D. Del-Callejo-Canal, Margarita Edith Canal-Martínez, E. J. Saucedo-Acosta, Irma del Carmen Guerra-Osorno, Mayra Gladis De-Jesús-Bello
Objetivo: estimar la relación entre la desigualdad salarial (DS) y la producción científica (PC) de profesores en 14 universidades públicas autónomas de México para 2018. Metodología: se calcularon medidas de desigualdad, se utilizó un análisis de correlación Spearman, con la estimación de la potencia y programación lineal de envolvimiento de datos (DEA). Resultados: se muestra una dispersión importante en los sueldos de los profesores universitarios, la cual se correlaciona inversamente con la producción científica y con la eficiencia técnica universitaria. Limitaciones: falta de disponibilidad de los datos, por lo que sólo se utilizó un año para estimar la relación entre DS y PC y se consideraron 14 universidades. Originalidad: se presenta por primera vez en México, con datos cuantitativos, la relación entre la desigualdad salarial y la producción científica al interior de las universidades analizadas. Conclusiones: la desigualdad salarial se correlaciona negativa y significativamente con la producción de artículos científicos en las universidades estudiadas. Abstract Aim: To estimate the relationship of wage inequality (SD) in the scientific production (PC) of teachers in 14 autonomous public universities in Mexico for 2018. Methodology: Measures of inequality were calculated; a Spearman correlation analysis, potential analysis and the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA). Results: A significant dispersion is shown in the wage of university’s teachers, which inversely correlate with scientific production and university technical efficiency. Limitations: Lack of data availability, so only one year was produced to estimate the relationship between SD and PC and 14 universities were considered. Originality: Quantitative data on the effects of wage inequality on scientific production within the analyzed universities is presented for the first time in Mexico. Conclusions: Wage inequality has a negative and significant effect on the production of scientific articles in the universities studied.
{"title":"Relación entre la desigualdad salarial y producción científica: estudio de caso de 14 universidades públicas autónomas mexicanas","authors":"D. Del-Callejo-Canal, Margarita Edith Canal-Martínez, E. J. Saucedo-Acosta, Irma del Carmen Guerra-Osorno, Mayra Gladis De-Jesús-Bello","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Objetivo: estimar la relación entre la desigualdad salarial (DS) y la producción científica (PC) de profesores en 14 universidades públicas autónomas de México para 2018. Metodología: se calcularon medidas de desigualdad, se utilizó un análisis de correlación Spearman, con la estimación de la potencia y programación lineal de envolvimiento de datos (DEA). Resultados: se muestra una dispersión importante en los sueldos de los profesores universitarios, la cual se correlaciona inversamente con la producción científica y con la eficiencia técnica universitaria. Limitaciones: falta de disponibilidad de los datos, por lo que sólo se utilizó un año para estimar la relación entre DS y PC y se consideraron 14 universidades. Originalidad: se presenta por primera vez en México, con datos cuantitativos, la relación entre la desigualdad salarial y la producción científica al interior de las universidades analizadas. Conclusiones: la desigualdad salarial se correlaciona negativa y significativamente con la producción de artículos científicos en las universidades estudiadas.\u0000Abstract\u0000Aim: To estimate the relationship of wage inequality (SD) in the scientific production (PC) of teachers in 14 autonomous public universities in Mexico for 2018. Methodology: Measures of inequality were calculated; a Spearman correlation analysis, potential analysis and the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA). Results: A significant dispersion is shown in the wage of university’s teachers, which inversely correlate with scientific production and university technical efficiency. Limitations: Lack of data availability, so only one year was produced to estimate the relationship between SD and PC and 14 universities were considered. Originality: Quantitative data on the effects of wage inequality on scientific production within the analyzed universities is presented for the first time in Mexico. Conclusions: Wage inequality has a negative and significant effect on the production of scientific articles in the universities studied. ","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47645499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En este documento se analizan los efectos de los componentes del gasto público sobre el ciclo económico de México durante el periodo 1980.1-2021.3 mediante la estimación de regresiones bivariadas con cambio estructural. Aunque nuestros resultados difieren en función del método de eliminación de tendencia y el componente particular del gasto, en general se encuentran cambios estructurales en varias de estas relaciones en torno al año 2000, lo que coincide aproximadamente con el tránsito del manejo del gasto con fines “estabilizadores” a uno “prudencial”. Nuestros principales resultados sugieren que el gasto total y el gasto corriente son procíclicos en toda la muestra, mientras que el gasto programable, el de capital y el de inversión son procíclicos en las primeras dos décadas, pero acíclicos o contracíclicos posteriormente. En general, estos hallazgos implican que el gasto público y sus componentes no amortiguan las fluctuaciones cíclicas y que sus efectos son modestos. Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of the public expenditure components on the business cycles in Mexico over the period 1980-2021 by estimating bivariate regressions with structural change. Although our results depend on the detrending method and the particular component of public expenditure, in general, we find evidence of structural changes between the second half of the nineties and the first years of this century, which could be associated to the transition from the management of public expenditure as a stabilization instrument to a “prudential” one. Other important results suggest that total and current expenditure are procyclical over the full sample, while programmable expenditure and capital expenditure and physical investment are procyclical over the first two decades, but then become acyclical or countercyclical. In general, our findings imply that public expenditure and its main components do not contribute significantly to mitigate cyclical fluctuations and their effects are rather modest.Key words: Business cycles, Public expenditure, Structural change.
{"title":"Gasto público y ciclos económicos en México, 1980-2021","authors":"M. R. Reyes-Hernández, P. Mejía-Reyes","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.2-2","url":null,"abstract":"En este documento se analizan los efectos de los componentes del gasto público sobre el ciclo económico de México durante el periodo 1980.1-2021.3 mediante la estimación de regresiones bivariadas con cambio estructural. Aunque nuestros resultados difieren en función del método de eliminación de tendencia y el componente particular del gasto, en general se encuentran cambios estructurales en varias de estas relaciones en torno al año 2000, lo que coincide aproximadamente con el tránsito del manejo del gasto con fines “estabilizadores” a uno “prudencial”. Nuestros principales resultados sugieren que el gasto total y el gasto corriente son procíclicos en toda la muestra, mientras que el gasto programable, el de capital y el de inversión son procíclicos en las primeras dos décadas, pero acíclicos o contracíclicos posteriormente. En general, estos hallazgos implican que el gasto público y sus componentes no amortiguan las fluctuaciones cíclicas y que sus efectos son modestos.\u0000Abstract\u0000This paper analyzes the effects of the public expenditure components on the business cycles in Mexico over the period 1980-2021 by estimating bivariate regressions with structural change. Although our results depend on the detrending method and the particular component of public expenditure, in general, we find evidence of structural changes between the second half of the nineties and the first years of this century, which could be associated to the transition from the management of public expenditure as a stabilization instrument to a “prudential” one. Other important results suggest that total and current expenditure are procyclical over the full sample, while programmable expenditure and capital expenditure and physical investment are procyclical over the first two decades, but then become acyclical or countercyclical. In general, our findings imply that public expenditure and its main components do not contribute significantly to mitigate cyclical fluctuations and their effects are rather modest.Key words: Business cycles, Public expenditure, Structural change.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41438133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel Cruz Vasquez, Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza, Erik Tapia Mejía
The objective of this paper is to obtain the impact of the components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on the entrepreneurial intention of university students. Using a sample of 336 students from a Technological University in the State of Puebla, México, we calculate four components of Planned Behavior that measure Attitude (AT), Subjective and Social Norms (SSN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Attraction to Entrepreneurship (AE). We apply four methodologies to obtain the impact of the treatment of obtaining high scores in the TPB on entrepreneurial intention, using as identification assumption that individuals cannot control the intensity of the score they achieve. Our results show that the PBC is the most important element of TPB in predicting entrepreneurship intentions. The main limitation is that our results apply only for university students in Puebla, Mexico. Our main contribution is the obtention of TPB’s causal impact.
