Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.01.2022.38.47
H. Anan
Thirty three small diagnostic benthic foraminiferal species of the Textulariid genus Spiroplectinella are common in the Late Cretaceous-Neogene rocks from many Tethyan localities: North Atlantic (USA, Mexico, Caribbean), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador), Europe (North Sea, Norway, Spain, France, Poland, Czech, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkmenistan), North Africa (Tunisia, Egypt), Southwest Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, UAE, Iran, Pakistan) and Indian Ocean (Australia, Antarctic Basin). These diagnostic species are: Spiroplectinella adamsi, baudouiniana, carinata, chicoana, costata, cretosa, dalmatina, dentata, deperdita, desertorum, elongata, esnaensis, excolata, hamdani, henryi, israelski, jarvisi, knebeli, laevis, longa, nuttalli, paleocenica, paracarinata, pectinatiforma, plummerae, praelonga, richardi, rossae, semicomplanata, sigmoidina, subhaeringensis, wilcoxensis and wrightii. The paleontology, stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeographic distribution of them in the Tethys are presented.
{"title":"PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TETHYIAN AGGLUTINATED BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS SPIROPLECTINELLA","authors":"H. Anan","doi":"10.26480/gbr.01.2022.38.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2022.38.47","url":null,"abstract":"Thirty three small diagnostic benthic foraminiferal species of the Textulariid genus Spiroplectinella are common in the Late Cretaceous-Neogene rocks from many Tethyan localities: North Atlantic (USA, Mexico, Caribbean), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador), Europe (North Sea, Norway, Spain, France, Poland, Czech, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkmenistan), North Africa (Tunisia, Egypt), Southwest Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, UAE, Iran, Pakistan) and Indian Ocean (Australia, Antarctic Basin). These diagnostic species are: Spiroplectinella adamsi, baudouiniana, carinata, chicoana, costata, cretosa, dalmatina, dentata, deperdita, desertorum, elongata, esnaensis, excolata, hamdani, henryi, israelski, jarvisi, knebeli, laevis, longa, nuttalli, paleocenica, paracarinata, pectinatiforma, plummerae, praelonga, richardi, rossae, semicomplanata, sigmoidina, subhaeringensis, wilcoxensis and wrightii. The paleontology, stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeographic distribution of them in the Tethys are presented.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73677172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.01.2022.48.52
H. Anan
This work is focused on the members of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene (K-Pg) diagnostic benthic foraminiferal genus Orthokarstenia which is regionally important in paleontology and stratigraphic correlations. The large number of tests available and the rapid morphologic changes, offer an opportunity to study evolutionary changes in these foraminiferal taxa over a time span of about 25 m. y. (75-50 Ma). Six species of the genus Orthokarstenia are presented: O. applinae, O. eleganta, O. esnehensis, O. higazyi, O. nakkadyi and O. oveyi, which were recorded in eight localities in the Southern Tethys: Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt (central and north Africa), Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran and Pakistan (southwest Asia). Evolutionary changes of them are indicated by such criteria, such as changes in the test-size, chambers arrangement, type of sutures, periphery or surface ornamentation. These changes help to define the major faunal change of the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) boundary, K/Pg boundary, and can used in biostratigraphic subdivisions and correlations based on benthic foraminifera, beside planktic foraminiferal zonation.
