{"title":"Stating the Sacred: Religion, China, and the Formation of the Nation-State by Michael J. Walsh (review)","authors":"Z. Ji","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46179056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Soon after Matteo Ricci started his missionary work in China, he realized that there was no Chinese term equivalent to the Christian concept of the anima—a human soul that is individual, spiritual, and immortal. To develop this concept in Chinese, Ricci creatively invoked Chinese ancestral sacrifices, arguing that the sacrifices are made to the individual, immortal souls (linghun 靈魂) of deceased ancestors. Ricci’s strategy, after enjoying decades of success, was called into question during the Chinese Rites Controversy, when mendicant missionaries condemned ancestral rites as idolatrous. Chinese converts, who hoped to continue practicing ancestral rites, argued that the rites were merely an expression of gratitude, which does not involve the “reception” of sacrifices by the ancestors. But the question is, how should they then explain the concept of the anima to fellow Chinese?In this article, I examine the conception of the soul by Xia Dachang 夏大常 (before 1624–after 1686), a Confucian literatus who converted to Christianity at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A close reading of Xia’s treatise On the Soul suggests that he uses the framework of Mencius’s xing shan 性善—that human beings are by nature good—to explain the concept of the soul. Xia’s conception of the soul represents one way in which the concept of the soul could be received by Christians who were deeply influenced by Confucianism.摘要:利瑪竇在中國開展傳教工作之後不久即意識到中文中沒有與基督教中的「靈魂」這一概念相對等的詞彙。以基督教的理解，人的靈魂是個體的、精神的、不死的。為了在中文中建立靈魂這一概念，利瑪竇有創意地援引中國傳統中的祭祖禮，指出後輩之所以祭祀，是因為祖宗雖然已經死去，但是他們的靈魂仍作為個體存在，並能接受後輩的祭品。利瑪竇對靈魂的解釋在當時獲得了成功，並被中國基督徒廣泛接受。但是幾十年之後，利瑪竇的策略受到了挑戰。此時中國禮儀之爭已經開始，托缽修會的傳教士認為中國的祭祖禮有拜偶像的嫌疑。中國的基督徒為了能繼續參與祭祖禮，強調祭祖禮只是對祖宗先輩表達感恩之情的一種儀式，並不涉及祖宗對祭品的接受。但是如果否認祖宗的靈魂對祭品的接受，他們又如何對其他的中國人解釋“靈魂”這一概念呢？本文考察中國儒家基督徒夏大常（1624年前至1686年後）對靈魂這一概念的理解。生活在十七世紀的夏大常，原本深受儒家思想影響，後來皈依天主教（時間不詳）。夏大常的《性說》一文以孟子的性善説為框架，對靈魂的概念進行了較為詳盡的闡述。夏對於靈魂的理解在對中國禮儀之爭時期受儒家思想影響的基督徒如何接受靈魂這一概念有一定的代表性。
Abstract:Soon after Matteo Ricci started his missionary work in China，he realized that there was no Chinese term equivalent to the Christian concept of the anima—a human soul that is individual，spiritual，and immortal.To develop this concept in Chinese，Ricci creatively invoked Chinese ancestral sacrifices，arguing that the sacrifices are made to the individual，immortal souls（linghun灵魂）of deceased ancestors.Ricci’s strategy，after enjoying decades of success，was called into question during the Chinese Rites Controversy，when mendicant missionaries condemned ancestral rites as idolatrous.Chinese converts，who hoped to continue practicing ancestral rites，argued that the rites were merely an expression of gratitude，which does not involve the“reception”of sacrifices by the ancestors.But the question is，how should they then explain the concept of the anima to fellow Chinese？In this article，I examine the conception of the soul by Xia Dachang夏大常（before 1624–after 1686），a Confucian literatus who converted to Christianity at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.A close reading of Xia’s treatise On the Soul suggests that he uses the framework of Mencius’s xing shan性善—that human beings are by nature good—to explain the concept of the soul.Xia’s conception of the soul represents one way in which the concept of the soul could be received by Christians who were deeply influenced by Confucianism.摘要：利玛窦在中国开展传教工作之后不久即意识到中文中没有与基督教中的「灵魂」这一概念相对等的词汇。以基督教的理解，人的灵魂是个体的、精神的、不死的。为了在中文中建立灵魂这一概念，利玛窦有创意地援引中国传统中的祭祖礼，指出后辈之所以祭祀，是因为祖宗虽然已经死去，但是他们的灵魂仍作为个体存在，并能接受后辈的祭品。利玛窦对灵魂的解释在当时获得了成功，并被中国基督徒广泛接受。但是几十年之后，利玛窦的策略受到了挑战。此时中国礼仪之争已经开始，托钵修会的传教士认为中国的祭祖礼有拜偶像的嫌疑。中国的基督徒为了能继续参与祭祖礼，强调祭祖礼只是对祖宗先辈表达感恩之情的一种仪式，并不涉及祖宗对祭品的接受。但是如果否认祖宗的灵魂对祭品的接受，他们又如何对其他的中国人解释“灵魂”这一概念呢？本文考察中国儒家基督徒夏大常（1624年前至1686年后）对灵魂这一概念的理解。生活在十七世纪的夏大常，原本深受儒家思想影响，后来皈依天主教（时间不详）。夏大常的《性说》一文以孟子的性善说为框架，对灵魂的概念进行了较为详尽的阐述。夏对于灵魂的理解在对中国礼仪之争时期受儒家思想影响的基督徒如何接受灵魂这一概念有一定的代表性。