{"title":"The impact of the components of planned behavior on entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Puebla, Mexico","authors":"Miguel Cruz Vasquez, Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza, Erik Tapia Mejía","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.2-1","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to obtain the impact of the components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on the entrepreneurial intention of university students. Using a sample of 336 students from a Technological University in the State of Puebla, México, we calculate four components of Planned Behavior that measure Attitude (AT), Subjective and Social Norms (SSN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Attraction to Entrepreneurship (AE). We apply four methodologies to obtain the impact of the treatment of obtaining high scores in the TPB on entrepreneurial intention, using as identification assumption that individuals cannot control the intensity of the score they achieve. Our results show that the PBC is the most important element of TPB in predicting entrepreneurship intentions. The main limitation is that our results apply only for university students in Puebla, Mexico. Our main contribution is the obtention of TPB’s causal impact.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) location theories highlight the regional factors that influence the location and spatial distribution of the investment project. The study employs a state-level spatial panel econometric model to empirically contrast the main location factors that influence the spatial distribution of Japanese companies. The main results indicate that state characteristics related to the presence of infrastructure, lower wages, agglomeration, and development of the automotive industry influence the presence of Japanese automotive firms in Mexico. The results also highlight the presence of negative spatial externalities for the wages, population, industry agglomeration, and education variables. This shows that neighboring states compete for the arrival of Japanese automotive firms and spatial effects are present. Positive spatial externalities were observed from the market size variable, which can reflect the presence of production networks in the automotive industry, especially for the case of Japanese firms.
{"title":"State-level Location Determinants of Japanese Automotive FDI in Mexico","authors":"Leo Guzmán-Anaya, María Guadalupe Lugo-Sánchez","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.2-3","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) location theories highlight the regional factors that influence the location and spatial distribution of the investment project. The study employs a state-level spatial panel econometric model to empirically contrast the main location factors that influence the spatial distribution of Japanese companies. The main results indicate that state characteristics related to the presence of infrastructure, lower wages, agglomeration, and development of the automotive industry influence the presence of Japanese automotive firms in Mexico. The results also highlight the presence of negative spatial externalities for the wages, population, industry agglomeration, and education variables. This shows that neighboring states compete for the arrival of Japanese automotive firms and spatial effects are present. Positive spatial externalities were observed from the market size variable, which can reflect the presence of production networks in the automotive industry, especially for the case of Japanese firms.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46849816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. G. Aguilar Barceló, Alejandro Mungaray Lagarda, Edgar Noel Severiano Quintana
Se estudia el efecto de distintos motivadores de la actividad emprendedora relacionados con las actitudes, percepciones e intenciones de los individuos, en los países integrantes de la Alianza del Pacífico (México, Chile, Colombia y Perú). El análisis se basa en estadística descriptiva y modelos probabilísticos tipo logit a partir de los datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Se encontró que la acción de emprender está asociada de forma negativa con la aversión al riesgo y la falta de exposición al esfuerzo, y de forma positiva con la capacidad empresarial, que resultó ser la variable que mejor explica la motivación hacia el emprendimiento. Adicionalmente, la evidencia sugiere que un menor desarrollo estaría asociado con una mayor percepción de capacidades, lo que, a su vez, podría tener que ver con el incremento de la autoconfianza de los individuos y con una subestimación de los riesgos. Estos hallazgos son solo parcialmente consistentes con la literatura y son muestra de que el emprendimiento tiene un origen multifactorial y dinámico, donde las percepciones, modificadas por el entorno, juegan un rol importante. Estos elementos deben ser tomados en cuenta por pretender construir un mercado regional integrado, basado en el apoyo de emprendedores y pequeñas empresas. Abstract We study the effect of different motivators of entrepreneurial activity related to attitudes, perceptions, and intentions of individuals in the Pacific Alliance countries (México, Chile, Colombia y Perú). The analysis is based on descriptive statistics and logit regressions with data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. We found that the decision of entrepreneurship is negatively correlated with risk aversion and lack of exposure to effort. Furthermore, it is positively correlated with entrepreneurial ability, which is the variable that best explains motivation to become entrepreneur. In addition, the evidence suggests that less development is associated with a higher perception of capabilities, which in turn may be related to increased self-confidence and an underestimation of risks. The findings of this study are only partially consistent with that of the literature, and they suggest that entrepreneurship is a multifaceted and dynamic process influenced by perceptions that can be modified by the environment. Taking these elements into consideration is necessary in order to create an integrated regional market that is based on the support of entrepreneurs and small businesses.