{"title":"PALEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGES OF THE DIAGNOSTIC BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS ORTHOKARSTENIA","authors":"H. Anan","doi":"10.26480/gbr.01.2022.48.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2022.48.52","url":null,"abstract":"This work is focused on the members of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene (K-Pg) diagnostic benthic foraminiferal genus Orthokarstenia which is regionally important in paleontology and stratigraphic correlations. The large number of tests available and the rapid morphologic changes, offer an opportunity to study evolutionary changes in these foraminiferal taxa over a time span of about 25 m. y. (75-50 Ma). Six species of the genus Orthokarstenia are presented: O. applinae, O. eleganta, O. esnehensis, O. higazyi, O. nakkadyi and O. oveyi, which were recorded in eight localities in the Southern Tethys: Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt (central and north Africa), Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran and Pakistan (southwest Asia). Evolutionary changes of them are indicated by such criteria, such as changes in the test-size, chambers arrangement, type of sutures, periphery or surface ornamentation. These changes help to define the major faunal change of the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) boundary, K/Pg boundary, and can used in biostratigraphic subdivisions and correlations based on benthic foraminifera, beside planktic foraminiferal zonation.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81352704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.01.2022.01.07
Chukwu C. Ben, Ngeri A. Paddy, Udota S. Benjamin
Well logs data comprising of comprising of gamma ray, spontaneous potential, density and neutron logs from four oil wells were analysed for determining the influence of pressure on porosity–permeability relationship in the study area. Porosity values were deduced from well log whereas permeability and pressure values were computed using empirical equations. The average porosity, permeability and pressure values for the four wells range from 0.1% to 30.9%, 34.9mD to 306.4mD, 61926.9psi to 109928.1psi respectively. The lithostratigraphic correlation section of the wells revealed a sand – shale sequence which is a characteristic of a typical Niger Delta formation. The results of this work show that three reservoirs (sand A, sand B and sand C) were identified and correlated across the four wells, each reservoir sand unit spread across the wells and differs in thickness ranging from 8ft to 155ft, with some unit occurring at greater depth than their corresponding unit. The analysis of the wells show that wells OTIG9 and OTIG11 have better reservoirs indicating high potentiality and productivity due to their more porous and permeable nature, reflecting well sorted coarse grained sandstone and linearity in the relationship between porosity, permeability and pressure. The reservoir of well OTIG7 is the least porous but most permeable, thus is highly productive but less potential. The reservoir of OTIG2 has moderate potentiality and good productivity, hence is said to have average production capacity. The results of this work can be used as an evaluation tool for reservoir engineering activities, structural engineering, well stability analysis, blowout and lost circulation prevention
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON POROSITY–PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIP IN SOUTHERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA","authors":"Chukwu C. Ben, Ngeri A. Paddy, Udota S. Benjamin","doi":"10.26480/gbr.01.2022.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2022.01.07","url":null,"abstract":"Well logs data comprising of comprising of gamma ray, spontaneous potential, density and neutron logs from four oil wells were analysed for determining the influence of pressure on porosity–permeability relationship in the study area. Porosity values were deduced from well log whereas permeability and pressure values were computed using empirical equations. The average porosity, permeability and pressure values for the four wells range from 0.1% to 30.9%, 34.9mD to 306.4mD, 61926.9psi to 109928.1psi respectively. The lithostratigraphic correlation section of the wells revealed a sand – shale sequence which is a characteristic of a typical Niger Delta formation. The results of this work show that three reservoirs (sand A, sand B and sand C) were identified and correlated across the four wells, each reservoir sand unit spread across the wells and differs in thickness ranging from 8ft to 155ft, with some unit occurring at greater depth than their corresponding unit. The analysis of the wells show that wells OTIG9 and OTIG11 have better reservoirs indicating high potentiality and productivity due to their more porous and permeable nature, reflecting well sorted coarse grained sandstone and linearity in the relationship between porosity, permeability and pressure. The reservoir of well OTIG7 is the least porous but most permeable, thus is highly productive but less potential. The reservoir of OTIG2 has moderate potentiality and good productivity, hence is said to have average production capacity. The results of this work can be used as an evaluation tool for reservoir engineering activities, structural engineering, well stability analysis, blowout and lost circulation prevention","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85019197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.01.2022.31.37
M. C. Wilson, Lydia Nnipaa Osei Opuni
The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between the gold grades and the various pebble sizes from a mine. This objective was reached by choosing parameters of interest from the logging and sampling data, lithological data and assay data from the mine. These parameters were further processed using Microsoft Excel to plot graph of pebble size against gold grade. In order to build a concrete ground for the analysis, an average gold grade for the various samples used was calculated and compared to the cut-off grade at the Mine which is 0.45g/t. Upon further analysis, it was observed that, gold grade which are considered economically feasible at the mine is associated with the coarse pebbles, which has a diameter range of (5mm-30mm) and those which are considered as waste are associated with the fine pebbles (less than 5mm diameter). Some of these coarser pebbles are not economically feasible, since their average gold grade when calculated falls below the cut-off grade at the mine. The mode of deposition as well as the topography of the medium at the time of deposition of gold determine the gold grade of a reef. The degree of roundness and sorting of the conglomerates associated with mineralization as well as ore dilution within the depositional medium by the pebbly quartzite and quartzite waste account for the fall in gold grade of the reef.