{"title":"The Concept of the Soul During the Chinese Rites Controversy: The Example of Xia Dachang","authors":"Xueying Wang","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Soon after Matteo Ricci started his missionary work in China, he realized that there was no Chinese term equivalent to the Christian concept of the anima—a human soul that is individual, spiritual, and immortal. To develop this concept in Chinese, Ricci creatively invoked Chinese ancestral sacrifices, arguing that the sacrifices are made to the individual, immortal souls (linghun 靈魂) of deceased ancestors. Ricci’s strategy, after enjoying decades of success, was called into question during the Chinese Rites Controversy, when mendicant missionaries condemned ancestral rites as idolatrous. Chinese converts, who hoped to continue practicing ancestral rites, argued that the rites were merely an expression of gratitude, which does not involve the “reception” of sacrifices by the ancestors. But the question is, how should they then explain the concept of the anima to fellow Chinese?In this article, I examine the conception of the soul by Xia Dachang 夏大常 (before 1624–after 1686), a Confucian literatus who converted to Christianity at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A close reading of Xia’s treatise On the Soul suggests that he uses the framework of Mencius’s xing shan 性善—that human beings are by nature good—to explain the concept of the soul. Xia’s conception of the soul represents one way in which the concept of the soul could be received by Christians who were deeply influenced by Confucianism.摘要:利瑪竇在中國開展傳教工作之後不久即意識到中文中沒有與基督教中的「靈魂」這一概念相對等的詞彙。以基督教的理解，人的靈魂是個體的、精神的、不死的。為了在中文中建立靈魂這一概念，利瑪竇有創意地援引中國傳統中的祭祖禮，指出後輩之所以祭祀，是因為祖宗雖然已經死去，但是他們的靈魂仍作為個體存在，並能接受後輩的祭品。利瑪竇對靈魂的解釋在當時獲得了成功，並被中國基督徒廣泛接受。但是幾十年之後，利瑪竇的策略受到了挑戰。此時中國禮儀之爭已經開始，托缽修會的傳教士認為中國的祭祖禮有拜偶像的嫌疑。中國的基督徒為了能繼續參與祭祖禮，強調祭祖禮只是對祖宗先輩表達感恩之情的一種儀式，並不涉及祖宗對祭品的接受。但是如果否認祖宗的靈魂對祭品的接受，他們又如何對其他的中國人解釋“靈魂”這一概念呢？本文考察中國儒家基督徒夏大常（1624年前至1686年後）對靈魂這一概念的理解。生活在十七世紀的夏大常，原本深受儒家思想影響，後來皈依天主教（時間不詳）。夏大常的《性說》一文以孟子的性善説為框架，對靈魂的概念進行了較為詳盡的闡述。夏對於靈魂的理解在對中國禮儀之爭時期受儒家思想影響的基督徒如何接受靈魂這一概念有一定的代表性。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46698030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differentiating the Pearl from the Fish-Eye: Ouyang Jingwu and the Revival of Scholastic Buddhism by Eyal Aviv (review)","authors":"Alex Grabiner","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66397789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"John Song: Modern Chinese Christianity and the Making of a New Man by Daryl R. Ireland (review)","authors":"T. Barrett","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48341035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Huayan University Network: The Teaching and Practice of Avataṃsaka Buddhism in Twentieth-Century China by Erik J. Hammerstrom (review)","authors":"Nicholaos Jones","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41448110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Text and Context in the Modern History of Chinese Religions: Redemptive Societies and Their Sacred Texts ed. by Philip Clart, David Ownby and Wang Chien-chuan (review)","authors":"Vincent Goossaert","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44074630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Becoming Guanyin: Artistic Devotion of Buddhist Women in Late Imperial China by Yuhang Li (review)","authors":"D. Wong","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49515107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History by Chün-Fang Yü (review)","authors":"Stuart