbon nanotubes, 1 lithographically designed electrodes, 2 microwires, 3 loops 4 and swarms. 5 In addition, I will show results that demonstrate the potential of this work for biomedical advances. 6
{"title":"Molecular Motors–Nature’s Efficiency at Work","authors":"W. Teizer","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422400126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422400126","url":null,"abstract":"Nature has generated sophisticated and very efficient molecular motors, employed for nanoscale transport at the intracellular level. As a complementary tool to nanofluidics, these motors have been envisioned for nanotechnological devices. In order to pave the way for such applications, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing these motors is needed. Because of the complexity of their in vivo functions, this understanding is best acquired in vitro, where functional parameters can independently be controlled. I will report on work in my group that studies and harnesses the transport properties of molecular motors on functionalized structures of reduced dimensionality such as carbon nanotubes, 1 lithographically designed electrodes, 2 microwires, 3 loops 4 and swarms. 5 In addition, I will show results that demonstrate the potential of this work for biomedical advances. 6","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88173520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422400114
A. Sokolov
Biophotonics is a vibrant interdisciplinary field exploring the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and biological materials such as sub-cellular structures and molecules in living organisms. Biophotonics research leads to applications in agriculture and life sciences and produces tools for medical diagnostics and therapies. Working in this general field, we have recently made advances toward ultrasensitive Raman-spectroscopic probing of viruses. Our approach is based on laser spectroscopy aided by plasmonic nanoantennas, as in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). An additional enhancement in sensitivity and speed is obtained by employing the femtosecond adaptive spectroscopic technique (FAST) for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). The combined approach shows promise for non-destructive label-free bioimaging with molecular-level sensitivity and with spatial resolution down to a fraction of a nanometer.
{"title":"Laser Spectroscopic Tools for Nano-Biophotonics","authors":"A. Sokolov","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422400114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422400114","url":null,"abstract":"Biophotonics is a vibrant interdisciplinary field exploring the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and biological materials such as sub-cellular structures and molecules in living organisms. Biophotonics research leads to applications in agriculture and life sciences and produces tools for medical diagnostics and therapies. Working in this general field, we have recently made advances toward ultrasensitive Raman-spectroscopic probing of viruses. Our approach is based on laser spectroscopy aided by plasmonic nanoantennas, as in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). An additional enhancement in sensitivity and speed is obtained by employing the femtosecond adaptive spectroscopic technique (FAST) for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). The combined approach shows promise for non-destructive label-free bioimaging with molecular-level sensitivity and with spatial resolution down to a fraction of a nanometer.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80051749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422400102
Wei Chen
Despite its advantages, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has one major drawback: penetration depth. This limits the use of conventional PDT methods to skin (surface) tumors only, making it ineffective for deep tumors. There are four possible solutions for the light delivery for deep tumor treatment: particles activated by near-infrared (NIR) light, up-conversion of nanoparticles that absorb NIR light and emit visible light for other photosensitizers (PSs), fiber optics and ionizing X-rays. Of these options, the best is X-rays. Near-infrared light can penetrate only 5[Formula: see text]mm in tissue while retaining enough energy to activate the PSs. The use of fiber optics is neither convenient nor efficient as it cannot effectively and evenly activate the photosensitizers. It is also almost impossible for the treatment of metastatic sites or lymph nodes involved with this disease, unless they are located in the region where light delivery is feasible. In contrast with the other methods, X-rays can easily penetrate as deeply as necessary into the patients, and are convenient as they are commonly used in cancer therapy. The use of novel copper–cysteamine (Cu–Cy) nanoparticles is a good solution for overcoming these issues because Cu–Cy nanoparticles can be effectively activated by X-rays to produce singlet oxygen, which makes it very efficient for deep cancer treatment. Here, I will discuss the use of copper–cysteamine nanoparticles to enhance radiation therapy in combination with PDT and targeting therapies.
{"title":"Exploration of New Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy Targeting Deep Cancer Treatment","authors":"Wei Chen","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422400102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422400102","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its advantages, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has one major drawback: penetration depth. This limits the use of conventional PDT methods to skin (surface) tumors only, making it ineffective for deep tumors. There are four possible solutions for the light delivery for deep tumor treatment: particles activated by near-infrared (NIR) light, up-conversion of nanoparticles that absorb NIR light and emit visible light for other photosensitizers (PSs), fiber optics and ionizing X-rays. Of these options, the best is X-rays. Near-infrared light can penetrate only 5[Formula: see text]mm in tissue while retaining enough energy to activate the PSs. The use of fiber optics is neither convenient nor efficient as it cannot effectively and evenly activate the photosensitizers. It is also almost impossible for the treatment of metastatic sites or lymph nodes involved with this disease, unless they are located in the region where light delivery is feasible. In contrast with the other methods, X-rays can easily penetrate as deeply as necessary into the patients, and are convenient as they are commonly used in cancer therapy. The use of novel copper–cysteamine (Cu–Cy) nanoparticles is a good solution for overcoming these issues because Cu–Cy nanoparticles can be effectively activated by X-rays to produce singlet oxygen, which makes it very efficient for deep cancer treatment. Here, I will discuss the use of copper–cysteamine nanoparticles to enhance radiation therapy in combination with PDT and targeting therapies.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77680429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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