Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum against Galleria mellonella larvae was studied using two application methods, immersion and injection. G. mellonella last instar larvae were immersed and injected with fungal suspensions of different conidial concentrations (1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia mL–1) and mortality was recorded daily. P. lilacinum showed pathogenicity at the different concentrations by both methods. P. lilacinum was highly infectious for G. mellonella causing 100% larval mortality within 7 days post-immersion with 1 × 108 concentrations. The median lethal time (LT50) was 1.83 days. Using the injection method, 1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105 concentrations caused 100% larval mortality within 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after injection respectively. The median lethal time (LT50) was 1, 1.47, 1.96, aand 2.05 days, respectively. For both methods (immersion and injection) the lethal concentration of P. lilacinum that caused 50% larval mortality (LC50) was 3.1 × 10 4 and 4.7 × 103 conidia mL–1, respectively. Both methods were effective on larvae, but the injection method was more effective than immersion method at 4.7 × 103 conidia mL–1 causing 50% larval mortality. For immersion and injection methods, the median lethal times (LT50) at the concentrations of 1.0 × 108 conidia mL–1 were 1.83 and 1 days, respectively. The pathogenicity results obtained from this isolate using the model insect G. mellonella showed that P. lilacinum can be used as a potential biopesticidal agent against lepidopteran pests.
{"title":"Entomopathogenic potential of Purpureocillium lilacinum against the model insect Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","authors":"S. Demirci, H. Altuntaş","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.06","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum against Galleria mellonella larvae was studied using two application methods, immersion and injection. G. mellonella last instar larvae were immersed and injected with fungal suspensions of different conidial concentrations (1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia mL–1) and mortality was recorded daily. P. lilacinum showed pathogenicity at the different concentrations by both methods. P. lilacinum was highly infectious for G. mellonella causing 100% larval mortality within 7 days post-immersion with 1 × 108 concentrations. The median lethal time (LT50) was 1.83 days. Using the injection method, 1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105 concentrations caused 100% larval mortality within 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after injection respectively. The median lethal time (LT50) was 1, 1.47, 1.96, aand 2.05 days, respectively. For both methods (immersion and injection) the lethal concentration of P. lilacinum that caused 50% larval mortality (LC50) was 3.1 × 10 4 and 4.7 × 103 conidia mL–1, respectively. Both methods were effective on larvae, but the injection method was more effective than immersion method at 4.7 × 103 conidia mL–1 causing 50% larval mortality. For immersion and injection methods, the median lethal times (LT50) at the concentrations of 1.0 × 108 conidia mL–1 were 1.83 and 1 days, respectively. The pathogenicity results obtained from this isolate using the model insect G. mellonella showed that P. lilacinum can be used as a potential biopesticidal agent against lepidopteran pests.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68285918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The textile industries play a major role in the economy of India. In addition to this, they exert acute and/or chronic effects on environment by discharge of effluent in the environment. This study was designed to assess the cyto genotoxicity of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) on freshwater fish Catla catla, using DNA damage in gill cells and blood cells as sensitive biomarkers. For this, fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of RR120 (0.35, 0.7, 3.5 mg L–1). Samples (gills and peripheral blood) were collected and analyzed at fixed intervals (10, 20 and 30 days) and were compared with those of the control. Some nuclear changes were observed, such as micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), fragmented-apoptotic (FA) and bi-nucleated (BN) cells in both peripheral blood cells and gill cells. All the abnormalities showed doseand time-dependent increase and were higher in the gill cells. The results clearly revealed the most significant change for MN, followed by FA, BN and NB in both samples. Hence, RR120 has a potential to damage DNA in cells and exerts genotoxic impact on fish. These findings also suggest the possible toxicity of RR120 to humans by direct or indirect exposure.