{"title":"EFFECT OF PEBBLE SIZE ON GOLD DISTRIBUTION IN THE BANKET SERIES OF THE STRATIGRAPHY IN TARKWAIAN SUPERGROUP","authors":"M. C. Wilson, Lydia Nnipaa Osei Opuni","doi":"10.26480/gbr.01.2022.31.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2022.31.37","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between the gold grades and the various pebble sizes from a mine. This objective was reached by choosing parameters of interest from the logging and sampling data, lithological data and assay data from the mine. These parameters were further processed using Microsoft Excel to plot graph of pebble size against gold grade. In order to build a concrete ground for the analysis, an average gold grade for the various samples used was calculated and compared to the cut-off grade at the Mine which is 0.45g/t. Upon further analysis, it was observed that, gold grade which are considered economically feasible at the mine is associated with the coarse pebbles, which has a diameter range of (5mm-30mm) and those which are considered as waste are associated with the fine pebbles (less than 5mm diameter). Some of these coarser pebbles are not economically feasible, since their average gold grade when calculated falls below the cut-off grade at the mine. The mode of deposition as well as the topography of the medium at the time of deposition of gold determine the gold grade of a reef. The degree of roundness and sorting of the conglomerates associated with mineralization as well as ore dilution within the depositional medium by the pebbly quartzite and quartzite waste account for the fall in gold grade of the reef.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87100477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2022.80.87
Emanuel B. Umoren, Kufre I. Udo, Akaninyene O. Akankpo, Sunday E. Etuk
Incessant road failures in Nigeria have become an issue of serious concern in recent times as a large portion of states and federal budgets are dedicated to revamping road infrastructures. In this study, we examined the geotechnical properties of clay samples collected from Ntak Inyang along Calabar-Itu highway, in Itu LGA of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining whether the earth material at the study location is suitable for road construction. We carried out proctor’s compaction test, sieve analysis, California bearing ratio test and Attenberg’s limit test to analyse the clay samples for moisture content, California bearing ratio, plasticity and plastic limit, dry density and particle sizes. Results obtained indicate that the clay sample has an optimum moisture content of 13.53 %, dry density value in the range: 1580 kgm-3-1650 kgm-3, plastic limit of 22.15 %, plasticity index of 23 %, liquid limit of 45.63 %, sieve of 43.36 % with particles less than 0.075 mm and no particle size up to 5.0 mm, California bearing ratios of 9.0 % at 10.0 % moisture content, 6.7 % at 12.0 % moisture content, 2.0 % at 14.0 % moisture content. Based on these results, the clay sample is regarded as a sub-grade material with the classification of A-7-6 according to AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) classification. These results make the sample unsuitable for road construction but qualify it as a potential raw material for production of ceramic wares and tiles.