{"title":"Un análisis de las actitudes, percepciones e intenciones que llevan a emprender en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico","authors":"J. G. Aguilar Barceló, Alejandro Mungaray Lagarda, Edgar Noel Severiano Quintana","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Se estudia el efecto de distintos motivadores de la actividad emprendedora relacionados con las actitudes, percepciones e intenciones de los individuos, en los países integrantes de la Alianza del Pacífico (México, Chile, Colombia y Perú). El análisis se basa en estadística descriptiva y modelos probabilísticos tipo logit a partir de los datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Se encontró que la acción de emprender está asociada de forma negativa con la aversión al riesgo y la falta de exposición al esfuerzo, y de forma positiva con la capacidad empresarial, que resultó ser la variable que mejor explica la motivación hacia el emprendimiento. Adicionalmente, la evidencia sugiere que un menor desarrollo estaría asociado con una mayor percepción de capacidades, lo que, a su vez, podría tener que ver con el incremento de la autoconfianza de los individuos y con una subestimación de los riesgos. Estos hallazgos son solo parcialmente consistentes con la literatura y son muestra de que el emprendimiento tiene un origen multifactorial y dinámico, donde las percepciones, modificadas por el entorno, juegan un rol importante. Estos elementos deben ser tomados en cuenta por pretender construir un mercado regional integrado, basado en el apoyo de emprendedores y pequeñas empresas.\u0000Abstract\u0000We study the effect of different motivators of entrepreneurial activity related to attitudes, perceptions, and intentions of individuals in the Pacific Alliance countries (México, Chile, Colombia y Perú). The analysis is based on descriptive statistics and logit regressions with data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. We found that the decision of entrepreneurship is negatively correlated with risk aversion and lack of exposure to effort. Furthermore, it is positively correlated with entrepreneurial ability, which is the variable that best explains motivation to become entrepreneur. In addition, the evidence suggests that less development is associated with a higher perception of capabilities, which in turn may be related to increased self-confidence and an underestimation of risks. The findings of this study are only partially consistent with that of the literature, and they suggest that entrepreneurship is a multifaceted and dynamic process influenced by perceptions that can be modified by the environment. Taking these elements into consideration is necessary in order to create an integrated regional market that is based on the support of entrepreneurs and small businesses.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48187319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Se analiza la relación crecimiento-rentabilidad de la manufactura de Coahuila, México, durante 1993-2018. La actividad empresarial es uno de los motores generadores de empleo que suele estar subordinada a la rentabilidad. Las teorías empresariales desacuerdan sobre impacto y causalidad: el crecimiento fomenta la rentabilidad (visión clásica), la rentabilidad genera crecimiento (evolutiva) o domina un vínculo negativo (hipótesis gerencial) que puede ser bidireccional. Métodos de paneles dinámicos no lineales y regresiones piecewise estiman impactos positivos que van de rentabilidad a crecimiento, pero se reducen después de alcanzar un valor umbral. El análisis está delimitado por la agregación sectorial, pero los hallazgos son intuitivos y contribuyen al entendimiento de la dinámica empresarial. Se concluye que las oportunidades de ganancia crean economías de escala que estimulan la ampliación de la planta productiva, pero se requieren condiciones macroeconómicas que incentiven la inversión privada y aminoren las restricciones de mercado. Abstract The manufacturing business growth-profitability relationship is analyzed for Coahuila, Mexico, during 1993-2018. Business activity is one of the engines generating employment usually subordinate to the level of profitability. Entrepreneurial theories disagree on impact and causality: business growth promotes profitability (classical view), profitability generates business growth (evolutionary), or domains a negative link (managerial hypothesis) that can be bidirectional. Nonlinear dynamic panel methods and piecewise regressions estimate positive impacts ranging from profitability to business growth, but they diminish after to reach a threshold value. The analysis is delimited by the sectoral aggregation, but findings are intuitive and contribute to the understanding of the business dynamic. It is concluded that opportunities of gains create scale economies that stimulate the expansion of the productive plant, however, macroeconomic conditions are required to encourage the private investment and to reduce the market restrictions.
