Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102580
M. García Samuelsson , P.J. Tárraga López , A.A. López González , C. Busquets-Cortés , J. Obrador de Hevia , J.I. Ramírez Manent
Introduction
Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) describes obese individuals without evident metabolic disturbances. However, its relationship with cardiovascular risk remains controversial.
Objective
To assess cardiovascular risk using different risk scores among MHO individuals compared to metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and normal-weight subjects in a large cohort of Spanish workers.
Methods
Cross-sectional study including 68,884 obese workers (45,498 men and 23,386 women). MHO and MUO were classified according to NCEP-ATP III criteria. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using SCORE2, REGICOR, ERICE, DORICA, vascular age, and avoidable years of life lost.
Results
MHO individuals exhibited a better risk profile than MUO subjects but significantly worse than normal-weight individuals. Across all evaluated scores, MUO individuals showed the highest risk values, particularly among men. Lower educational attainment, low social class, physical inactivity, and smoking were independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
Conclusions
Although considered intermediate risk, MHO is not a clinically benign phenotype. Targeted preventive strategies are necessary to reduce the progression toward metabolically unhealthy states in this subgroup.
{"title":"Obesidad metabólicamente sana y riesgo cardiovascular: análisis de escalas de riesgo en una amplia cohorte poblacional","authors":"M. García Samuelsson , P.J. Tárraga López , A.A. López González , C. Busquets-Cortés , J. Obrador de Hevia , J.I. Ramírez Manent","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) describes obese individuals without evident metabolic disturbances. However, its relationship with cardiovascular risk remains controversial.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess cardiovascular risk using different risk scores among MHO individuals compared to metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and normal-weight subjects in a large cohort of Spanish workers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional study including 68,884 obese workers (45,498 men and 23,386 women). MHO and MUO were classified according to NCEP-ATP<!--> <!-->III criteria. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using SCORE2, REGICOR, ERICE, DORICA, vascular age, and avoidable years of life lost.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MHO individuals exhibited a better risk profile than MUO subjects but significantly worse than normal-weight individuals. Across all evaluated scores, MUO individuals showed the highest risk values, particularly among men. Lower educational attainment, low social class, physical inactivity, and smoking were independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although considered intermediate risk, MHO is not a clinically benign phenotype. Targeted preventive strategies are necessary to reduce the progression toward metabolically unhealthy states in this subgroup.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102580"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102545
D. García Elices, J. Dominguez Sanchez, M. Roman Garrido
{"title":"DoxyPEP: un enfoque innovador en la prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual desde la atención primaria","authors":"D. García Elices, J. Dominguez Sanchez, M. Roman Garrido","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102534
N. Fontanillas , I. Rivera , P. Baz , J. Pascual
Headache is among the most invalidating diseases for daily life activities and the most frequent consultation in Primary Care (PC). In spite of this, recent studies have shown that more training is necessary in PC, both in the diagnosis and treatment of headache patients. Our aim is to review, from a practical clinical view, the management of headache in PC, as well as to mention the new options for the treatment of patients with refractory primary headaches. With that objective, we revise the red flags for the diagnosis of serious secondary headache, the tricks for the diagnosis and initial treatment of primary headache, focusing in migraine, the headache which accounts for more than two-thirds of consultations due to headache in PC.
{"title":"¿Qué tengo que saber de cefaleas si soy médico de Atención Primaria?","authors":"N. Fontanillas , I. Rivera , P. Baz , J. Pascual","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Headache is among the most invalidating diseases for daily life activities and the most frequent consultation in Primary Care (PC). In spite of this, recent studies have shown that more training is necessary in PC, both in the diagnosis and treatment of headache patients. Our aim is to review, from a practical clinical view, the management of headache in PC, as well as to mention the new options for the treatment of patients with refractory primary headaches. With that objective, we revise the red flags for the diagnosis of serious secondary headache, the tricks for the diagnosis and initial treatment of primary headache, focusing in migraine, the headache which accounts for more than two-thirds of consultations due to headache in PC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102586
J. Polo , P. Rodríguez , I. Mediavilla , A. Pérez , L. Regadera , E. Fitas , C. Moreno , A. Prado , A. Izarra , R.M. Micó-Pérez , el Comité Científico de CARABELA-AP
Aim
The CARABELA-AP initiative aims to optimize the comprehensive management of prevalent chronic diseases (PCDs), such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure, within the Primary Care (PC) setting in Spain.