{"title":"DETERMINING THE SUITABILITY OF CLAY AT ITU, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION","authors":"Emanuel B. Umoren, Kufre I. Udo, Akaninyene O. Akankpo, Sunday E. Etuk","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2022.80.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2022.80.87","url":null,"abstract":"Incessant road failures in Nigeria have become an issue of serious concern in recent times as a large portion of states and federal budgets are dedicated to revamping road infrastructures. In this study, we examined the geotechnical properties of clay samples collected from Ntak Inyang along Calabar-Itu highway, in Itu LGA of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining whether the earth material at the study location is suitable for road construction. We carried out proctor’s compaction test, sieve analysis, California bearing ratio test and Attenberg’s limit test to analyse the clay samples for moisture content, California bearing ratio, plasticity and plastic limit, dry density and particle sizes. Results obtained indicate that the clay sample has an optimum moisture content of 13.53 %, dry density value in the range: 1580 kgm-3-1650 kgm-3, plastic limit of 22.15 %, plasticity index of 23 %, liquid limit of 45.63 %, sieve of 43.36 % with particles less than 0.075 mm and no particle size up to 5.0 mm, California bearing ratios of 9.0 % at 10.0 % moisture content, 6.7 % at 12.0 % moisture content, 2.0 % at 14.0 % moisture content. Based on these results, the clay sample is regarded as a sub-grade material with the classification of A-7-6 according to AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) classification. These results make the sample unsuitable for road construction but qualify it as a potential raw material for production of ceramic wares and tiles.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85054584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2022.57.60
H. F. W. Soehady Erfen, Muhamad Azrin Asat, H. Saleh
The study area is located at Melangkap area of Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia which comprises of Crocker Formation aged Late Eocene to Early Miocene and Quaternary alluvium deposits. This study focuses on groundwater potential using electrical resistivity method and water quality analysis of the study area. Schlumberger array using ABEM Terrameter LS instrument and Res2DINC software is used for data acquisition. Three survey lines were conducted in Kg. Melangkap, Kg. Kebayau dan Kg. Tambatuon. Water samples from existing boreholes from these locations were analysed based on Drinking Water Standard by Malaysian Department of Environment. Subsurface interpretation showed the layer of shale with resistivity value of 20 – 40 ohm-m, fractured sandstone with 20 -175 ohm-m, interbedding of shale and sandstones with 60 – 500 ohm-m, saturated sandstones with 40 – 1000 ohm-m, thick sandstones with 500 – 1000 ohm-m and gravel deposits with 175 – 1000 ohm-m. Each survey line showed 3 zones of different materials. Kg Kebayau shows the best potential for groundwater supply than Kg Melangkap and Kg Tambatuon, due to existence of 12 m thickness of sandstone aquifer. Water quality analysis shows the heavy metals concentration for all samples are within permitted range for drinking water consumption. However, water sample from Kg Kebayau borehole has the lowest value of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride content and heavy metals concentration made it the cleanest among all samples, which is widely used by the villagers of Kg Kebayau for drinking and external purposes.
{"title":"GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATION FOR GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF MELANGKAP AREA, KOTA BELUD, SABAH","authors":"H. F. W. Soehady Erfen, Muhamad Azrin Asat, H. Saleh","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2022.57.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2022.57.60","url":null,"abstract":"The study area is located at Melangkap area of Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia which comprises of Crocker Formation aged Late Eocene to Early Miocene and Quaternary alluvium deposits. This study focuses on groundwater potential using electrical resistivity method and water quality analysis of the study area. Schlumberger array using ABEM Terrameter LS instrument and Res2DINC software is used for data acquisition. Three survey lines were conducted in Kg. Melangkap, Kg. Kebayau dan Kg. Tambatuon. Water samples from existing boreholes from these locations were analysed based on Drinking Water Standard by Malaysian Department of Environment. Subsurface interpretation showed the layer of shale with resistivity value of 20 – 40 ohm-m, fractured sandstone with 20 -175 ohm-m, interbedding of shale and sandstones with 60 – 500 ohm-m, saturated sandstones with 40 – 1000 ohm-m, thick sandstones with 500 – 1000 ohm-m and gravel deposits with 175 – 1000 ohm-m. Each survey line showed 3 zones of different materials. Kg Kebayau shows the best potential for groundwater supply than Kg Melangkap and Kg Tambatuon, due to existence of 12 m thickness of sandstone aquifer. Water quality analysis shows the heavy metals concentration for all samples are within permitted range for drinking water consumption. However, water sample from Kg Kebayau borehole has the lowest value of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride content and heavy metals concentration made it the cleanest among all samples, which is widely used by the villagers of Kg Kebayau for drinking and external purposes.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89526321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-04DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2021.47.52
