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Deviant Viewers and Gendered Looks: Erotic Interactions with Images and Visual Culture in Song Popular Religion 叛逆的观众与性别的外表——宋代通俗宗教中与形象和视觉文化的情色互动
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0001
Hsiao-wen Cheng
Abstract:This article examines popular anecdotes about erotic responses to religious images during the Song dynasty (960–1279). It first compares three interrelated traditions in order to see different agents at work: discussions of living images in art criticism, stories about miraculous icons in religious accounts, and erotic encounters with nonhumans in tales and anecdotes. In comparison with these traditions, narratives of erotic interaction with religious images often emphasize the agency of the viewer. For cases in which images are said to have responded, the narrative often displays deliberate efforts toward justification and interpretation. This article then examines the materiality of religious imagery in Song anecdotes and compares it with the nonreligious images and objects that become jingguai 精怪 (transforming creatures). Finally, through analyzing the depiction of female beholders and their desire in anecdotes and medical treatises, this article argues that a changing discourse on female sexuality took place during the Song-Yuan period.摘要:本文分析宋代(960–1279)筆記資料中,觀者對宗教造像心生遐想、甚至做出褻慢舉動的民間軼事。首先比較觀者、畫家或工匠、和神佛精怪在以下三個相關的傳統中所扮演的角色:畫史中關於感神通靈的討論,宗教造像顯靈的故事,以及與妖精鬼怪邂逅的傳奇軼事。與這些傳統相較,觀者與宗教造像發生親密互動的故事往往強調觀者的主動性。如果造像本身有所回應,敘事中往往可見刻意解釋或正當化神靈舉動的痕跡。本文接著探討宋代故事中宗教造像的物質性,並與化為「精怪」的物品作比較。最後,透過分析宋元筆記和醫書對女性觀者和慾望的描繪,本文指出宋元之際對女性慾望論述的轉變。
Abstract:This article examines popular anecdotes about erotic responses to religious images during the Song dynasty(960–1279).It first compares three interrelated traditions in order to see different agents at work: discussions of living images in art criticism,stories about miraculous icons in religious accounts,and erotic encounters with nonhumans in tales and anecdotes.In comparison with these traditions,narratives of erotic interaction with religious images often emphasize the agency of the viewer.For cases in which images are said to have responded,the narrative often displays deliberate efforts toward justification and interpretation.This article then examines the materiality of religious imagery in Song anecdotes and compares it with the nonreligious images and objects that become jingguai精怪(transforming creatures).Finally,through analyzing the depiction of female beholders and their desire in anecdotes and medical treatises,this article argues that a changing discourse on female sexuality took place during the Song-Yuan period.摘要:本文分析宋代(960–1279)笔记数据中,观者对宗教造像心生遐想、甚至做出亵慢举动的民间轶事。首先比较观者、画家或工匠、和神佛精怪在以下三个相关的传统中所扮演的角色:画史中关于感神通灵的讨论,宗教造像显灵的故事,以及与妖精鬼怪邂逅的传奇轶事。与这些传统相较,观者与宗教造像发生亲密互动的故事往往强调观者的主动性。如果造像本身有所响应,叙事中往往可见刻意解释或正当化神灵举动的痕迹。本文接着探讨宋代故事中宗教造像的物质性,并与化为「精怪」的物品作比较。最后,透过分析宋元笔记和医书对女性观者和欲望的描绘,本文指出宋元之际对女性欲望论述的转变。
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引用次数: 0
Releasing Life or Releasing Death: The Practice of and Discourse on Buddhist Animal Liberation Rituals in Contemporary Xiamen 放生还是放死:佛教动物解放仪式在当代厦门的实践与论述
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0004
A. Darshani
Abstract:The ritual of “releasing life” (fangsheng 放生), a form of Buddhist cultivation, has been widely practiced by Chinese Buddhists for at least fifteen centuries. This ritual is currently enjoying immense popularity among devotees in mainland China and within Chinese societies around the world. Yet the ubiquity of fangsheng in China has elicited sharp criticism from various societal sectors, including the government, the media, Buddhist institutions, animal advocates, and environmentalists. After outlining the main historical milestones of the practice, this article examines two lay Buddhist groups that are part of a larger fangsheng network and regularly engage in releasing life in contemporary Xiamen 廈門, Fujian 福建 province. It then describes the national Buddhist leadership’s condemnation of “indiscriminate” fangsheng rituals as well as attempts to regulate on the part of the state, which have culminated in an orchestrated campaign for “Rational Releasing of Life.” In addition, focusing on fangsheng on a local level, the article explores the steps taken by Buddhist establishment actors in Xiamen to promote this new, rational concept alongside lay groups’ apologetics in light of the growing criticism of the practice.