Alzheimer''s and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring最新文献

Introduction: A previous study of non-demented presenilin-1 (PSEN1) E280A carriers found basal forebrain and hippocampus, but not the thalamus, to be preserved. This study tested the hypothesis of preservation in an independent PSEN1 E280A sample and explored associations with amyloid and tau pathology.

Methods: We analyzed multimodal neuroimaging data from 57 individuals in the Colombia-Boston (COLBOS) cohort (non-carriers: 30 and carriers: 27). We used Bayesian multiple regression with priors to test our hypothesis.

Results: Carrier status had no effect on basal forebrain (Bayes factor [BF₁₀] = 0.54) and hippocampal volume (BF₁₀ = 1.05). However, smaller volumes were found in the thalamus of mutation carriers (BF₁₀ = 8.74). We found evidence against an effect of amyloid and tau pathology on basal forebrain, but evidence for an effect on the thalamus.

Discussion: Our results support the preservation of the cholinergic basal forebrain and hippocampus, while highlighting early thalamic involvement in PSEN1 E280A carriers. This has implications for future selection of treatment targets.

Highlights: Basal forebrain volume preserved in non-demented presenilin-1 (PSEN1) E280A carriers.Hippocampal volume preserved in non-demented PSEN1 E280A carriers.Thalamic atrophy observed in non-demented PSEN1 E280A carriers.No link between amyloid/tau pathology and basal forebrain volume.Tau burden linked to hippocampal and thalamic volume loss.

Background: Racial and/or ethnic differences in neuropsychological test performance are understudied in frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) but their identification is critical to identifying ways to improve care of representative FTD populations.

Methods: Differences in cognitive scores between Black (n = 56) and Hispanic (n = 76) relative to White (n = 2281) participants and the likelihood of impairment status in cognitive test performance were evaluated.

Results: Minoritized individuals had lower scores and/or greater likelihood of impairment on measures of lexical retrieval, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory but not global cognition, verbal recall, attention, and category fluency. Addition of severity, age (M = 65.18), sex (40% female), education (M = 15.62), and vascular comorbidities attenuated group differences.

Discussion: Racial/ethnic differences on neuropsychological tests used in diagnosis and monitoring of FTD were substantially attenuated when accounting for potential contributing factors. To address these differences in FTD, future efforts must increase representative research participation of patients and understand social determinants of health.

Highlights: Racially/ethnically minoritized individuals with frontotemporal dementia are severely underrepresented in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center datasetRacially/ethnically minoritized individuals with frontotemporal dementia obtained lower scores and greater likelihood of impairment on common neuropsychological testsThe effect of racial/ethnic group on neuropsychological test scores was substantially attenuated when adjusting for disease severity, education level, sex, and age.

Introduction: Dementia is a rising global health challenge. Advances in large-scale proteomics and genetic databases have enabled high-throughput screening approaches to uncover novel mechanistic pathways and therapeutic targets.

Methods: This study used a Mendelian randomization framework to examine genetic associations of 2172 plasma proteins (UK Biobank, n = 54,219) with: (1) dementia subtypes (FinnGen, n = 429,209), including Alzheimer's disease (n = 12,348), vascular dementia (n = 2667), and Parkinson's disease dementia (n = 589); and (2) global neuroimaging markers (UK Biobank), including white matter hyperintensities (n = 42,310), fractional anisotropy (n = 17,663), and mean diffusivity (n = 17,467).

Result: Multiple potential causal protein-outcome relationships were identified, corroborating known associations (e.g., apolipoprotein E, synaptosomal-associated protein 25) and uncovering more novel proteins (e.g., butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A2, granzyme A, contactin-2, and trefoil factor 3) potentially involved in dementia disease processes.

Discussion: The identified proteins have diverse functions spanning immune regulation, cellular proliferation, neuronal stability, and neuroinflammation. The findings increase our understanding of disease processes governing cognitive health and highlight candidate proteins with potential as new disease biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

Highlights: We used Mendelian randomization to link 2172 plasma proteins to dementia and brain imaging traits.Apolipoprotein E, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, and Fc receptor-like 3 showed protective associations across dementia subtypes.Butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A2, granzyme A, contactin-2, and trefoil factor 3 were uncovered as novel dementia-associated proteins.Immune, metabolic, and vascular pathways were implicated in the etiology of dementia.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) blood biomarkers could improve the diagnostic process for patients with cognitive complaints presenting to primary care. We investigated general practitioners' (GPs') perspectives on facilitating and hindering factors associated with the use and implementation of AD blood biomarkers.

Method: In this qualitative, semi-structured interview study, we used purposive sampling to recruit a heterogeneous group of 18 Dutch GPs. Qualitative data analysis of interview transcripts was based on the Theoretical Domains Framework.

