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Green perspective on intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, and competitive advantage: The role of firm performance 知识资本、企业社会责任和竞争优势的绿色视角:企业绩效的作用
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.08
Sigit Hermawan, Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, S. Sriyono, Satrio Sudarso, Prasetyo Utomo
Green economy issues can occur both in the external and internal environment of business entities in terms of intellectual capital activities, social responsibility, and competitive advantage. This study aims to examine the relationship between intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, firm performance, and competitive advantage through the mediating role of firm performance from a green perspective. Data were collected from annual reports accessed through the official Stock Exchange websites in each respective research country. The number of samples used is 60 sample data from pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Data analysis is carried out using multiple linear regression, path analysis, and Sobel test. This study shows that green intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, and firm performance have a significant effect on green competitive advantage. Green intellectual capital and green corporate social responsibility have a significant effect on firm performance. Regarding mediating relationships, the results showed green intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility can increase green competitive advantage through firm performance. This shows that a company manager should pay attention to improving intellectual capital capability and corporate social responsibility because they have been proven to improve firm performance and competitive advantage in the context of green economy issues.
绿色经济问题既可以发生在企业实体的外部环境中,也可以发生在智力资本活动、社会责任和竞争优势的内部环境中。本研究旨在从绿色视角出发,通过企业绩效的中介作用,研究知识资本、企业社会责任、企业绩效和竞争优势之间的关系。数据收集自各研究国家通过证券交易所官方网站获取的年度报告。使用的样本数量为 60 个,分别来自印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡的制药公司。数据分析采用多元线性回归、路径分析和 Sobel 检验。本研究表明,绿色知识资本、企业社会责任和企业绩效对绿色竞争优势有显著影响。绿色知识资本和绿色企业社会责任对企业绩效有显著影响。在中介关系方面,研究结果表明绿色知识资本和企业社会责任可以通过企业绩效提高绿色竞争优势。这表明,企业管理者应重视提高知识资本能力和企业社会责任,因为事实证明,在绿色经济问题背景下,它们可以提高企业绩效和竞争优势。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable consumption in Indonesia: Health awareness, lifestyle, and trust among Gen Z and Millennials 印度尼西亚的可持续消费:Z一代和千禧一代的健康意识、生活方式和信任度
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.07
Thalia Agustina, E. Susanti, Junaid Ali Saeed Rana
This study explores the pathways to sustainable consumption among Gen Z and Millennials in Indonesia, focusing on the roles of health awareness, lifestyle behavior, and trust. Sustainable consumption in this context refers to conscientious choices made by individuals to minimize negative impacts on the environment and society while supporting personal health and well-being. A total of 210 respondents, representing consumers aged 18 to 42, who had purchased from healthy food restaurants in Jakarta, participated in the survey. This age range was chosen to encompass both Generation Z and Millennials, with a focus on individuals who are likely to be financially independent and capable of purchasing food for themselves. This sample was chosen to capture insights from key demographics known for their influence on consumption patterns and environmental awareness. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the analysis reveals that health awareness and lifestyle behavior significantly influence healthy food choices and sustainable consumption patterns. The direct path coefficient from lifestyle behavior to sustainable consumption (β = 0.394) surpassed that of health awareness (β = 0.134), underscoring the importance of lifestyle factors in driving sustainable consumption behaviors. Furthermore, trust emerged as a significant mediator between these factors and sustainable consumption. Health awareness and lifestyle behavior explained 65.3% of the variance in healthy food choices and influenced consumer trust by 39.7%. Additionally, lifestyle behavior and trust accounted for 61.2% of the variance in sustainable consumption. These findings highlight the critical role of lifestyle choices and trust-building efforts in fostering sustainable consumption behaviors among Gen Z and Millennials in Indonesia.
