{"title":"Worldly Saviors and Imperial Authority in Medieval Chinese Buddhism by April D. Hughes (review)","authors":"Yu Xuan Tay","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48281766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article addresses the question of zongjiao as a modern translation for the Western term “religion.” Neither criticizing nor defending its application, it instead takes for granted the Western concept’s adoption and argues that the general acceptance of the newly coined binome and its semantics can be best understood through a genealogical approach that includes global, especially Western, as much as local Chinese roots and discourses. The article builds on recent scholarship and adds new insights from a discursive perspective with a special focus on the important transformational period of the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, it argues for the continuing hybrid character of the historically shaped semantics of zongjiao and its lasting semantic ambiguities, which allow one to understand zongjiao as a signifier that interconnects uses in local, traditional, as well as modern academic and international discourses.
{"title":"Zongjiao as a Chinese Conceptual Term for Religion? Genealogical Notes On its Development Since The Late Qing Period","authors":"Christian Meyer","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article addresses the question of zongjiao as a modern translation for the Western term “religion.” Neither criticizing nor defending its application, it instead takes for granted the Western concept’s adoption and argues that the general acceptance of the newly coined binome and its semantics can be best understood through a genealogical approach that includes global, especially Western, as much as local Chinese roots and discourses. The article builds on recent scholarship and adds new insights from a discursive perspective with a special focus on the important transformational period of the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, it argues for the continuing hybrid character of the historically shaped semantics of zongjiao and its lasting semantic ambiguities, which allow one to understand zongjiao as a signifier that interconnects uses in local, traditional, as well as modern academic and international discourses.","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45203126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Zhenkongjiao is a Chinese sectarian religion that was founded in Jiangxi in 1862. By the 1950s, the movement expanded into the lower Yangzi region, Guangdong province, and among the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Unlike many sectarian religions and Buddhist movements in late-imperial and Republican China, the movement advocated non-vegetarianism and performed animal sacrifice. This article first sheds light on how the Zhenkongjiao’s promoters structured its belief system to address and challenge prevalent discourses of vegetarianism and nonkilling as markers of religious practice. I also propose that the Zhenkongjiao’s repertoire of thaumaturgical rituals—which include animal sacrifice—cannot be studied in isolation, but should be situated within a sectarian religious paradigm where sacrifice was exalted as a soteriological ideal. This study demonstrates the agency exercised by the Zhenkongjiao’s apologists, who appropriated and hybridized dominant religious discourses and cultural images characteristic of Republican China (1911–1949) to justify their beliefs and ritual systems.
{"title":"Practicing Salvation: Meat-Eating, Martyrdom, and Sacrifice as Religious Ideals in the Zhenkongjiao","authors":"Esmond Chuah Meng Soh","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Zhenkongjiao is a Chinese sectarian religion that was founded in Jiangxi in 1862. By the 1950s, the movement expanded into the lower Yangzi region, Guangdong province, and among the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Unlike many sectarian religions and Buddhist movements in late-imperial and Republican China, the movement advocated non-vegetarianism and performed animal sacrifice. This article first sheds light on how the Zhenkongjiao’s promoters structured its belief system to address and challenge prevalent discourses of vegetarianism and nonkilling as markers of religious practice. I also propose that the Zhenkongjiao’s repertoire of thaumaturgical rituals—which include animal sacrifice—cannot be studied in isolation, but should be situated within a sectarian religious paradigm where sacrifice was exalted as a soteriological ideal. This study demonstrates the agency exercised by the Zhenkongjiao’s apologists, who appropriated and hybridized dominant religious discourses and cultural images characteristic of Republican China (1911–1949) to justify their beliefs and ritual systems.","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44291025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Daniel L. Overmyer, Phd, FRSC August 20, 1935– November 24, 2021: Founding editor of the Journal of Chinese Religions","authors":"Philip Clart","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45426367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The history of Buddhist sites on Mount Tai—the Sacred Peak of the East—has been largely neglected. The focus has remained instead on the role of the mountain in the Chinese state cult and the practice of the indigenous Daoist religion. This paper surveys material and textual evidence from the late fifth century onwards in an attempt to trace the Buddhist acculturation of Mount Tai. The available archaeological evidence is read alongside the traditional founding legend about monk Senglang 僧朗 (ca. 315–400) who is said to have established the “first monastery” on the mountain. A brief survey of early Buddhist establishments in the Mount Tai region ties the most impressive early Buddhist artefact—the giant Diamond Sutra inscribed in Sutra Stone Valley during the Northern Qi dynasty—into this network of sites.