Young","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45068385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article provides a comprehensive account of the transformation of Buddhist vegetarian discourse in the Republican era (1912–1949) through the lens of a set of Buddhist periodicals influenced by prominent figures, including Taixu 太虛 (1890–1947), Yinguang 印光 (1862–1940), and Dixian 諦閒 (1858–1932). Having combed through relevant articles printed in these journals, I argue that Buddhist vegetarianism is infused with modern scientific language, particularly the Western biomedical concept of “hygiene,” while it also retains the underlying reasoning of karmic retribution and Buddhist ethical arguments. Within a modern context, these authors proffered different yet not antagonistic reasoning to renew and legitimate the practice of vegetarianism. I further examine the case of Lü Bicheng 呂碧城 (1883–1943) to demonstrate the potential fusion of diverse rationales regarding the vegetarian discourse under the broader international social and cultural order. Thus, the Republican Buddhists’ endeavors resulted in a repertoire of rhetoric and arguments about vegetarianism, imbuing the practice with multilayered meanings ready for appropriation by later generations.摘要:摘要: 從與名僧,例如太虛（1890–1947）、印光（1862–1940）、諦閒（1858–1932）關係密切的佛教期刊的視角切入，本文提供了一個對於民國年間（1912–1949）佛教素食主義範式變遷的全面論述。通過細讀佛教期刊上相關的文獻，本文認為佛教素食主義被注入了一套現代科學的話語，尤為顯著的是西方生物醫學上「衛生」的概念，同時佛教的果報等其他宗教倫理上的論證仍然被保留。這些佛教期刊的作者，在現代的語境下，為延續與合理化素食主義的實踐提供了不同，但並非對立的闡釋。本文進一步以呂碧城（1883–1943）為例，來展示在更廣闊的國際社會與文化秩序下，對於素食主義範式不同的闡述的潛在融合的可能性。因此，通過民國佛教徒的努力，形成了一套對於素食主義的論證，其多層的語義與修辭形式有助於後世佛教徒的參考與借鑒。
Abstract:This article provides a comprehensive account of the transformation of Buddhist vegetarian discourse in the Republican era（1912–1949）through the lens of a set of Buddhist periodicals influenced by prominent figures，including Taixu太虚（1890–1947），Yinguang印光（1862–1940），and Dixian谛闲（1858–1932）.Having combed through relevant articles printed in these journals，I argue that Buddhist vegetarianism is infused with modern scientific language，particularly the Western biomedical concept of“hygiene，”while it also retains the underlying reasoning of karmic retribution and Buddhist ethical arguments.Within a modern context，these authors proffered different yet not antagonistic reasoning to renew and legitimate the practice of vegetarianism.I further examine the case of LüBicheng吕碧城（1883–1943）to demonstrate the potential fusion of diverse rationales regarding the vegetarian discourse under the broader international social and cultural order.Thus，the Republican Buddhists’endeavors resulted in a repertoire of rhetoric and arguments about vegetarianism，imbuing the practice with multilayered meanings ready for appropriation by later generations.摘要：摘要：从与名僧，例如太虚（1890–1947）、印光（1862–1940）、谛闲（1858–1932）关系密切的佛教期刊的视角切入，本文提供了一个对于民国年间（1912–1949）佛教素食主义范式变迁的全面论述。通过细读佛教期刊上相关的文献，本文认为佛教素食主义被注入了一套现代科学的话语，尤为显著的是西方生物医学上「卫生」的概念，同时佛教的果报等其他宗教伦理上的论证仍然被保留。这些佛教期刊的作者，在现代的语境下，为延续与合理化素食主义的实践提供了不同，但并非对立的阐释。本文进一步以吕碧城（1883–1943）为例，来展示在更广阔的国际社会与文化秩序下，对于素食主义范式不同的阐述的潜在融合的可能性。因此，通过民国佛教徒的努力，形成了一套对于素食主义的论证，其多层的语义与修辞形式有助于后世佛教徒的参考与借鉴。
{"title":"The Confluence of Karma and Hygiene: Vegetarianism with Renewed Meanings for Modern Chinese Buddhism","authors":"Lianghao Lu","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article provides a comprehensive account of the transformation of Buddhist vegetarian discourse in the Republican era (1912–1949) through the lens of a set of Buddhist periodicals influenced by prominent figures, including Taixu 太虛 (1890–1947), Yinguang 印光 (1862–1940), and Dixian 諦閒 (1858–1932). Having combed through relevant articles printed in these journals, I argue that Buddhist vegetarianism is infused with modern scientific language, particularly the Western biomedical concept of “hygiene,” while it also retains the underlying reasoning of karmic retribution and Buddhist ethical arguments. Within a modern context, these authors proffered different yet not antagonistic reasoning to renew and legitimate the practice of vegetarianism. I further examine the case of Lü Bicheng 呂碧城 (1883–1943) to demonstrate the potential fusion of diverse rationales regarding the vegetarian discourse under the broader international social and cultural order. Thus, the Republican Buddhists’ endeavors resulted in a repertoire of rhetoric and arguments about vegetarianism, imbuing the practice with multilayered meanings ready for appropriation by later generations.