{"title":"Modelando crecimiento y rentabilidad empresarial de la industria de Coahuila","authors":"Vicente Germán-Soto, Alejandro Marines López","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Se analiza la relación crecimiento-rentabilidad de la manufactura de Coahuila, México, durante 1993-2018. La actividad empresarial es uno de los motores generadores de empleo que suele estar subordinada a la rentabilidad. Las teorías empresariales desacuerdan sobre impacto y causalidad: el crecimiento fomenta la rentabilidad (visión clásica), la rentabilidad genera crecimiento (evolutiva) o domina un vínculo negativo (hipótesis gerencial) que puede ser bidireccional. Métodos de paneles dinámicos no lineales y regresiones piecewise estiman impactos positivos que van de rentabilidad a crecimiento, pero se reducen después de alcanzar un valor umbral. El análisis está delimitado por la agregación sectorial, pero los hallazgos son intuitivos y contribuyen al entendimiento de la dinámica empresarial. Se concluye que las oportunidades de ganancia crean economías de escala que estimulan la ampliación de la planta productiva, pero se requieren condiciones macroeconómicas que incentiven la inversión privada y aminoren las restricciones de mercado.\u0000Abstract\u0000The manufacturing business growth-profitability relationship is analyzed for Coahuila, Mexico, during 1993-2018. Business activity is one of the engines generating employment usually subordinate to the level of profitability. Entrepreneurial theories disagree on impact and causality: business growth promotes profitability (classical view), profitability generates business growth (evolutionary), or domains a negative link (managerial hypothesis) that can be bidirectional. Nonlinear dynamic panel methods and piecewise regressions estimate positive impacts ranging from profitability to business growth, but they diminish after to reach a threshold value. The analysis is delimited by the sectoral aggregation, but findings are intuitive and contribute to the understanding of the business dynamic. It is concluded that opportunities of gains create scale economies that stimulate the expansion of the productive plant, however, macroeconomic conditions are required to encourage the private investment and to reduce the market restrictions.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42173476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La informalidad laboral se ha vuelto un tema recurrente en la literatura sobre mercados laborales, sobre todo por su persistencia en países en vías de desarrollo. Para el caso de México, en los últimos años ha tomado relevancia su discusión desde diversas perspectivas analíticas. Para responder la interrogante de qué factores explican el fenómeno de estudio, se estiman Modelos Autorregresivos de Rezagos Distribuidos, por sus siglas en inglés (ARDL), en donde la informalidad laboral es la variable de interés. Se utilizan datos de series de tiempo para el periodo de 2005-2019 en frecuencia trimestral. Los resultados de estimación indican que, en el largo plazo, el crecimiento económico per cápita real y la escolaridad de nivel medio y superior contribuyen a reducir la informalidad. También se encuentra que la acción del gobierno a través del gasto público per cápita, permite atenuar la informalidad. Los resultados permiten sostener la idea de que es un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial. Abstract Labor informality has become a recurring theme in the literature on labor markets, especially due to its persistence in developing countries. In the case of Mexico, in recent years its discussion has become relevant from various analytical perspectives. To answer the question of what factors, explain the phenomenon under study, Autoregressive Models of Distributed Lags (ARDL) are estimated, where labor informality is the variable of interest. Time series data are used for the period 2005-2019 in quarterly frequency. The estimation results indicate that in the long term, real per capita economic growth and secondary and higher education contribute to reducing informality. It is also found that the action of the government through public spending per capita, allows to mitigate informality. The results support the idea that it is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.