{"title":"Towards a Buddhist History of Mount Tai","authors":"Claudia Wenzel","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The history of Buddhist sites on Mount Tai—the Sacred Peak of the East—has been largely neglected. The focus has remained instead on the role of the mountain in the Chinese state cult and the practice of the indigenous Daoist religion. This paper surveys material and textual evidence from the late fifth century onwards in an attempt to trace the Buddhist acculturation of Mount Tai. The available archaeological evidence is read alongside the traditional founding legend about monk Senglang 僧朗 (ca. 315–400) who is said to have established the “first monastery” on the mountain. A brief survey of early Buddhist establishments in the Mount Tai region ties the most impressive early Buddhist artefact—the giant Diamond Sutra inscribed in Sutra Stone Valley during the Northern Qi dynasty—into this network of sites.","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43891121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the dissemination of an Yiguan Dao division, Andong, in Austria. Proselytizing activities of Andong are mainly conducted in Vienna, Linz, and Salzburg. In Vienna and Linz, Yiguan Dao has formed a diasporic religion for overseas Chinese from various national backgrounds. It caters to the Austrian Chinese community and engages in creating a shared diasporic identity. This paper also explores Andong’s most characteristic trait that distinguishes it from other divisions, namely, meditation. This practice seems to have attracted a number of Austrians to follow Yiguan Dao in both Vienna and Salzburg. Being a Chinese diasporic religion and attempting to spread cross-ethnically in Austria at the same time, Yiguan Dao is assuming new significance.摘要:本文探討一貫道安東組在奧地利的傳播模式。安東道場在奧地利的傳道活動主要集中於維也納、林茲與薩爾斯堡；在維也納和林茲，一貫道以離散宗教的角色，存在於具有不同國籍背景的海外華人社群，為奧地利華人形塑共有的離散認同。本文也討論安東組不同於其他道場的修行實踐方式：靜坐，其在維也納與薩爾斯堡如何吸引了一定人數的奧地利裔信眾參與。作為華人離散宗教，同時試圖在奧地利跨族裔傳播，安東組的傳道模式讓我們看見一貫道正在呈現的可關注性。
Abstract:This article examines the dissemination of an Yiguan Dao division, Andong, in Austria. Proselytizing activities of Andong are mainly conducted in Vienna, Linz, and Salzburg. In Vienna and Linz, Yiguan Dao has formed a diasporic religion for overseas Chinese from various national backgrounds. It caters to the Austrian Chinese community and engages in creating a shared diasporic identity. This paper also explores Andong’s most characteristic trait that distinguishes it from other divisions, namely, meditation. This practice seems to have attracted a number of Austrians to follow Yiguan Dao in both Vienna and Salzburg. Being a Chinese diasporic religion and attempting to spread cross-ethnically in Austria at the same time, Yiguan Dao is assuming new significance.摘要:本文探讨一贯道安东组在奥地利的传播模式。安东道场在奥地利的传道活动主要集中于维也纳、林兹与萨尔斯堡；在维也纳和林兹，一贯道以离散宗教的角色，存在于具有不同国籍背景的海外华人社群，为奥地利华人形塑共有的离散认同。本文也讨论安东组不同于其他道场的修行实践方式：静坐，其在维也纳与萨尔斯堡如何吸引了一定人数的奥地利裔信众参与。作为华人离散宗教，同时试图在奥地利跨族裔传播，安东组的传道模式让我们看见一贯道正在呈现的可关注性。
{"title":"The Expansion of the Andong Division of Yiguan Dao in Austria","authors":"Yeh-Ying Shen","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the dissemination of an Yiguan Dao division, Andong, in Austria. Proselytizing activities of Andong are mainly conducted in Vienna, Linz, and Salzburg. In Vienna and Linz, Yiguan Dao has formed a diasporic religion for overseas Chinese from various national backgrounds. It caters to the Austrian Chinese community and engages in creating a shared diasporic identity. This paper also explores Andong’s most characteristic trait that distinguishes it from other divisions, namely, meditation. This practice seems to have attracted a number of Austrians to follow Yiguan Dao in both Vienna and Salzburg. Being a Chinese diasporic religion and attempting to spread cross-ethnically in Austria at the same time, Yiguan Dao is assuming new significance.