摘要:放生儀式作為一種佛教修行方式,至少已被中國佛教徒實踐了1500年。在當代中國大陸以及海外華人社會的信徒中,这一儀式普遍流行。然而在中國,放生儀式的流行引發社會各階層的尖銳批評,其中包括政府、媒體、佛教機構、動物保護人士以及環保主義者。本文首先勾勒放生實踐的主要歷史發展,其次從更大的放生儀式網絡考察兩個在當代福建廈門經常舉行放生儀式的佛教居士組織。接著描述中國佛教協會對「隨意」放生儀式的譴責,以及試圖將國家推行的「合理放生」運動規範化。此外,透過聚焦於地方層面的放生,本文探討廈門的叢林寺院為推廣上述新式合理放生活動所採取的措施,以及在受到越來越多批評的環境下,居士群體對此儀式實踐所做的辯護。
Abstract:The ritual of“releasing life”(fangsheng放生),a form of Buddhist cultivation,has been widely practiced by Chinese Buddhists for at least fifteen centuries.This ritual is currently enjoying immense popularity among devotees in mainland China and within Chinese societies around the world.Yet the ubiquity of fangsheng in China has elicited sharp criticism from various societal sectors,including the government,the media,Buddhist institutions,animal advocates,and environmentalists.After outlining the main historical milestones of the practice,this article examines two lay Buddhist groups that are part of a larger fangsheng network and regularly engage in releasing life in contemporary Xiamen厦门,Fujian福建province.It then describes the national Buddhist leadership’s condemnation of“indiscriminate”fangsheng rituals as well as attempts to regulate on the part of the state,which have culminated in an orchestrated campaign for“Rational Releasing of Life.”In addition,focusing on fangsheng on a local level,the article explores the steps taken by Buddhist establishment actors in Xiamen to promote this new,rational concept alongside lay groups’apologetics in light of the growing criticism of the practice.摘要:放生仪式作为一种佛教修行方式,至少已被中国佛教徒实践了1500年。在当代中国大陆以及海外华人社会的信徒中,这一仪式普遍流行。然而在中国,放生仪式的流行引发社会各阶层的尖锐批评,其中包括政府、媒体、佛教机构、动物保护人士以及环保主义者。本文首先勾勒放生实践的主要历史发展,其次从更大的放生仪式网络考察两个在当代福建厦门经常举行放生仪式的佛教居士组织。接着描述中国佛教协会对「随意」放生仪式的谴责,以及试图将国家推行的「合理放生」运动规范化。此外,透过聚焦于地方层面的放生,本文探讨厦门的丛林寺院为推广上述新式合理放生活动所采取的措施,以及在受到越来越多批评的环境下,居士群体对此仪式实践所做的辩护。
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引用次数: 2
The Precious Scroll of Liu Xiang: Late Ming Roots and Late Qing Proliferation 刘向宝卷:晚明根源与晚清扩散
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0002
K. Alexander
Abstract:Though Liu Xiang baojuan 劉香寶卷 has been widely used as a source for images of women’s religious lives in late imperial China, few studies have looked closely at the text on its own or its literary history and contexts. With roots in late Ming lay Buddhism, as one of the most widely reprinted baojuan in late Qing Jiangnan, to say nothing of its representation in other performance genres in Jiangnan and beyond extending into the Republican period, this story complex deserves focused study. In this article, I explore the tale’s history from the late Ming through the late Qing in order to lay the groundwork for future close readings of the narrative itself.摘要:儘管《劉香寶卷》已被廣泛用於展現明清中國的女性宗教生活形象,但極少有研究著眼於該寶卷文本本身、文本歷史及其語境。植根於晚明在家佛教,《劉香寶卷》是晚清江南重印次數最多的寶卷之一。其在江南及其之外地區的其他表演性體裁中的展現更是延續至民國時期。因此,該故事群值得更為深入的研究。本文探究該文本從晚明至晚清的發展歷史,以此為將來對其敘事本身進行的細讀奠定基礎。
Abstract:Though Liu Xiang baojuan刘香宝卷has been widely used as a source for images of women’s religious lives in late imperial China,few studies have looked closely at the text on its own or its literary history and contexts.With roots in late Ming lay Buddhism,as one of the most widely reprinted baojuan in late Qing Jiangnan,to say nothing of its representation in other performance genres in Jiangnan and beyond extending into the Republican period,this story complex deserves focused study.In this article,I explore the tale’s history from the late Ming through the late Qing in order to lay the groundwork for future close readings of the narrative itself.摘要:尽管《刘香宝卷》已被广泛用于展现明清中国的女性宗教生活形象,但极少有研究着眼于该宝卷文本本身、文本历史及其语境。植根于晚明在家佛教,《刘香宝卷》是晚清江南重印次数最多的宝卷之一。其在江南及其之外地区的其他表演性体裁中的展现更是延续至民国时期。因此,该故事群值得更为深入的研究。本文探究该文本从晚明至晚清的发展历史,以此为将来对其叙事本身进行的细读奠定基础。