{"title":"Cytogenotoxicity of azo dye Reactive Red 120 (RR120) on fish Catla catla","authors":"Avni I. Parmar, Alkesh I. Shah","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.15","url":null,"abstract":"The textile industries play a major role in the economy of India. In addition to this, they exert acute and/or chronic effects on environment by discharge of effluent in the environment. This study was designed to assess the cyto genotoxicity of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) on freshwater fish Catla catla, using DNA damage in gill cells and blood cells as sensitive biomarkers. For this, fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of RR120 (0.35, 0.7, 3.5 mg L–1). Samples (gills and peripheral blood) were collected and analyzed at fixed intervals (10, 20 and 30 days) and were compared with those of the control. Some nuclear changes were observed, such as micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), fragmented-apoptotic (FA) and bi-nucleated (BN) cells in both peripheral blood cells and gill cells. All the abnormalities showed doseand time-dependent increase and were higher in the gill cells. The results clearly revealed the most significant change for MN, followed by FA, BN and NB in both samples. Hence, RR120 has a potential to damage DNA in cells and exerts genotoxic impact on fish. These findings also suggest the possible toxicity of RR120 to humans by direct or indirect exposure.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68285791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Survey of data on Latvian freshwater crayfish species distribution and occurrence in different waterbodies (404 lakes, 368 rivers and 47 reservoirs, nine quarry reservoirs) across the territory in the last decades from 1988 to 2018 were performed with the aim to compare field data with previous research, inquiries and grey data. The most frequently occurring species was native noble crayfish Astacus astacus and the introduced narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylis, with incidence of 26 and 5% from surveyed waterbodies, respectively. The invasive alien crayfish species Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus leniusculus occured in 23 (2.8%) and 10 (1.2%) of waterbodies, respectively. The history of invasion of alien crayfish species was analysed. Survey results demonstrated that in the last decades noble crayfish occurrence decreased, or their presence was not detected due to low population density. The occurrence of other species, especially invasive spiny-cheek crayfish, was increasing.
{"title":"Alien crayfish species in Latvian inland waters","authors":"J. Birzaks, A. Skute","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.05","url":null,"abstract":"Survey of data on Latvian freshwater crayfish species distribution and occurrence in different waterbodies (404 lakes, 368 rivers and 47 reservoirs, nine quarry reservoirs) across the territory in the last decades from 1988 to 2018 were performed with the aim to compare field data with previous research, inquiries and grey data. The most frequently occurring species was native noble crayfish Astacus astacus and the introduced narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylis, with incidence of 26 and 5% from surveyed waterbodies, respectively. The invasive alien crayfish species Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus leniusculus occured in 23 (2.8%) and 10 (1.2%) of waterbodies, respectively. The history of invasion of alien crayfish species was analysed. Survey results demonstrated that in the last decades noble crayfish occurrence decreased, or their presence was not detected due to low population density. The occurrence of other species, especially invasive spiny-cheek crayfish, was increasing.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68285821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by Aspergillus fumigatus S101 isolated from a coal mining environment","authors":"","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68285978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative study of citric acid production from different agro-industrial wastes by Aspergillus niger isolated from mangrove forest soil","authors":"","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68286034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tissue recalcitrance remains a major problem limiting woody plant propagation using in vitro biotechnology methods. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and high phenol concentration in woody tissues are considered as the main reasons for tissue recalcitrance in tissue culture. In this study, oxidative enzyme activity and total phenolic concentration were analyzed in vitro in both rejuvenated and mature shoots of birch. The effect of two factors – subculture time and medium sucrose concentration – on peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, and total phenolic concentration in rejuvenated shoots were determined as possible rejuvenationaffecting factors. The results showed that mature shoots had increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in shoot apices and stems but higher phenolic concentration in leaves as compared to rejuvenated shoots. Prolonged subculture time had significant effect on peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity in shoot apices, and thus this factor did not affect maturation. However, high sucrose concentration significantly increased total phenolic concentration in leaves and polyphenol oxidase activity in all plant parts, thus enhancing shoot maturation and recalcitrance in vitro.