{"title":"Informalidad laboral, crecimiento económico y gasto público en México, 2005-2019","authors":"Rogelio Varela LLamas, Ricardo Rodolfo Retamoza Yocupicio","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.1-3","url":null,"abstract":"La informalidad laboral se ha vuelto un tema recurrente en la literatura sobre mercados laborales, sobre todo por su persistencia en países en vías de desarrollo. Para el caso de México, en los últimos años ha tomado relevancia su discusión desde diversas perspectivas analíticas. Para responder la interrogante de qué factores explican el fenómeno de estudio, se estiman Modelos Autorregresivos de Rezagos Distribuidos, por sus siglas en inglés (ARDL), en donde la informalidad laboral es la variable de interés. Se utilizan datos de series de tiempo para el periodo de 2005-2019 en frecuencia trimestral. Los resultados de estimación indican que, en el largo plazo, el crecimiento económico per cápita real y la escolaridad de nivel medio y superior contribuyen a reducir la informalidad. También se encuentra que la acción del gobierno a través del gasto público per cápita, permite atenuar la informalidad. Los resultados permiten sostener la idea de que es un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial.\u0000Abstract\u0000Labor informality has become a recurring theme in the literature on labor markets, especially due to its persistence in developing countries. In the case of Mexico, in recent years its discussion has become relevant from various analytical perspectives. To answer the question of what factors, explain the phenomenon under study, Autoregressive Models of Distributed Lags (ARDL) are estimated, where labor informality is the variable of interest. Time series data are used for the period 2005-2019 in quarterly frequency. The estimation results indicate that in the long term, real per capita economic growth and secondary and higher education contribute to reducing informality. It is also found that the action of the government through public spending per capita, allows to mitigate informality. The results support the idea that it is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46524752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The general objective of this paper is to estimate, in Mexico’s case, the impact of commercial bank credit on economic activity in the whole manufacturing sector, and seven selected manufacturing industries. Unlike the literature that has studied the effects of bank credit in the Mexican economy, this research finds evidence (through ARDL-bounds models) of a positive and significant impact of bank credit on production for the whole sector and the following industries: i) food, ii) beverage and tobacco, iii) paper, iv) non-metallic mineral-based products, and v) transport equipment manufacturing; along with significant effects from fixed investment in machinery and equipment, and the real interest rate. In addition, we did not find evidence that loan concentration affects manufacturing production. Due to these results, this study postulates that bank credit matters as a stimulus of industrial activity, and it would be worth designing policies that strengthen and deepen such impacts. Resumen El objetivo general de este trabajo es estimar, para el caso de México, el impacto del crédito bancario sobre la actividad económica del sector manufacturero y de siete subsectores manufactureros seleccionados. A diferencia de la literatura que ha estudiado los efectos del crédito bancario en la economía mexicana, este trabajo encuentra evidencia (a través de modelos ARDL-bounds) de un impacto positivo y significativo del crédito bancario sobre la producción para el total del sector y las siguientes industrias: i) alimentos, ii) bebidas y tabaco, iii) papel, iv) productos minerales no metálicos, y v) producción de equipo de transporte; junto con efectos significativos de la inversión fija en maquinaria y equipo, y la tasa de interés real. Adicionalmente, no se halló evidencia de que la concentración del crédito afecte a la producción manufacturera. Debido a estos resultados, este trabajo postula que el crédito bancario sí importa como estímulo de la actividad industrial, y valdría la pena diseñar políticas que fortalezcan y profundicen tales impactos.