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引用次数: 0
The Writ of the Three Sovereigns: From Local Lore to Institutional Daoism by Dominic Steavu (review) 《三公令状:从地方文化到制度道教》作者:史岱武(书评)
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0010
Anna-Alexandra Fodde-Reguer
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引用次数: 1
Building the Buddhist Revival: Reconstructing Monasteries in Modern China by Gregory Adam Scott (review) 构筑佛教复兴:重建近代中国的寺院格里高利·亚当·斯科特著(书评)
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0009
M. Walsh
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引用次数: 0
Mount Wutai: Visions of a Sacred Buddhist Mountain by Wen-shing Chou (review) 五台山:佛教神山的远景周文成(书评)
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2021.0005
Natalie Köhle
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引用次数: 0
Chinese Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding a Tradition of Practice by Charles B. Jones (review) 中国净土佛教:理解一种修行传统查尔斯·琼斯著(评论)
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-19 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2020.0018
Kendall Marchman
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引用次数: 2
Empire and the Meaning of Religion in Northeast Asia: Manchuria 1900–1945 by Thomas David DuBois (review) 《帝国与宗教在东北亚的意义:满洲1900-1945》作者:托马斯·大卫·杜波依斯
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2020.0015
James C. Carter
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引用次数: 0
Zhuangzi: The Complete Writings by Brook Ziporyn (review) 《庄子:布鲁克子柏霖文集全集》(书评)
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2020.0022
Hans-Georg Moeller
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引用次数: 0
The Dizang Baojuan in the Performance Context of “Telling Scriptures” in Changshu, Jiangsu 江苏常熟“讲经”表演语境下的地藏宝娟
IF 0.9 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/jcr.2020.0012
Rostislav Berezkin
Abstract:This article deals with the modern performance context of the Dizang baojuan in Changshu, Jiangsu province. The local tradition of ritualized storytelling, called “telling scriptures,” makes use of the Bodhisattva Dizang’s narratives presumably derived from the late Qing-dynasty printed edition of the Dizang baojuan. However, in the modern performance context, the stories of Dizang’s reincarnations have been separated according to performance occasions. There are several such occasions, including funerary ritual and memorial days of the “fifth week” (programs of male and female funerary services vary) and village temple festivals, at which Dizang is also worshipped. Still, all variants of the Dizang baojuan preserve the central message of the universal deliverance of the souls of the deceased. The author researches the origins, modification, and current functions of the centuries-old Dizang narratives in the modern storytelling of Changshu. Materials of telling scriptures in Changshu and adjacent areas demonstrate the transformation of the canonical Buddhist subjects in the local vernacular literature and folk ritual, their sinicization and domestication in local cultural milieus. Materials used in this article have been collected by the author in Changshu through interviews with performers and observation of real-life telling scriptures in 2011–2017.
摘要:本文研究了江苏常熟地藏宝娟的现代表演语境。当地有一种仪式化的讲故事的传统,被称为“讲经”,它利用了菩萨地藏的叙述,据推测,这些叙述来自清末印本的地藏宝卷。然而,在现代表演语境中,地藏转世的故事已经根据表演场合进行了分离。有几个这样的场合,包括葬礼仪式和“第五周”的纪念日(男性和女性葬礼服务的节目不同)和村庄寺庙的节日,在这些场合也崇拜地藏。尽管如此,地藏宝卷的所有变体都保留了死者灵魂普遍解脱的中心信息。作者研究了地藏叙事在常熟现代叙事中的起源、修改及其作用。常熟及邻近地区的讲经资料,反映了佛教经典题材在当地白话文学和民间仪式中的转变,以及它们在当地文化环境中的中国化和归化。本文所使用的材料是作者于2011-2017年在常熟通过对表演者的访谈和对现实讲经的观察而收集的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Chinese Religions
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