{"title":"Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase activity and total phenolic concentration in birch (Betula pendula) in vitro shoots during rejuvenation","authors":"Elva Girgžde, I. Samsone, A. Gailis","doi":"10.22364/eeb.17.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.17.04","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue recalcitrance remains a major problem limiting woody plant propagation using in vitro biotechnology methods. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and high phenol concentration in woody tissues are considered as the main reasons for tissue recalcitrance in tissue culture. In this study, oxidative enzyme activity and total phenolic concentration were analyzed in vitro in both rejuvenated and mature shoots of birch. The effect of two factors – subculture time and medium sucrose concentration – on peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, and total phenolic concentration in rejuvenated shoots were determined as possible rejuvenationaffecting factors. The results showed that mature shoots had increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in shoot apices and stems but higher phenolic concentration in leaves as compared to rejuvenated shoots. Prolonged subculture time had significant effect on peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity in shoot apices, and thus this factor did not affect maturation. However, high sucrose concentration significantly increased total phenolic concentration in leaves and polyphenol oxidase activity in all plant parts, thus enhancing shoot maturation and recalcitrance in vitro.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68285760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC), is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of chickpea in the world. In order to study the genetic diversity of Iranian FOC isolates, sixty five isolates of the pathogen were isolated from wilted chickpea plants from different chickpea growing areas of West of Iran. Phylogenetic analysis using ISSR and DAMD-PCR markers grouped FOC isolates into six and five distinct groups, respectively. Both ISSR and DAMD-PCR markers showed a high level of polymorphism and were found to be effective in determining genetic diversity in FOC isolates. The genetic structure of 65 FOC isolates showed the highest peak at K = 5 indicating the that the collected FOC isolates should be divided into five populations. The results of FOC grouping by ISSR and DAMDPCR markers showed relatively low correlation with geographic origins. Overall, our results showed a high genetic diversity level in Iranian FOC isolates, which might be mediated by gene mutation or chromosomal segment loss and may suggest a longer evolutionary period for FOC isolates from the chickpea growing area in the west of Iran. The results of the presented study will be useful to chickpea breeders for effective selection of durable resistance sources.
{"title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the causal agent of chickpea wilt, using ISSR and DAMD-PCR markers","authors":"M. K. Montakhabi, G. S. Bonjar, R. Talebi","doi":"10.22364/eeb.16.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.16.20","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC), is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of chickpea in the world. In order to study the genetic diversity of Iranian FOC isolates, sixty five isolates of the pathogen were isolated from wilted chickpea plants from different chickpea growing areas of West of Iran. Phylogenetic analysis using ISSR and DAMD-PCR markers grouped FOC isolates into six and five distinct groups, respectively. Both ISSR and DAMD-PCR markers showed a high level of polymorphism and were found to be effective in determining genetic diversity in FOC isolates. The genetic structure of 65 FOC isolates showed the highest peak at K = 5 indicating the that the collected FOC isolates should be divided into five populations. The results of FOC grouping by ISSR and DAMDPCR markers showed relatively low correlation with geographic origins. Overall, our results showed a high genetic diversity level in Iranian FOC isolates, which might be mediated by gene mutation or chromosomal segment loss and may suggest a longer evolutionary period for FOC isolates from the chickpea growing area in the west of Iran. The results of the presented study will be useful to chickpea breeders for effective selection of durable resistance sources.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45090406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Šķipars, M. Siaredzich, V. Belevich, Natālija Bruņeviča, L. Brūna, D. Ruņģis
Phoma blight is a disease affecting Norway spruce, Scots pine and other conifer seedlings in many forest tree nurseries throughout the world. Members of the Phoma genus, the causatives of this disease, are difficult to distinguish morphologically and genetically. In this study the use of a retrotransposon-based polymerase chain reaction approach using iPBS amplification for intra-species genetic discrimination between Phoma samples is described. Eight retrotransposon-based iPBS primers were used to genotype DNA from pure cultures of several Phoma species. The utilised markers were able to discriminate between Phoma species, but not all of them were able to differentiate all Phoma sp. isolates investigated. Belarusian samples were found to be distinct from the Latvian Phoma isolates. The Belorussian isolates were very similar to each other. A combination of three iPBS markers (2001, 2076 and 2242) enabled partial differentiation of the investigated Belarusian Phoma isolates.