Results: GPs believed that AD blood biomarkers could have both positive and negative consequences. Mentioned positive consequences included facilitating an accessible diagnostic process, clarity about the etiology, and life planning. Mentioned negative consequences were imposing a psychological burden on patients and possible AD over- or underdiagnosis.

Conclusion: While AD blood biomarkers may have potential benefits according to GPs, additional evidence, definition of context of use and logistics, and adoption of guidelines are needed for eventual implementation.

Highlights: GPs experience a knowledge gap regarding AD and AD blood biomarkersAD blood biomarkers could inform GPs, enabling decision-making in primary careGPs perceive various harms and benefits associated with the use of AD biomarkersInformation, education and guidelines are key factors for successful implementation.

Introduction: Counseling for early Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection is essential, especially regarding emerging blood-based biomarkers. The increasing need for counseling requires innovative approaches and simultaneously consideration of ethical issues.

Ethical considerations: Telemedicine is discussed as a means of providing more accessible and fairer health care. Nevertheless, barriers to accessing telemedicine are important to consider, such as required technical hardware and ethical criteria regarding interpersonal counseling, including individual adaptation of information to ensure self-determined decision-making. Regarding resource allocation, issues must be considered before telemedicine is implemented.

Theoretical reflection: Fair counseling structures require the discussion of resource allocation. To avoid justifying telemedical counseling based solely on cost-effectiveness and overlooking further ethical demands, we propose a ranked approach. To strengthening self-determined decisions, we argue that equal care structures can be built on these prerequisite aspects and enable realization of fair resource allocation as a last step.

Highlights: Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) facilitate easier access to risk assessment and early detection. Currently, insufficient pre-diagnostic counseling structures exist which support informed decision-making. Telemedicine may be a meaningful approach for innovative counseling services. However, unresolved ethical and legal issues regarding telemedical counseling services for the early detection of AD must first be addressed.Telemedical counseling in the early detection of AD is yet rarely discussed in the literature. Therefore, we combine insights from ethical analysis of telemedical counseling with the ethical issues of fair and empowering counseling in the early detection of AD separately. In a second step, we discuss the use of telemedical counseling for the early detection of AD inductively to highlight ethically relevant aspects and present our considerations in light of the principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.To provide ethical guidance for possible future implementation without overprioritizing one approach to counseling for the early detection of AD, considerations regarding fair resource allocation are required. We argue that three major ethical topics should be considered in the future: Strengthening individuals' autonomy, equal care structures, and fair resource allocation.

Introduction: Amyloid beta (Aβ), a hallmark of early Alzheimer's disease (AD), disrupts white matter (WM) microstructure, but its spatial patterns and transcriptomic links in cognitively normal individuals remain underexplored.

Methods: We compared the WM microstructure between Aβ-positive (Aβ+) and Aβ-negative (Aβ-) individuals at the cognitively normal stage. We investigated the relationship between the fibers and the cortical and subcortical regions to which they are connected, as well as the underlying gene expression.

Results: WM damage observed in Aβ+ individuals was characterized across eight fiber tracts, even prior to the evidence of atrophy and during the cognitive normal stage. This damage is primarily associated with cortical Aβ accumulation and may be linked to genes that regulate oligodendrocyte function and myelination.

Discussion: Cortical Aβ-related WM changes precede gray matter atrophy in preclinical AD, highlighting their potential as early biomarkers. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelination pathways may underlie Aβ-driven WM vulnerability, offering targets for intervention.

Highlights: WM microstructural changes precede gray matter atrophy in preclinical AD.Aβ-driven WM damage persists even after adjusting for age.WM microstructural damage is primarily linked to cortical Aβ burden in cognitively normal individuals.Oligodendrocytes and myelin underlie the vulnerability of WM-related to Aβ.

Background and objectives: Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a marker of neuroaxonal injury associated with cognitive decline. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has neuroprotective properties, but its interaction with neurodegeneration remains unclear. This study examined whether HDL moderates the association between NfL and cognitive performance.

Methods: Baseline data from 417 participants in the Aging Adult Brain Connectome study were analyzed. Plasma NfL and HDL were measured via Simoa and enzymatic assays; cognition was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC). Generalized linear models were used to evaluate NfL and HDL interactions, adjusting for demographics. Sensitivity analyses included apolipoprotein E ε4, body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides.

Results: Significant interaction effects were observed: MoCA (β = -1.86×10^-4, P = 0.006) and PACC (β = -4.0×10^-5, P = 0.004), indicating HDL moderates the negative association between NfL and cognition.

Discussion: These findings suggest that HDL modifies the cognitive impact of neurodegeneration, highlighting the importance of metabolic-neurological interactions.

Highlights: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol moderates the negative association between plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) and cognition.Higher HDL levels intensify the negative effect of NfL on cognitive performance.Findings challenge the assumption of HDL's uniformly protective role.Results support the integrated use of metabolic and neurodegenerative biomarkers.