摘要:本文探討一貫道安東組在奧地利的傳播模式。安東道場在奧地利的傳道活動主要集中於維也納、林茲與薩爾斯堡；在維也納和林茲，一貫道以離散宗教的角色，存在於具有不同國籍背景的海外華人社群，為奧地利華人形塑共有的離散認同。本文也討論安東組不同於其他道場的修行實踐方式：靜坐，其在維也納與薩爾斯堡如何吸引了一定人數的奧地利裔信眾參與。作為華人離散宗教，同時試圖在奧地利跨族裔傳播，安東組的傳道模式讓我們看見一貫道正在呈現的可關注性。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48192874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Statues of the gods, or spirit images (shenxiang 神像), remain among the most ubiquitous material objects in the religious culture of modern-day Taiwan. Notwithstanding, research to date has yet to examine adequately the people and processes that produce, consecrate, and enshrine these statues, work that effects a transformation of these cult statues into sacred presences. How should we understand the relationship between these artistic and ritual processes and the resulting spirit image that is born out of them? The article argues that the spirit image at the heart of this study, a statue of the Daoist god Guangcheng Zi 廣成子, emerges in the context of its religious lifeworld not as a discrete entity, but rather as an “assemblage,” a coming together of the people who contribute to it, the materials those people use, and the specific spirits and divine powers those people invoke.摘要:神像仍普遍存在於現今台灣宗教文化中，此乃屬於物質性的文物之一。然而迄今為止針對相關人員，以及製造、開光、安座等使塑像轉化為聖物的過程，這類的研究仍不足。該如何理解這些藝術和科儀的過程之間的互動關係，進而了解這兩者與其生成之神像間的關係？這篇文章主要探討的主題為道教神明廣成子的神像，在宗教世界觀之下，其並不是以分離的實體存在，而是以一個「集合體」出現於此世界觀之中，此集合體包括了貢獻的人員、人員所使用之材料、以及他們所祈求的對象，例如神明、靈氣等。
{"title":"In the Shadow of the Spirit Image: The Production, Consecration, and Enshrinement of a Daoist Statue in Northern Taiwan","authors":"Aaron Reich","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Statues of the gods, or spirit images (shenxiang 神像), remain among the most ubiquitous material objects in the religious culture of modern-day Taiwan. Notwithstanding, research to date has yet to examine adequately the people and processes that produce, consecrate, and enshrine these statues, work that effects a transformation of these cult statues into sacred presences. How should we understand the relationship between these artistic and ritual processes and the resulting spirit image that is born out of them? The article argues that the spirit image at the heart of this study, a statue of the Daoist god Guangcheng Zi 廣成子, emerges in the context of its religious lifeworld not as a discrete entity, but rather as an “assemblage,” a coming together of the people who contribute to it, the materials those people use, and the specific spirits and divine powers those people invoke.摘要:神像仍普遍存在於現今台灣宗教文化中，此乃屬於物質性的文物之一。然而迄今為止針對相關人員，以及製造、開光、安座等使塑像轉化為聖物的過程，這類的研究仍不足。該如何理解這些藝術和科儀的過程之間的互動關係，進而了解這兩者與其生成之神像間的關係？這篇文章主要探討的主題為道教神明廣成子的神像，在宗教世界觀之下，其並不是以分離的實體存在，而是以一個「集合體」出現於此世界觀之中，此集合體包括了貢獻的人員、人員所使用之材料、以及他們所祈求的對象，例如神明、靈氣等。