本文的总体目标是估计，在墨西哥的情况下，商业银行信贷对整个制造业和七个选定的制造业的经济活动的影响。与研究墨西哥经济中银行信贷影响的文献不同，本研究发现(通过ardl边界模型)银行信贷对整个部门和以下行业的生产产生积极和显著影响的证据:i)食品，ii)饮料和烟草，iii)造纸，iv)非金属矿物产品，v)运输设备制造业;伴随着机械设备固定投资和实际利率的显著影响。此外，我们没有发现贷款集中度影响制造业生产的证据。由于这些结果，本研究假设银行信贷作为工业活动的刺激因素，并且值得设计加强和深化这种影响的政策。目标概述:一般情况下，对数据的估计，对数据的估计，对数据的估计，对数据的影响，对数据的估计，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响，对数据的影响。在文献研究方面的差异，即在研究墨西哥和墨西哥之间的交换交换和交换交换的影响时，根据交换交换和交换证据(交换交换的交换交换和交换证据)对交换交换的积极影响的显著性差异，在交换交换和墨西哥之间的交换交换的显著性差异，在交换交换和墨西哥之间的交换交换的显著性差异:(1)食品，(2)烟草，(3)纸张，(4)产品，矿物，metálicos， (5) producción运输设备;Junto con - effect的翻译结果:Junto con - effect的翻译结果:Junto con - effect的翻译结果:此外，没有发现halló证据表明，在concentración和producción的生产过程中受到了影响。debedo a estestos resulttados, esteste trabajo postula que que el cracdidio bancario sí importa como estímulo de la actividad industrial, valdría la pena diseñar políticas que fortalezcan通过深刻的故事影响。
{"title":"The importance of bank credit for the economic activity in Mexico: A manufacturing sector analysis","authors":"Rubén Chavarín Rodríguez, Aurea Tlatoa Chávez","doi":"10.29105/ensayos42.1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos42.1-4","url":null,"abstract":"The general objective of this paper is to estimate, in Mexico’s case, the impact of commercial bank credit on economic activity in the whole manufacturing sector, and seven selected manufacturing industries. Unlike the literature that has studied the effects of bank credit in the Mexican economy, this research finds evidence (through ARDL-bounds models) of a positive and significant impact of bank credit on production for the whole sector and the following industries: i) food, ii) beverage and tobacco, iii) paper, iv) non-metallic mineral-based products, and v) transport equipment manufacturing; along with significant effects from fixed investment in machinery and equipment, and the real interest rate. In addition, we did not find evidence that loan concentration affects manufacturing production. Due to these results, this study postulates that bank credit matters as a stimulus of industrial activity, and it would be worth designing policies that strengthen and deepen such impacts.\u0000Resumen\u0000El objetivo general de este trabajo es estimar, para el caso de México, el impacto del crédito bancario sobre la actividad económica del sector manufacturero y de siete subsectores manufactureros seleccionados. A diferencia de la literatura que ha estudiado los efectos del crédito bancario en la economía mexicana, este trabajo encuentra evidencia (a través de modelos ARDL-bounds) de un impacto positivo y significativo del crédito bancario sobre la producción para el total del sector y las siguientes industrias: i) alimentos, ii) bebidas y tabaco, iii) papel, iv) productos minerales no metálicos, y v) producción de equipo de transporte; junto con efectos significativos de la inversión fija en maquinaria y equipo, y la tasa de interés real. Adicionalmente, no se halló evidencia de que la concentración del crédito afecte a la producción manufacturera. Debido a estos resultados, este trabajo postula que el crédito bancario sí importa como estímulo de la actividad industrial, y valdría la pena diseñar políticas que fortalezcan y profundicen tales impactos.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69686950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El método FLQ es uno de los más populares para obtener matrices insumo-producto regionales, debido a que requiere de poca información y a su precisión. En este trabajo, los supuestos del método son contrastados econométricamente con información de nueve países europeos y de la Unión Europea. Se encuentra que, la elasticidad de la cuota cruzada es la mitad de lo previsto por la fórmula original; además, las cuotas simples del sector vendedor son más importantes que las del comprador. Aun así, el poder predictivo del FLQ es ligeramente inferior a modelos más complejos, lo que reivindica su eficiencia práctica. Abstract Flegg's location quotient (FLQ) is one of the most popular non-survey methods for obtaining regional input-output tables. This method is widely adopted due to the minimum information requirements and the precision and accuracy of estimates. In this work, the assumptions of the method are econometrically contrasted with information from European Union and nine European countries. It is found that the simple location quotas of the seller's sector are more important than the ones of the buyers. Still, the FLQ model's predictive power is only slightly lower than more complex models, which reinforces the practical efficiency of the FLQ formula.