本研究探讨了印度尼西亚 Z 世代和千禧一代实现可持续消费的途径,重点关注健康意识、生活方式行为和信任的作用。这里所说的可持续消费是指个人在支持个人健康和幸福的同时,为尽量减少对环境和社会的负面影响而做出的自觉选择。共有 210 名曾在雅加达健康食品餐厅消费过的 18 至 42 岁的受访者参与了调查。选择这个年龄段是为了涵盖 Z 世代和千禧一代,重点关注那些经济独立、有能力为自己购买食品的人。选择这一样本是为了从影响消费模式和环保意识的关键人口中获取见解。利用结构方程模型进行的分析表明,健康意识和生活方式行为对健康食品选择和可持续消费模式有重大影响。从生活方式行为到可持续消费的直接路径系数(β = 0.394)超过了健康意识(β = 0.134),凸显了生活方式因素在推动可持续消费行为方面的重要性。此外,信任也是这些因素与可持续消费之间的重要中介。健康意识和生活方式行为解释了 65.3% 的健康食品选择变异,影响了 39.7% 的消费者信任。此外,生活方式行为和信任占可持续消费变异的 61.2%。这些研究结果凸显了生活方式选择和信任建设在促进印尼 Z 世代和千禧一代可持续消费行为中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Payments for environmental services and economic growth: A theoretical model 环境服务付费与经济增长:一个理论模型
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.06
Dickens Liwono Moba, N. Piluso
Given the global climate emergency and the complex financing problems facing developing countries, some economists are advocating the introduction of payments for environmental services. The question is whether payments for environmental services will enable developing countries to make the ecological transition compatible with the economic growth they need to develop. This study presents a theoretical analysis of the economic and ecological efficiency of such a mechanism, and aims to determine whether it has any recessionary or disincentive effects. In other words, it determines whether, from a theoretical point of view, the environmental services provided by developing countries are compatible with continued growth. The study introduces a “payments for environmental services” procedure into a general equilibrium model (with involuntary unemployment) composed of multinational firms in developed and developing economies. This theoretical model yields the following results. Firstly, higher ecological taxes can directly increase environmental services without any recessionary effect. The system of payments for environmental services means that green investment is not necessarily incompatible with growth and development in developing countries. On the other hand, services in return for environmental payments can lead to a rebound effect from polluting activities, which is why such programs need to be accompanied by more radical environmental policies. In conclusion, while payments for environmental services can promote both ecological transition and growth in developing countries, it is necessary to control the rebound effect arising from the development of economic activity.
鉴于全球气候紧急状况和发展中国家面临的复杂融资问题,一些经济学家主张引入环境服务付费。问题是,为环境服务付费是否能使发展中国家在实现生态转型的同时,实现其发展所需的经济增长。本研究对这种机制的经济和生态效率进行了理论分析,旨在确定这种机制是否会产生衰退或抑制作用。换句话说,它从理论角度确定了发展中国家提供的环境服务是否与持续增长相匹配。研究将 "环境服务付费 "程序引入了一个由发达经济体和发展中经济体的跨国公司组成的一般均衡模型(有非自愿失业)。该理论模型得出以下结果。首先,提高生态税可以直接增加环境服务,而不会产生任何衰退效应。环境服务付费制度意味着绿色投资不一定与发展中国家的增长和发展相抵触。另一方面,以服务换取环境付款可能会导致污染活动的反弹效应,这就是为什么此类计划需要辅以更激进的环境政策。总之,虽然环境服务付费可以促进发展中国家的生态转型和增长,但有必要控制经济活动发展带来的反弹效应。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the level of organic farming development in the European countries 评估欧洲国家的有机农业发展水平
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.05
V. Baidala, Vira Butenko, Vitalii Vakulenko, Pavlo Yastrebov, Xiaowei Liu
Organic farming is an essential approach to agriculture that seeks to reduce the negative impact of human activities on the environment and ensure the sustainability of food production. The study aims to determine the integral index of the development of organic farming and to create a clustering model of organic farming in European countries. As a research methodology, additive-multiplicative convolution was used to determine the integral index of organic farming development. Cluster analysis (the Ward method and the k-means clustering method) identified respective clusters. The integrated index is based on eight indicators of organic farming from the Eurostat database, 2012–2020, and ranges from zero to one. The following countries have the highest value of the integral index: Italy (0.57), France (0.54), Spain (0.54), Germany (0.45), and Turkey (0.47). Three clusters were identified according to eight indicators of organic agriculture. The first cluster includes countries-leaders in agricultural territories (about 2.1 million hectare) with the highest state financial support for agricultural research and development (1.1 billion euros). The second cluster includes countries with the most minor organic farming operators (50-100 operators). The third cluster includes countries with the highest index of annual income from the sale of farm products (200-220 points) but with the highest level of usage of dangerous pesticides (250 points). The heterogeneity of clusters allows one to determine the strengths and weaknesses of organic farming in European countries.