Material and methods
The CARABELA methodology is structured into four phases: (1) characterization of the care process and development of quality indicators; (2) validation of results in pilot centers and identification of areas for improvement and potential solutions; (3) prioritization of improvement areas/solutions and consensus on indicators in a national meeting using the Delphi methodology; and (4) dissemination of results and implementation in other healthcare centers through the development of a guide to optimize and coordinate PCD management.
Results
The analysis conducted in 104 pilot centers allowed for the characterization and standardization of the care process for the five PCDs, from diagnosis to follow-up. Additionally, 21 areas for improvement and 37 key solutions were identified and prioritized based on their impact and ease of implementation. Among the 35 quality indicators developed, 33 were validated.
Discussion
CARABELA-AP proposes the groundwork for transforming the PC care model by strengthening multidisciplinary coordination and promoting a more efficient and sustainable management of PCDs. The structured implementation of key solutions and identified areas for improvement supports a comprehensive approach that ensures continuity of care and equitable access to treatment for these conditions. Additionally, the developed framework enables the adaptation of strategies to the local needs of the healthcare centers and facilitates ongoing monitoring of their impact through quality care indicators.
{"title":"Redefiniendo la atención primaria: recomendaciones de CARABELA-AP para el manejo de enfermedades crónicas prevalentes","authors":"J. Polo , P. Rodríguez , I. Mediavilla , A. Pérez , L. Regadera , E. Fitas , C. Moreno , A. Prado , A. Izarra , R.M. Micó-Pérez , el Comité Científico de CARABELA-AP","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The CARABELA-AP initiative aims to optimize the comprehensive management of prevalent chronic diseases (PCDs), such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure, within the Primary Care (PC) setting in Spain.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>The CARABELA methodology is structured into four phases: (1) characterization of the care process and development of quality indicators; (2) validation of results in pilot centers and identification of areas for improvement and potential solutions; (3) prioritization of improvement areas/solutions and consensus on indicators in a national meeting using the Delphi methodology; and (4) dissemination of results and implementation in other healthcare centers through the development of a guide to optimize and coordinate PCD management.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis conducted in 104 pilot centers allowed for the characterization and standardization of the care process for the five PCDs, from diagnosis to follow-up. Additionally, 21 areas for improvement and 37 key solutions were identified and prioritized based on their impact and ease of implementation. Among the 35 quality indicators developed, 33 were validated.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>CARABELA-AP proposes the groundwork for transforming the PC care model by strengthening multidisciplinary coordination and promoting a more efficient and sustainable management of PCDs. The structured implementation of key solutions and identified areas for improvement supports a comprehensive approach that ensures continuity of care and equitable access to treatment for these conditions. Additionally, the developed framework enables the adaptation of strategies to the local needs of the healthcare centers and facilitates ongoing monitoring of their impact through quality care indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-05-22DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102522
C. Carrasco Noguero, A. Wandosell Álvarez, B. Sancho Sanroma, R. de la Fuente Cañíbano, J. Crespo del Hierro
{"title":"Linfoma post-COVID en la infancia: ¿casualidad o causalidad?","authors":"C. Carrasco Noguero, A. Wandosell Álvarez, B. Sancho Sanroma, R. de la Fuente Cañíbano, J. Crespo del Hierro","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102522","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-06-17DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102535
R. Moreno-Pérez de Tudela , H. Romero-Ramos , L. Cayuela-Rodríguez , I. Gabaldón-Rodríguez , A. Cayuela-Domínguez , M. Ortega-Calvo
From the enactment of the Apothecaries Act by the British government in 1815 until Halfdan Mahler convened the Alma-Ata conference in September 1978, a series of events took place that made up the shape and spirit of contemporary primary care. We wish to demonstrate to the reader that Alma-Ata was not a foundational phenomenon, but perhaps it was only the tip of a historical iceberg.