{"title":"Genetic differentiation of Phoma sp. isolates using retrotransposon-based iPBS assays","authors":"V. Šķipars, M. Siaredzich, V. Belevich, Natālija Bruņeviča, L. Brūna, D. Ruņģis","doi":"10.22364/eeb.16.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.16.22","url":null,"abstract":"Phoma blight is a disease affecting Norway spruce, Scots pine and other conifer seedlings in many forest tree nurseries throughout the world. Members of the Phoma genus, the causatives of this disease, are difficult to distinguish morphologically and genetically. In this study the use of a retrotransposon-based polymerase chain reaction approach using iPBS amplification for intra-species genetic discrimination between Phoma samples is described. Eight retrotransposon-based iPBS primers were used to genotype DNA from pure cultures of several Phoma species. The utilised markers were able to discriminate between Phoma species, but not all of them were able to differentiate all Phoma sp. isolates investigated. Belarusian samples were found to be distinct from the Latvian Phoma isolates. The Belorussian isolates were very similar to each other. A combination of three iPBS markers (2001, 2076 and 2242) enabled partial differentiation of the investigated Belarusian Phoma isolates.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of physical factors on activities of honey bees: potential hazards and future perspectives","authors":"","doi":"10.22364/eeb.16.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.16.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Suljević, Erna Islamagić, Filip Filipić, M. Fočak
Total number and types of hemocytes were analysed in hemolymph of Roman snail (Helix pomatia L.). Significant differences in the number and types of hemocytes during the season at different locations were identified. The average number of hemocytes ranged from 154 to 288 per 10 μL of hemolymph. The highest number of hemocytes was recorded in snails at higher altitudes. Significant intergroup differences between all sites were identified. The most numerous hemocytes were granulocytes, followed by agranulocytes, while hyalinocytes were the least common in the post-hibernation period. Post hoc analysis showed certain intragroup differences for most locations except for comparison between wet habitat and habitats with anthropogenic influence, and between wet habitats and urban place with wet vegetation. A large number of transformed hemocytes in the encapsulated phase were identified in snail hemolymph infected with flat worms. Our results represent the first record of data for the number of hemocytes in molluscs and the first data for hemocytes of Helix pomatia. Further investigations and development of a uniform classification of hemocytes and their role in the immune response would be necessary in the future.
{"title":"Seasonally dependent morphological variations of circulating hemocytes in Helix pomatia","authors":"D. Suljević, Erna Islamagić, Filip Filipić, M. Fočak","doi":"10.22364/eeb.16.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.16.21","url":null,"abstract":"Total number and types of hemocytes were analysed in hemolymph of Roman snail (Helix pomatia L.). Significant differences in the number and types of hemocytes during the season at different locations were identified. The average number of hemocytes ranged from 154 to 288 per 10 μL of hemolymph. The highest number of hemocytes was recorded in snails at higher altitudes. Significant intergroup differences between all sites were identified. The most numerous hemocytes were granulocytes, followed by agranulocytes, while hyalinocytes were the least common in the post-hibernation period. Post hoc analysis showed certain intragroup differences for most locations except for comparison between wet habitat and habitats with anthropogenic influence, and between wet habitats and urban place with wet vegetation. A large number of transformed hemocytes in the encapsulated phase were identified in snail hemolymph infected with flat worms. Our results represent the first record of data for the number of hemocytes in molluscs and the first data for hemocytes of Helix pomatia. Further investigations and development of a uniform classification of hemocytes and their role in the immune response would be necessary in the future.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46417618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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