有机耕作是农业的一种基本方法,旨在减少人类活动对环境的负面影响,确保粮食生产的可持续性。本研究旨在确定有机农业发展的综合指数,并建立欧洲国家有机农业的聚类模型。在研究方法上,使用了加乘卷积法来确定有机农业发展的综合指数。聚类分析(沃德法和克均聚类法)确定了各自的聚类。综合指数基于欧盟统计局数据库中 2012-2020 年有机农业的八个指标,范围从 0 到 1。以下国家的综合指数值最高:意大利(0.57)、法国(0.54)、西班牙(0.54)、德国(0.45)和土耳其(0.47)。根据有机农业的八项指标,确定了三个群组。第一组包括农业领土面积最大(约 210 万公顷)、国家对农业研发的财政支持最多(11 亿欧元)的国家。第二组包括拥有最多小型有机农业经营者(50-100 个经营者)的国家。第三组包括农产品销售年收入指数最高(200-220 分)但危险农药使用水平最高(250 分)的国家。各组群的异质性使我们能够确定欧洲国家有机农业的优势和劣势。
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引用次数: 0
The role of environmental performance in mediating the relationship between green accounting and corporate social responsibility 环境绩效在绿色会计与企业社会责任之间的中介作用
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.04
D. Ratmono, R. Mail, Nur Cahyonowati, Dyah N. A. Janie
The problems of pollution, global warming, and environmental damage are currently relevant and vital challenges for corporations, governments, and society. The implementation of green accounting is one of the responses of corporations to overcome sustainability issues. This study aims to examine the impact of green accounting on the level of environmental performance and the impact of environmental performance on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure. This study also tests the role of environmental performance as a mediating variable in the relationship between green accounting and CSR disclosure. The sample consists of 95 listed Indonesian firms during the period 2017–2021. The results show that the adoption of green accounting positively affects environmental performance (coefficient is 0.291 and p-value < 0.01). Meanwhile, environmental performance positively affects CSR disclosure with a coefficient of 0.296 and a p-value < 0.01. The empirical evidence also shows that environmental performance has a critical role as a mediating variable in the effect of green accounting on CSR disclosure.
污染、全球变暖和环境破坏问题是当前企业、政府和社会面临的重要挑战。实施绿色会计是企业解决可持续发展问题的对策之一。本研究旨在探讨绿色会计对环境绩效水平的影响,以及环境绩效对企业社会责任(CSR)披露的影响。本研究还检验了环境绩效作为绿色会计与企业社会责任披露之间关系的中介变量的作用。样本由 2017-2021 年间 95 家印度尼西亚上市公司组成。结果显示,采用绿色会计会对环境绩效产生积极影响(系数为 0.291,P 值为 0.01)。同时,环境绩效对企业社会责任披露也有积极影响,系数为 0.296,p 值为 <0.01。实证研究还表明,环境绩效在绿色会计对企业社会责任信息披露的影响中起着关键的中介变量作用。
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引用次数: 0
The role of corporate environmental ethics in shaping environmental management accounting adoption under the institutional theory 制度理论下企业环境道德对环境管理会计应用的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.03
Chetanraj D. B., Senthil Kumar J. P., Velaga Sri Sai, Ramegowda K. V.