{"title":"La conferencia de Alma-Ata como final de un proceso histórico (1815-1979)","authors":"R. Moreno-Pérez de Tudela , H. Romero-Ramos , L. Cayuela-Rodríguez , I. Gabaldón-Rodríguez , A. Cayuela-Domínguez , M. Ortega-Calvo","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From the enactment of the Apothecaries Act by the British government in 1815 until Halfdan Mahler convened the Alma-Ata conference in September 1978, a series of events took place that made up the shape and spirit of contemporary primary care. We wish to demonstrate to the reader that Alma-Ata was not a foundational phenomenon, but perhaps it was only the tip of a historical iceberg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102552
A. Bellvert Ríos , C. Albaladejo Blanco , J. Sánchez de Vicente
{"title":"Alergia a la penicilina: dificultades y resistencias para el desetiquetado en atención primaria","authors":"A. Bellvert Ríos , C. Albaladejo Blanco , J. Sánchez de Vicente","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102552","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102575
D. Fetarayani , A. Vidyani , H. Sutanto
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, arises from complex interactions among genetics, immunity, environmental triggers, and, critically, the gut microbiome. Dysbiosis – marked by a loss of beneficial microbes and expansion of pro-inflammatory taxa – plays a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the central role of gut microbiota in IBD and explores evidence-based nutritional interventions aimed at restoring microbial balance and immune regulation. Dietary fiber, prebiotics, and fermented foods promote short-chain fatty acid production and barrier integrity, while omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols modulate inflammatory pathways. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), especially in Crohn's disease, alters microbial profiles and reduces mucosal inflammation. Targeted micronutrient supplementation addresses common deficiencies impacting immune function. Through the lens of microbiota modulation, dietary therapy emerges not merely as supportive care, but as a primary therapeutic tool in IBD management. Microbiome-directed nutrition offers promising adjunctive strategies to induce and maintain remission.
{"title":"Gut microbiome-centric nutritional strategies in inflammatory bowel disease: Modulating dysbiosis for therapeutic benefit","authors":"D. Fetarayani , A. Vidyani , H. Sutanto","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, arises from complex interactions among genetics, immunity, environmental triggers, and, critically, the gut microbiome. Dysbiosis – marked by a loss of beneficial microbes and expansion of pro-inflammatory taxa – plays a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the central role of gut microbiota in IBD and explores evidence-based nutritional interventions aimed at restoring microbial balance and immune regulation. Dietary fiber, prebiotics, and fermented foods promote short-chain fatty acid production and barrier integrity, while omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols modulate inflammatory pathways. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), especially in Crohn's disease, alters microbial profiles and reduces mucosal inflammation. Targeted micronutrient supplementation addresses common deficiencies impacting immune function. Through the lens of microbiota modulation, dietary therapy emerges not merely as supportive care, but as a primary therapeutic tool in IBD management. Microbiome-directed nutrition offers promising adjunctive strategies to induce and maintain remission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the increasing older adult population and the high prevalence of neurocognitive disorders hace led to a significant demographic shift, resulting in greater functional dependence and challenges in end – of – life decision – making. In response to this reality, the importance of Advance Care Planning (ACP) is emphasized as a key strategy to ensure that medical management aligns with patient preferences.
This study aims to analyze ACP from a family medicine perspective, identifying its benefits, barriers and implementation strategies in patients with neurocognitive disorders though an application protocol based on person – centered care and a holistic approach. Through a narrative review, 27 articles on ACP in primary care were selected. The main stakeholders identified include the patient, the surrogate decision maker, and the family physician. Furthermore, the study proposes the development of a protocol to facilitate the integration of ACP into routine medical consultations, ensuring its incorporation into clinical practice.
{"title":"Atención centrada en el paciente: una propuesta de implementación del Plan Anticipado de Atención en Salud (PAS) en trastornos neurocognitivos desde la medicina de familia","authors":"N.A. Castellanos Quiroga, E.H. Hernández Rincón, M.C. Barrios Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the increasing older adult population and the high prevalence of neurocognitive disorders hace led to a significant demographic shift, resulting in greater functional dependence and challenges in end – of – life decision – making. In response to this reality, the importance of Advance Care Planning (ACP) is emphasized as a key strategy to ensure that medical management aligns with patient preferences.</div><div>This study aims to analyze ACP from a family medicine perspective, identifying its benefits, barriers and implementation strategies in patients with neurocognitive disorders though an application protocol based on person – centered care and a holistic approach. Through a narrative review, 27 articles on ACP in primary care were selected. The main stakeholders identified include the patient, the surrogate decision maker, and the family physician. Furthermore, the study proposes the development of a protocol to facilitate the integration of ACP into routine medical consultations, ensuring its incorporation into clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102569
R. Moreno Moreno , C. Guerrero Martínez , I. Piñero del Rosario
{"title":"Síndrome de Ekbom, la importancia de reconocerlo","authors":"R. Moreno Moreno , C. Guerrero Martínez , I. Piñero del Rosario","doi":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semerg.2025.102569","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53212,"journal":{"name":"Medicina de Familia-SEMERGEN","volume":"51 8","pages":"Article 102569"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}