Introduction: To establish and verify reference intervals (RIs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) plasma biomarkers amyloid beta (Aβ) 40, Aβ42, phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181), p-tau217, and total tau (t-tau) after defining optimal pre-analytical procedures.

Methods: Pre-analytical procedures were assessed, including storage of whole blood and plasma under different conditions and freeze-thaw times. RIs were established using 738 samples, with grouping by sex and age (≤ 44, 45 to 59, ≥60 years), and verified with 120 samples from four clinical centers.

Results: Samples stored at 2°C to 8°C for 22 to 28 h or -20°C to -80°C for 30 days were stable. Though sex/age differences in biomarker levels existed, they did not require partitioning. RIs of Aβ40, Aβ42, p-tau181, p-tau217, and t-tau were 12.71 to 283.6, 2.313 to 25.96, 0.8342 to 18.36, 0.3351 to 4.310, and 0.8096 to 18.65 pg/mL, respectively. The verification rates of RIs with the multicenter cohort (n = 120) were 93.33% to 99.14%.

Discussion: The established RIs for Chinese adults can potentially facilitate the early diagnosis of AD.

Highlights: Optimized pre-analytical procedures: Plasma levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, p-tau181, p-tau217, and t-tau are unstable at room temperature (25 ± 3°C) but remain stable for 22 to 28 h at 2°C to 8°C (fluctuation ≤10%). For long-term storage, -20°C to -80°C is suitable, with stability maintained for 30 days; ≤5 freeze-thaw cycles have minimal impact on biomarker levels.Established reference intervals (RIs) for healthy Chinese adults: Using non-parametric 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles, RIs were determined as follows: Aβ40 (12.71 to 283.6 pg/mL), Aβ42 (2.313 to 25.96 pg/mL), p-tau181 (0.8342 to 18.36 pg/mL), p-tau217 (0.3351 to 4.310 pg/mL), and t-tau (0.8096 to 18.65 pg/mL).Validated multicenter applicability: Verification with 120 samples from four clinical centers showed that 93.33% to 99.14% of samples fell within the established RIs, confirming broad applicability.No need for stratification by sex or age: Despite significant differences in some biomarkers between sexes (e.g., higher p-tau181/217 in males) and age groups (e.g., age-related increase in Aβ40), Harris-Boyd tests indicated no requirement for stratification, supporting combined RIs.Clinical value: These RIs and pre-analytical guidelines facilitate standardized early diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapeutic monitoring of AD in the Chinese population.

Introduction: Biological age (BA) measures were developed to capture changes in aging that chronological age does not. We aimed to investigate the association between BA and cognitive performance and whether the Klotho protein mediated this association.

Methods: We used data from participants aged 60 years or older from Mexico, India, the United States, and England. We used linear regression to investigate the association between BA and cognitive performance. Mediation analysis using data from the United States used the counterfactual framework.

Results: In 8547 participants, 53.6% were women, mean (SD) chronological age was 69.6 (7.6) years and mean (SD) biological age 70.2 (9.6) years. Higher biological age was associated with poorer cognitive performance across all evaluated countries. Klotho did not mediate these associations.

Discussion: Implementing the BA metric at the population level could help identify individuals at higher risk of poorer cognitive performance, facilitating targeted interventions.

Highlights: Increasing biological age is associated with poorer global cognitive performance in older adults.Accelerated aging is associated with poorer cognitive performance in all countries studied.Klotho did not mediate the association between biological age and cognition.Implementing biological age metrics may help identify high-risk individuals.

Introduction: Harmonizing cognitive measures across population-based studies facilitates direct comparisons of cognitive decline despite differing study protocols.

Methods: Cognitive performance data from 2012-2022 were harmonized across the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). We compared baseline harmonized scores stratified by demographics and examined demographic and health risk factor associations with cognitive change using multi-level generalized linear models, contrasting results with those from a sum-of-word-recall measure.

Results: Cross-sectionally, lower harmonized scores were associated with older age and less education. Longitudinally, greater cognitive decline measured by changes in harmonized scores correlated with older age, less education, underweight body mass index, low physical activity, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes. Associations were stronger for harmonized scores than for sum of word recall alone.

Discussion: Harmonized scores effectively capture cognitive performance and decline, demonstrating stronger relationships with demographic and health factors than word recall scores alone.

Highlights: Statistical harmonization is a valuable tool for undertaking comparative analysis when data collection protocols differ.We derived a harmonized general cognitive performance factor score for the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), two of the largest, nationally representative longitudinal samples of the middle-aged and older adult population in the United States.The factor score showed patterns of change across exposure groups consistent with prior literature, and it outperformed a simple sum score of immediate and delayed word recall tests.