This study aims to investigate the complex association between institutional pressure, adoption of environmental management accounting (EMA), and financial performance, with corporate environmental ethics as a moderating component. It explains why and how firms adopt EMA in response to institutional demand to factor environmental factors into their strategic decision-making processes. Quantitative information is gathered using a structured questionnaire from 256 manufacturing companies’ environmental managers and executives who monitor environmental practices and policies and decision-makers who shape business environmental ethics and strategy in the Indian state of Karnataka. Data are analyzed using SmartPLS 4, and PLS-SEM tests the hypotheses. The results show that coercive pressure (β = 0.244, p = 0.000), mimetic pressure (β = 0.221, p = 0.000), and normative pressure (β = 0.209, p = 0.000) have a major role in determining the rate of EMA adoption. It is further identified that EMA adoption (β = 0.217, p = 0.000) positively influences the organization's financial performance. Furthermore, EMA adoption mediates the relationship between coercive pressure (β = 0.053, p = 0.000), normative pressure (β = 0.045, p = 0.000), mimetic pressure (β = 0.048, p = 0.000), and firm’s financial performance. Coercive pressure is associated with higher EMA adoption, although the impact of this link is moderated by corporate environmental ethics (β = 0.069, p = 0.000).
本研究旨在探讨制度压力、环境管理会计(EMA)的采用和财务业绩之间的复杂关联,并将企业环境道德作为调节因素。它解释了企业为何以及如何采用环境管理会计来应对将环境因素纳入战略决策过程的制度要求。本研究采用结构化问卷调查的方式,从印度卡纳塔克邦 256 家制造企业的环境经理和高管(他们负责监督环境实践和政策)以及制定企业环境伦理和战略的决策者那里收集定量信息。使用 SmartPLS 4 对数据进行分析,并使用 PLS-SEM 对假设进行检验。结果表明,强制压力(β = 0.244,p = 0.000)、模仿压力(β = 0.221,p = 0.000)和规范压力(β = 0.209,p = 0.000)在决定 EMA 采用率方面起着重要作用。研究进一步发现,采用 EMA(β = 0.217,p = 0.000)会对组织的财务绩效产生积极影响。此外,采用 EMA 对强制压力(β = 0.053,p = 0.000)、规范压力(β = 0.045,p = 0.000)、模仿压力(β = 0.048,p = 0.000)和公司财务绩效之间的关系起到了中介作用。胁迫性压力与更高的 EMA 采用率相关,但这种联系的影响受到企业环境道德的调节(β = 0.069,p = 0.000)。
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引用次数: 0
The role of corporate environmental ethics in shaping environmental management accounting adoption under the institutional theory 制度理论下企业环境道德对环境管理会计应用的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.03
Chetanraj D. B., Senthil Kumar J. P., Velaga Sri Sai, Ramegowda K. V.
This study aims to investigate the complex association between institutional pressure, adoption of environmental management accounting (EMA), and financial performance, with corporate environmental ethics as a moderating component. It explains why and how firms adopt EMA in response to institutional demand to factor environmental factors into their strategic decision-making processes. Quantitative information is gathered using a structured questionnaire from 256 manufacturing companies’ environmental managers and executives who monitor environmental practices and policies and decision-makers who shape business environmental ethics and strategy in the Indian state of Karnataka. Data are analyzed using SmartPLS 4, and PLS-SEM tests the hypotheses. The results show that coercive pressure (β = 0.244, p = 0.000), mimetic pressure (β = 0.221, p = 0.000), and normative pressure (β = 0.209, p = 0.000) have a major role in determining the rate of EMA adoption. It is further identified that EMA adoption (β = 0.217, p = 0.000) positively influences the organization's financial performance. Furthermore, EMA adoption mediates the relationship between coercive pressure (β = 0.053, p = 0.000), normative pressure (β = 0.045, p = 0.000), mimetic pressure (β = 0.048, p = 0.000), and firm’s financial performance. Coercive pressure is associated with higher EMA adoption, although the impact of this link is moderated by corporate environmental ethics (β = 0.069, p = 0.000).