E. Aniwetalu, Akudo Ernest, J. Ilechukwu, O. Ikegwuonu, U. Omoja
The analysis of 3-D and time-lapse seismic data in Isomu Field has offered the dynamic characterization of the reservoir changes. The changes were analyzed using fluid substitution and seismic velocity models. The results of the initial porosity of the reservoirs was 29.50% with water saturation value of12%.The oil and gas maintained saturation values of 40% and 48% with average compressional and shear wave velocities of 2905m/s and 1634m/s respectfully. However, in fluid substitution modelling, the results reflect a change in fluid properties where average gas and oil saturation assume a new status of 34% and 24% which indicates a decrease by 14% and 16% respectively. The average water saturation increases by 30% with an average value of 42%. The decrease in hydrocarbon saturation and increase in formation water influence the porosity. Thus, porosity decreased by 4.16% which probably arose from the closure of the aspect ratio crack due to pressure increase.
{"title":"TIME-LAPSE POROSITY AND VELOCITY ANALYSIS USING ROCK PHYSICS MODELS IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA","authors":"E. Aniwetalu, Akudo Ernest, J. Ilechukwu, O. Ikegwuonu, U. Omoja","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2021.47.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2021.47.52","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of 3-D and time-lapse seismic data in Isomu Field has offered the dynamic characterization of the reservoir changes. The changes were analyzed using fluid substitution and seismic velocity models. The results of the initial porosity of the reservoirs was 29.50% with water saturation value of12%.The oil and gas maintained saturation values of 40% and 48% with average compressional and shear wave velocities of 2905m/s and 1634m/s respectfully. However, in fluid substitution modelling, the results reflect a change in fluid properties where average gas and oil saturation assume a new status of 34% and 24% which indicates a decrease by 14% and 16% respectively. The average water saturation increases by 30% with an average value of 42%. The decrease in hydrocarbon saturation and increase in formation water influence the porosity. Thus, porosity decreased by 4.16% which probably arose from the closure of the aspect ratio crack due to pressure increase.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75669583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-04DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2021.34.39
Kifayat Ullah Shah, Akhtar Muhammad Kassi, Aimal Khan Kasi
The newly proposed Middle Cretaceous “Bibai Group”, named after the Bibai peak, is exposed in Kach-Ziarat, Spera Ragha-Chingun areas of the Western Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, Pakistan. It comprises thick succession of the mafic volcanic rocks, volcanic conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone. The stratigraphic nomenclature proposed by previous workers was not clear enough, as they used different names for the succession, such as “Kahan Conglomerate Member” of the Mughal Kot Formation, “Parh-related volcanics” by considering it as part of the “Parh Group, “Bibai Formation” and “Bela Volcanic Group”, which were confusing and misleading. Also previous workers did not realize that the succession may be further classified into distinct mappable lithostratigraphic units and deserved the status of a “Group”. Therefore, we carefully examined and mapped the area and hereby propose the name “Bibai Group” for the overall volcanic and volcaniclastic succession of the Middle Cretaceous age. Based on distinct lithostratigraphic characters we further subdivided the “Group” into two lithostratigraphic units of formation rank, for which we propose the names “Chinjun Volcanics” and “Bibai Formation”. Also based on distinct lithostratigraphic characters we further propose to subdivide our “Babai Formation” into three lithostratigraphic units of member rank, which we named as the “Kahan Conglomerate Member”, “Ahmadun Member” and “Kach Mudstone Member”. In this paper we have defined and briefly described the Bibai Group, its constituent formations and their members. Also we examined and discussed the validity and status of the proposed subdivisions; e.g. formations and members, of the Bibai Group, and are fully satisfied that the proposed subdivisions are appropriate and comply with the Article 24 and 25 of the North American Stratigraphic Codes (2005) and that the previous nomenclatures are inconsistent, confusing and do not comply with the International Stratigraphic Codes.