{"title":"Probando supuestos del modelo Flegg para regionalizar matrices insumo-producto","authors":"E. A. Ayala Gaytán, Miriam Valdés Ibarra","doi":"10.29105/ensayos41.2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos41.2-4","url":null,"abstract":"El método FLQ es uno de los más populares para obtener matrices insumo-producto regionales, debido a que requiere de poca información y a su precisión. En este trabajo, los supuestos del método son contrastados econométricamente con información de nueve países europeos y de la Unión Europea. Se encuentra que, la elasticidad de la cuota cruzada es la mitad de lo previsto por la fórmula original; además, las cuotas simples del sector vendedor son más importantes que las del comprador. Aun así, el poder predictivo del FLQ es ligeramente inferior a modelos más complejos, lo que reivindica su eficiencia práctica.\u0000Abstract\u0000Flegg's location quotient (FLQ) is one of the most popular non-survey methods for obtaining regional input-output tables. This method is widely adopted due to the minimum information requirements and the precision and accuracy of estimates. In this work, the assumptions of the method are econometrically contrasted with information from European Union and nine European countries. It is found that the simple location quotas of the seller's sector are more important than the ones of the buyers. Still, the FLQ model's predictive power is only slightly lower than more complex models, which reinforces the practical efficiency of the FLQ formula.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42123310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En este documento, se propone examinar teóricamente el comercio de la calidad de productos con un marco de competencia oligopólica a la Hotelling, en lugar de un marco de competencia monopolística o competencia perfecta como es el estándar en la literatura del comercio internacional. Este marco permite identificar la calidad de los productos, al tiempo que captura simultáneamente la preferencia por la variedad y la preferencia por la calidad de los consumidores. Los resultados teóricos permiten construir dos índices que capturan la calidad a través de los precios y de las cantidades. Usando datos altamente desagregados a nivel producto, se prueban los índices y se presentan resultados sobre el comercio de la calidad, en productos y países seleccionados. Por ejemplo, México y Francia exportan calidad en el caso de los vinos, sin embargo, los indicadores muestran que los vinos de Francia poseen mayor calidad. Abstract This paper proposes to theoretically examine products’ quality trade with an oligopolistic competition framework a la Hotelling rather than a monopolistic competition or perfect competition framework as is standard in international trade literature. This framework makes it possible to identify the quality of products while simultaneously capturing consumers' preference for variety and quality. The theoretical results allow the construction of two indices that capture quality through prices and quantities. The indices are tested using highly disaggregated data at the product level, and results on quality trade-in selected products and countries are presented. For example, Mexico and France export quality in the case of wines; however, the indicators show that French wines have higher quality.
{"title":"Competencia oligopólica y comercio internacional: examinando la calidad de productos","authors":"Michel Eduardo Betancourt Gomez","doi":"10.29105/ensayos41.2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos41.2-3","url":null,"abstract":"En este documento, se propone examinar teóricamente el comercio de la calidad de productos con un marco de competencia oligopólica a la Hotelling, en lugar de un marco de competencia monopolística o competencia perfecta como es el estándar en la literatura del comercio internacional. Este marco permite identificar la calidad de los productos, al tiempo que captura simultáneamente la preferencia por la variedad y la preferencia por la calidad de los consumidores. Los resultados teóricos permiten construir dos índices que capturan la calidad a través de los precios y de las cantidades. Usando datos altamente desagregados a nivel producto, se prueban los índices y se presentan resultados sobre el comercio de la calidad, en productos y países seleccionados. Por ejemplo, México y Francia exportan calidad en el caso de los vinos, sin embargo, los indicadores muestran que los vinos de Francia poseen mayor calidad.\u0000Abstract\u0000This paper proposes to theoretically examine products’ quality trade with an oligopolistic competition framework a la Hotelling rather than a monopolistic competition or perfect competition framework as is standard in international trade literature. This framework makes it possible to identify the quality of products while simultaneously capturing consumers' preference for variety and quality. The theoretical results allow the construction of two indices that capture quality through prices and quantities. The indices are tested using highly disaggregated data at the product level, and results on quality trade-in selected products and countries are presented. For example, Mexico and France export quality in the case of wines; however, the indicators show that French wines have higher quality.","PeriodicalId":53025,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos Revista de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48339785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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