本研究旨在探讨制度压力、环境管理会计(EMA)的采用和财务业绩之间的复杂关联,并将企业环境道德作为调节因素。它解释了企业为何以及如何采用环境管理会计来应对将环境因素纳入战略决策过程的制度要求。本研究采用结构化问卷调查的方式,从印度卡纳塔克邦 256 家制造企业的环境经理和高管(他们负责监督环境实践和政策)以及制定企业环境伦理和战略的决策者那里收集定量信息。使用 SmartPLS 4 对数据进行分析,并使用 PLS-SEM 对假设进行检验。结果表明,强制压力(β = 0.244,p = 0.000)、模仿压力(β = 0.221,p = 0.000)和规范压力(β = 0.209,p = 0.000)在决定 EMA 采用率方面起着重要作用。研究进一步发现,采用 EMA(β = 0.217,p = 0.000)会对组织的财务绩效产生积极影响。此外,采用 EMA 对强制压力(β = 0.053,p = 0.000)、规范压力(β = 0.045,p = 0.000)、模仿压力(β = 0.048,p = 0.000)和公司财务绩效之间的关系起到了中介作用。胁迫性压力与更高的 EMA 采用率相关,但这种联系的影响受到企业环境道德的调节(β = 0.069,p = 0.000)。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing electric vehicles charging for enhancing environmental sustainability and reducing carbon emissions of freight transport: case of Czech Republic 优化电动汽车充电,提高环境可持续性,减少货运碳排放:捷克共和国案例
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.02
Michal Husinec, W. Strielkowski, T. Vacek, M. Vondracek
The limited infrastructure of charging stations, which is crucial in route planning and total journey time and creates uncertainty in efficiency and operating costs, calls for new economic and statistical methods in sustainability development and environmental economics. This paper aims to examine the challenges of integrating electric vehicles into freight transport to improve distribution logistics’ environmental sustainability, which represents one of the pathways for reducing environmental risk. The analysis results underscore the inadequacy of the truck charging station network in the Czech Republic. This insufficiency presents an opportunity to enhance environmental sustainability and reduce carbon emissions through strategic analysis and optimizing charging station locations. The difficulty of identifying optimal locations for these stations, given truck availability, requires using multi-criteria decision-making techniques such as the Analytical Network Process (ANP). Municipalities with limited access to existing logistics facilities were considered during the simulation. This way, 15 new locations were identified for municipalities with insufficient distance to a charging station.By implementing the ANP method, the study contributes to a more environmentally sustainable transportation infrastructure, highlighting the potential for significant reductions in carbon emissions through improved charging station networks. These results apply to other countries and can provide novel insights on optimizing charging station locations for sustainable economic development and reducing freight transport’s carbon emissions and environmental risks.
充电站的基础设施有限,这对路线规划和总行程时间至关重要,并造成效率和运营成本的不确定性,因此需要在可持续性发展和环境经济学方面采用新的经济和统计方法。本文旨在研究将电动汽车纳入货运以改善配送物流环境可持续性所面临的挑战,这也是降低环境风险的途径之一。分析结果凸显了捷克共和国卡车充电站网络的不足。这种不足为通过战略分析和优化充电站位置来提高环境可持续性和减少碳排放提供了机会。考虑到卡车的可用性,要确定充电站的最佳位置十分困难,这就需要使用多标准决策技术,如分析网络流程(ANP)。在模拟过程中,考虑了现有物流设施有限的城市。通过采用分析网络流程法,该研究有助于建设更具环境可持续性的交通基础设施,并强调了通过改善充电站网络显著减少碳排放的潜力。这些结果适用于其他国家,并能为优化充电站位置以促进可持续经济发展、减少货运碳排放和环境风险提供新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping the evolution of green finance through bibliometric analysis 通过文献计量分析绘制绿色金融的演变图
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.01
Nguyen Minh Sang
This bibliometric study seeks to analyze the intellectual structure and development of green finance research over a nearly 30-year period. Using Scopus data, a comprehensive analysis of 1,487 English-language publications on green finance was conducted. The scope of the analysis spans the years from 1997 to 2024. The analysis investigates numerous facets of green finance scholarship, such as publication and citation trends, influential works, authorship networks, geographic concentrations, conceptual links, and developmental phases. Since 2015, the number of publications and citations has increased significantly, indicating a significant rise in academic and industry interest. China is the leader in terms of research output and influence, demonstrating its dominance in the field. However, it is essential to note that other Asia-Pacific countries, such as Japan and Malaysia, have also made significant contributions to the field. Public policies, government initiatives, and the participation of the private sector are crucial to accelerating green investments and promoting sustainability, as evidenced by numerous citations to scholarly works on the subject. The study investigates a number of prospective future research avenues, including green bonds, green credit policies, green investment, green financial regulation, and green financial technology applications. Despite its heavy reliance on English-language Scopus sources, this quantitative longitudinal mapping provides valuable insights into the emergence and evolution of green finance as a significant multidisciplinary research field.AcknowledgmentIt is essential to express gratitude to all those who contributed to the success of this study, particularly those at the Ho Chi Minh University of Banking, Vietnam.