{"title":"LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE NEWLY PROPOSED MIDDLE CRETACEOUS “BIBAI GROUP”, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD-THRUST BELT, PAKISTAN","authors":"Kifayat Ullah Shah, Akhtar Muhammad Kassi, Aimal Khan Kasi","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2021.34.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2021.34.39","url":null,"abstract":"The newly proposed Middle Cretaceous “Bibai Group”, named after the Bibai peak, is exposed in Kach-Ziarat, Spera Ragha-Chingun areas of the Western Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, Pakistan. It comprises thick succession of the mafic volcanic rocks, volcanic conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone. The stratigraphic nomenclature proposed by previous workers was not clear enough, as they used different names for the succession, such as “Kahan Conglomerate Member” of the Mughal Kot Formation, “Parh-related volcanics” by considering it as part of the “Parh Group, “Bibai Formation” and “Bela Volcanic Group”, which were confusing and misleading. Also previous workers did not realize that the succession may be further classified into distinct mappable lithostratigraphic units and deserved the status of a “Group”. Therefore, we carefully examined and mapped the area and hereby propose the name “Bibai Group” for the overall volcanic and volcaniclastic succession of the Middle Cretaceous age. Based on distinct lithostratigraphic characters we further subdivided the “Group” into two lithostratigraphic units of formation rank, for which we propose the names “Chinjun Volcanics” and “Bibai Formation”. Also based on distinct lithostratigraphic characters we further propose to subdivide our “Babai Formation” into three lithostratigraphic units of member rank, which we named as the “Kahan Conglomerate Member”, “Ahmadun Member” and “Kach Mudstone Member”. In this paper we have defined and briefly described the Bibai Group, its constituent formations and their members. Also we examined and discussed the validity and status of the proposed subdivisions; e.g. formations and members, of the Bibai Group, and are fully satisfied that the proposed subdivisions are appropriate and comply with the Article 24 and 25 of the North American Stratigraphic Codes (2005) and that the previous nomenclatures are inconsistent, confusing and do not comply with the International Stratigraphic Codes.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89758939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-04DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2021.40.46
Misbah Fida, I. Hussain, A. Rashid, Syed Amir Ali Shah, S. Khan
This study aims to quantify land use and land cover changes before and after the 2010 flood in district Charsadda, Pakistan. Advanced geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques (RST) evaluate land use and land cover changes. The purpose of this research is to estimate and compare the pre-and post-flood changes and their influences on land use and land cover changes. Land use land cover data studies are important for sustainable management of natural resources; they are becoming increasingly important for assessing the environmental impacts of economic development. Moreover, some remedial measures are adopted to develop the area’s land cover to overcome future problems. Land use and land cover changes are measured using satellite images. Two instances, i.e., pre-flood and post-flood, are compared to analyze the change in land use and land cover of district Charsadda within 5 km along the Kabul River. Comparative analysis of pre-flood and post-flood imageries highlighted some drastic changes over the water body, built-up area, agricultural land, and bare land during flood instances. The study area is rural and agricultural land is dominant as compared to other land uses. We evaluated the percentage of different land use and land cover within our study area. The agricultural land found about 68.5%, barren land 22.5%, and the water body 8.8% before the flood. After inundation, the water body raised to 16.4%, bare soil increased to 26.3%, agricultural land degraded up to 57.0%, and settlements (villages) along the Kabul River were severely damaged and finished by this flood. 2010’s flood heavily damaged approximately four villages in district Nowshera, six in district Peshawar, and twenty-seven Charsadda District villages.