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47787402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Fifty Years That Changed Chinese Religion, 1898–1948 by Paul R. Katz and Vincent Goossaert (review)","authors":"J. Zu","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47360588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The study of Buddhism in modern Sichuan has been limited mostly to a few case studies and places. However, in-depth research reveals a richer picture, involving several rural and urban centers. This article seeks to redirect scholarly focus and give voice to monastics and institutions that are so far less known, bringing the peripheries to the center of the study of Chinese religions. Protagonists of this study include the monk Changyuan 昌圓(1879–1945), the nuns Fangchong 方崇 (1841–192?), Longshou 隆壽 (1910–2007), and Nengjing 能靜 (1909–1993), as well as sites like Jinsha Nunnery (Jinsha an 金沙庵) and Zhuyin Nunnery (Zhuyin si 竹隱寺). The article starts with reflections on the concept of (in)visibility. The second part explores small institutions and marginal communities in Chengdu, especially in the suburban regions Pi xian 郫縣 and Wenjiang xian 溫江縣. The final section explores connections between Changyuan and nuns, especially through an analysis of local education projects. This study gives voice to local Buddhist communities in Sichuan, while also detecting the participation of these local players in patterns and dynamics of modern Chinese Buddhism in general.摘要:關於近代四川佛教，研究的主題限於不多個案和地方。然而，深入的研究顯示了更豐富的、包括幾個農村和城市中心的圖景。這篇文章重新引導學術關注，表達不知名的僧侶和寺院，將邊緣地帶到中國宗教研究的中心。本文以昌圓法師（1879–1945）、方崇法師（1841–192？）、隆壽法師（1910–2007）、能靜法師（1909–1993）、金沙庵、竹隱寺等等僧尼與寺院為主。第一部分深思（不）可見性概念。第二部分探索成都的邊緣地區，特別是郫縣和溫江縣的小寺院和僧尼。第三部分探討昌圓與比丘尼之間的關係，尤其為比丘尼新開的教育機會和學校。本文分析四川當地的佛教特色，同時也解釋當地佛教如何參與近代中國佛教模式和動態。
{"title":"Monk Changyuan 昌圓 (1879–1945), Nuns in Chengdu, and Revaluation of Local Heritage: Voicing Local (In)Visible Narratives of Modern Sichuan Buddhism","authors":"Stefania Travagnin","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The study of Buddhism in modern Sichuan has been limited mostly to a few case studies and places. However, in-depth research reveals a richer picture, involving several rural and urban centers. This article seeks to redirect scholarly focus and give voice to monastics and institutions that are so far less known, bringing the peripheries to the center of the study of Chinese religions. Protagonists of this study include the monk Changyuan 昌圓(1879–1945), the nuns Fangchong 方崇 (1841–192?), Longshou 隆壽 (1910–2007), and Nengjing 能靜 (1909–1993), as well as sites like Jinsha Nunnery (Jinsha an 金沙庵) and Zhuyin Nunnery (Zhuyin si 竹隱寺). The article starts with reflections on the concept of (in)visibility. The second part explores small institutions and marginal communities in Chengdu, especially in the suburban regions Pi xian 郫縣 and Wenjiang xian 溫江縣. The final section explores connections between Changyuan and nuns, especially through an analysis of local education projects. This study gives voice to local Buddhist communities in Sichuan, while also detecting the participation of these local players in patterns and dynamics of modern Chinese Buddhism in general.摘要:關於近代四川佛教，研究的主題限於不多個案和地方。然而，深入的研究顯示了更豐富的、包括幾個農村和城市中心的圖景。這篇文章重新引導學術關注，表達不知名的僧侶和寺院，將邊緣地帶到中國宗教研究的中心。本文以昌圓法師（1879–1945）、方崇法師（1841–192？）、隆壽法師（1910–2007）、能靜法師（1909–1993）、金沙庵、竹隱寺等等僧尼與寺院為主。第一部分深思（不）可見性概念。第二部分探索成都的邊緣地區，特別是郫縣和溫江縣的小寺院和僧尼。第三部分探討昌圓與比丘尼之間的關係，尤其為比丘尼新開的教育機會和學校。本文分析四川當地的佛教特色，同時也解釋當地佛教如何參與近代中國佛教模式和動態。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43148994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Library of Clouds: The Scripture of the Immaculate Numen and the Rewriting of Daoist Texts by J. E. E. Pettit and Chao-Jan Chang (review)","authors":"Lucas A. Wolf","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2021.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2021.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49438250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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