这项文献计量学研究旨在分析近 30 年来绿色金融研究的知识结构和发展情况。利用 Scopus 数据,对 1487 篇有关绿色金融的英文出版物进行了全面分析。分析范围跨越 1997 年至 2024 年。分析调查了绿色金融学术研究的多个方面,如发表和引用趋势、有影响力的作品、作者网络、地域集中度、概念联系和发展阶段。自 2015 年以来,论文发表和引用数量大幅增加,表明学术界和产业界对绿色金融的兴趣显著提高。中国在研究成果和影响力方面都处于领先地位,显示了其在该领域的主导地位。然而,必须指出的是,日本和马来西亚等其他亚太国家也对该领域做出了重大贡献。公共政策、政府举措和私营部门的参与对于加快绿色投资和促进可持续发展至关重要,有关这一主题的学术著作被大量引用就是证明。本研究调查了一些未来的研究方向,包括绿色债券、绿色信贷政策、绿色投资、绿色金融监管和绿色金融技术应用。尽管该研究严重依赖英文版 Scopus 资料来源,但这一定量纵向图谱为绿色金融作为一个重要的多学科研究领域的出现和演变提供了宝贵的见解。 鸣谢必须对所有为本研究的成功做出贡献的人员表示感谢,尤其是越南胡志明银行大学的人员。
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引用次数: 0
Toward greener supply chains: Analysis of the determining factors 打造绿色供应链:决定因素分析
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.21511/ee.14(2).2023.09
Anass Touil, Khalid Ayad, Nabil El Hamidi, Aziz Babounia
The green supply chain (GSC) has become essential for companies seeking to improve their environmental performance and meet the requirements of sustainable development. This concept is particularly relevant in an era of globalization and growing environmental awareness. The study used a Probit regression method to analyze data collected from Moroccan SMEs. It aimed to examine the impact of different factors, such as economic and energy efficiency, government incentives, stakeholder pressure, managerial age, company size, and profitability, on the adoption of GSC practices. The results showed that economic and energy efficiency, as well as stakeholder pressure, are significant factors positively influencing the adoption of GSCs. When combined with stakeholder pressure, government incentives also have a positive impact. The age of the executive has a negative influence on the adoption of GSC, indicating that younger executives are more likely to adopt these practices. Company size showed no significant impact, while profitability had a positive impact with the adoption of a GSC.
绿色供应链(GSC)已成为企业提高环境绩效和满足可持续发展要求的关键。在全球化和环境意识日益增强的时代,这一概念尤为重要。本研究采用 Probit 回归法分析从摩洛哥中小企业收集的数据。研究旨在考察经济和能源效率、政府激励措施、利益相关者压力、管理者年龄、公司规模和盈利能力等不同因素对采用 GSC 实践的影响。结果表明,经济和能源效率以及利益相关者的压力是积极影响采用全球供应链的重要因素。当与利益相关者压力相结合时,政府激励措施也会产生积极影响。高管的年龄对采用全球供应链有负面影响,表明年轻的高管更有可能采用这些做法。公司规模对采用全球供应链没有重大影响,而盈利能力对采用全球供应链有积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Economics
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