{"title":"CHANGE DETECTION IN LAND USE AND LAND COVER OF DISTRICT CHARSADDA PAKISTAN ALONG RIVER KABUL (2010 FLOOD): TAKING ADVANTAGE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING","authors":"Misbah Fida, I. Hussain, A. Rashid, Syed Amir Ali Shah, S. Khan","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2021.40.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2021.40.46","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to quantify land use and land cover changes before and after the 2010 flood in district Charsadda, Pakistan. Advanced geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques (RST) evaluate land use and land cover changes. The purpose of this research is to estimate and compare the pre-and post-flood changes and their influences on land use and land cover changes. Land use land cover data studies are important for sustainable management of natural resources; they are becoming increasingly important for assessing the environmental impacts of economic development. Moreover, some remedial measures are adopted to develop the area’s land cover to overcome future problems. Land use and land cover changes are measured using satellite images. Two instances, i.e., pre-flood and post-flood, are compared to analyze the change in land use and land cover of district Charsadda within 5 km along the Kabul River. Comparative analysis of pre-flood and post-flood imageries highlighted some drastic changes over the water body, built-up area, agricultural land, and bare land during flood instances. The study area is rural and agricultural land is dominant as compared to other land uses. We evaluated the percentage of different land use and land cover within our study area. The agricultural land found about 68.5%, barren land 22.5%, and the water body 8.8% before the flood. After inundation, the water body raised to 16.4%, bare soil increased to 26.3%, agricultural land degraded up to 57.0%, and settlements (villages) along the Kabul River were severely damaged and finished by this flood. 2010’s flood heavily damaged approximately four villages in district Nowshera, six in district Peshawar, and twenty-seven Charsadda District villages.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88472883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-04DOI: 10.26480/gbr.02.2021.59.66
Kazeem O.Olomo, Oluwatoyin K. Olaleye, Temitayo, O. Ale, Michael T. Asubiojo, O. E. Faseki
Assessment of groundwater potential of Iperindo area, Southwestern Nigeria was conducted by mapping spatial distribution of groundwater availability within the area and consequently locating areas of groundwater reserve to serve the community and its environs. This was achieved by integrating geophysical techniques involving landsat ETM-7 satellite data, aeromagnetic data, VLF-EM and electrical resistivity methods to delineate subsurface structures, understand the direction of groundwater flow, and detect the depth to groundwater aquifer. The result of landsat and aeromagnetic revealed some lineament intersection approximately NE-SW direction and interpreted to be potential sites for groundwater development. VLF-EM revealed geologic structures of significant hydrogeological importance at depths of 40 m to 200 m. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) confirmed high groundwater prospect in the areas with estimated depth to water table between 30 m and 100 m. The integrated results of the study revealed adequate groundwater spatial distribution for effective groundwater development in the area.
{"title":"INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING OF GROUNDWATER AQUIFER FOR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN IPERINDO AND ITS ENVIRONS, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA","authors":"Kazeem O.Olomo, Oluwatoyin K. Olaleye, Temitayo, O. Ale, Michael T. Asubiojo, O. E. Faseki","doi":"10.26480/gbr.02.2021.59.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2021.59.66","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of groundwater potential of Iperindo area, Southwestern Nigeria was conducted by mapping spatial distribution of groundwater availability within the area and consequently locating areas of groundwater reserve to serve the community and its environs. This was achieved by integrating geophysical techniques involving landsat ETM-7 satellite data, aeromagnetic data, VLF-EM and electrical resistivity methods to delineate subsurface structures, understand the direction of groundwater flow, and detect the depth to groundwater aquifer. The result of landsat and aeromagnetic revealed some lineament intersection approximately NE-SW direction and interpreted to be potential sites for groundwater development. VLF-EM revealed geologic structures of significant hydrogeological importance at depths of 40 m to 200 m. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) confirmed high groundwater prospect in the areas with estimated depth to water table between 30 m and 100 m. The integrated results of the study revealed adequate groundwater spatial distribution for effective groundwater development in the area.","PeriodicalId":53043,"journal":{"name":"Geological Behavior","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75002150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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