摘要:摘要: 從與名僧,例如太虛（1890–1947）、印光（1862–1940）、諦閒（1858–1932）關係密切的佛教期刊的視角切入，本文提供了一個對於民國年間（1912–1949）佛教素食主義範式變遷的全面論述。通過細讀佛教期刊上相關的文獻，本文認為佛教素食主義被注入了一套現代科學的話語，尤為顯著的是西方生物醫學上「衛生」的概念，同時佛教的果報等其他宗教倫理上的論證仍然被保留。這些佛教期刊的作者，在現代的語境下，為延續與合理化素食主義的實踐提供了不同，但並非對立的闡釋。本文進一步以呂碧城（1883–1943）為例，來展示在更廣闊的國際社會與文化秩序下，對於素食主義範式不同的闡述的潛在融合的可能性。因此，通過民國佛教徒的努力，形成了一套對於素食主義的論證，其多層的語義與修辭形式有助於後世佛教徒的參考與借鑒。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48307353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article considers the unique case of the birds in Amitābha’s Pure Land, Sukhāvatī. Pure Land scriptures highlight the two main roles of the birds: their ornamental beauty and their amplification of the Dharma through their birdsong. In addition to the scriptures, the birds appear in Chinese commentarial and liturgical literature and popular tales. Although scriptures indicate that the birds are Amitābha’s skillful creations, they provided a familiar connection in this life to the Pure Land for those who aspired to be reborn there. This allowed for Pure Land practitioners to reimagine their spaces to gain a momentary experience of the Pure Land on earth.摘要:本文研究阿彌陀佛淨土的奇珍異鳥。淨土經典闡述鳥類有兩種特色：它們美麗的外表和出和雅音的鳥鳴。除了佛教經典之外，淨土的奇珍異鳥也出現在論疏、禮拜儀式文以及通俗文學之中。雖然淨土經典特別強調鳥類只是阿彌陀的方便力所顯示，它們能與一般希望求生淨土的人作為生活上的連結。這樣一來，淨土信仰者能想像阿彌陀佛淨土的特殊空間，並連結到現世間的經驗。
Abstract:This article considers the unique case of the birds in Amitābha’s Pure Land，Sukhāvatī. Pure Land scriptures highlight the two main roles of the birds: their ornamental beauty and their amplification of the Dharma through their birdsong.In addition to the scriptures，the birds appear in Chinese commentarial and liturgical literature and popular tales.Although scriptures indicate that the birds are Amitābha’s skillful creations，they provided a familiar connection in this life to the Pure Land for those who aspired to be reborn there.This allowed for Pure Land practitioners to reimagine their spaces to gain a momentary experience of the Pure Land on earth.摘要：本文研究阿弥陀佛净土的奇珍异鸟。净土经典阐述鸟类有两种特色：它们美丽的外表和出和雅音的鸟鸣。除了佛教经典之外，净土的奇珍异鸟也出现在论疏、礼拜仪式文以及通俗文学之中。虽然净土经典特别强调鸟类只是阿弥陀的方便力所显示，它们能与一般希望求生净土的人作为生活上的连接。这样一来，净土信仰者能想像阿弥陀佛净土的特殊空间，并连接到现世间的经验。
{"title":"A Little Bird Told Me: The Magical Birds of the Pure Land","authors":"Kendall Marchman","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article considers the unique case of the birds in Amitābha’s Pure Land, Sukhāvatī. Pure Land scriptures highlight the two main roles of the birds: their ornamental beauty and their amplification of the Dharma through their birdsong. In addition to the scriptures, the birds appear in Chinese commentarial and liturgical literature and popular tales. Although scriptures indicate that the birds are Amitābha’s skillful creations, they provided a familiar connection in this life to the Pure Land for those who aspired to be reborn there. This allowed for Pure Land practitioners to reimagine their spaces to gain a momentary experience of the Pure Land on earth.摘要:本文研究阿彌陀佛淨土的奇珍異鳥。淨土經典闡述鳥類有兩種特色：它們美麗的外表和出和雅音的鳥鳴。除了佛教經典之外，淨土的奇珍異鳥也出現在論疏、禮拜儀式文以及通俗文學之中。雖然淨土經典特別強調鳥類只是阿彌陀的方便力所顯示，它們能與一般希望求生淨土的人作為生活上的連結。這樣一來，淨土信仰者能想像阿彌陀佛淨土的特殊空間，並連結到現世間的經驗。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45106369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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