Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.2
Bolanle Stephen Oladokun, Oladiran Boniface Oladokun, A. A. Aje
This study was carried out to evaluate the attitude and perception of healthcare professionals towards medication errors. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to nurses, pharmacists and physicians at the University College Hospital of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Most of the study participants, 444 (55.5%) and 472 (59.0%) had excellent attitudes and perceptions of medication errors, respectively. Most of the healthcare practitioners (89.1% nurses, 71.8% pharmacists and 66.7% physicians) disagreed with the statement that medication errors are unavoidable and are merely expected daily mistakes. It was observed that 35.5%, 37.6% and 66.7% of the nurses and pharmacists, and physicians, respectively, agreed with the statement that persons responsible for medication errors should be liable for legal actions. Suggestions made by the healthcare professionals on measures to prevent medication errors included recruitment of new staff to increase staff strength (32.8%), training on medication errors (21.4%) and legible handwriting of prescribers (9.4%). The prevalence of unreported medication errors by the study participants was 24.9%. Reasons for not reporting medication error committed included that it was trivial and had no adverse effect on the patient (32.3%), excess workload (26.9%) and fear of reprimand (17.7%). The healthcare professionals displayed excellent attitudes and perceptions of medication errors. An increase in staff strength and training on medication errors were major measures suggested by the study participants to prevent medication errors.
{"title":"Cross-Sectional Study on the Attitude and Perception of Healthcare Practitioners Towards Medication Errors in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital","authors":"Bolanle Stephen Oladokun, Oladiran Boniface Oladokun, A. A. Aje","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate the attitude and perception of healthcare professionals towards medication errors. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to nurses, pharmacists and physicians at the University College Hospital of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Most of the study participants, 444 (55.5%) and 472 (59.0%) had excellent attitudes and perceptions of medication errors, respectively. Most of the healthcare practitioners (89.1% nurses, 71.8% pharmacists and 66.7% physicians) disagreed with the statement that medication errors are unavoidable and are merely expected daily mistakes. It was observed that 35.5%, 37.6% and 66.7% of the nurses and pharmacists, and physicians, respectively, agreed with the statement that persons responsible for medication errors should be liable for legal actions. Suggestions made by the healthcare professionals on measures to prevent medication errors included recruitment of new staff to increase staff strength (32.8%), training on medication errors (21.4%) and legible handwriting of prescribers (9.4%). The prevalence of unreported medication errors by the study participants was 24.9%. Reasons for not reporting medication error committed included that it was trivial and had no adverse effect on the patient (32.3%), excess workload (26.9%) and fear of reprimand (17.7%). The healthcare professionals displayed excellent attitudes and perceptions of medication errors. An increase in staff strength and training on medication errors were major measures suggested by the study participants to prevent medication errors.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49567335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.9
M. Danial, Ann L Arulappen, S. A. Soelar, A. Ch’ng, I. Looi
Battling the COVID-19 pandemic still is the main agenda of many countries in the world today. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in Malaysia in 2020. Data was obtained from the daily press conference on the COVID-19 situation in Malaysia. Only information on daily deaths were collected for the purpose of this study. A total of 471 COVID-19 deaths reported in Malaysia in 2020. Number of deaths reported for the age categories < 65 years old and ≥ 65 years old were almost equal. Majority of deaths were reported among male (66.2%), Malaysian (82.8%), from the state of Sabah (56.3%) and with comorbidities (75.4%). Commonly reported comorbidities were hypertension (53.1%), diabetes mellitus (37.6%) and heart disease (17.4%). Gout was more prevalent and attributed to significant rate of mortality in individuals ≥ 65 years old (6.1%; p = 0.011), whereas obesity (5.8%; p = 0.003) and asthma (4.5%; p = 0.040) were more prevalent and attributed to significant rate of mortality in individuals < 65 years old. Heart disease was more prevalent among males (n = 64, 20.5%; p = 0.013) and obesity was more prevalent among women (n = 11, 6.9%; p = 0.003). Furthermore, presence of comorbidities was significantly higher in Malaysians (p < 0.001) with two and more comorbidities (p = 0.007). Early detection of risk factors for critical conditions is urgently required to provide adequate supportive treatment.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Individuals Died with COVID-19 in Malaysia","authors":"M. Danial, Ann L Arulappen, S. A. Soelar, A. Ch’ng, I. Looi","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Battling the COVID-19 pandemic still is the main agenda of many countries in the world today. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in Malaysia in 2020. Data was obtained from the daily press conference on the COVID-19 situation in Malaysia. Only information on daily deaths were collected for the purpose of this study. A total of 471 COVID-19 deaths reported in Malaysia in 2020. Number of deaths reported for the age categories < 65 years old and ≥ 65 years old were almost equal. Majority of deaths were reported among male (66.2%), Malaysian (82.8%), from the state of Sabah (56.3%) and with comorbidities (75.4%). Commonly reported comorbidities were hypertension (53.1%), diabetes mellitus (37.6%) and heart disease (17.4%). Gout was more prevalent and attributed to significant rate of mortality in individuals ≥ 65 years old (6.1%; p = 0.011), whereas obesity (5.8%; p = 0.003) and asthma (4.5%; p = 0.040) were more prevalent and attributed to significant rate of mortality in individuals < 65 years old. Heart disease was more prevalent among males (n = 64, 20.5%; p = 0.013) and obesity was more prevalent among women (n = 11, 6.9%; p = 0.003). Furthermore, presence of comorbidities was significantly higher in Malaysians (p < 0.001) with two and more comorbidities (p = 0.007). Early detection of risk factors for critical conditions is urgently required to provide adequate supportive treatment.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41259684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.12
Ibrahim A. Shehu, A. Datta
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (licorice) has been widely studied because of the possible ethnopharmacological benefit. It was among the essential Ayurvedic medicines studied for immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepato-protective activities. Nowadays, licorice’s root parts have been evaluated to contain numerous bioactive components responsible for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illnesses. Most importantly, several investigations have now assessed the multiple mechanisms by which these biomolecules could attack the essential proteins and enzymes responsible for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and interaction. Our findings gathered that the metabolites of Glycyrrhiza glabra could interfere with COVID-19 cellular entrance and replication by blocking all five key proteins and enzymes essential for the survival and attachment of the virus. In addition to their ability to neutralise, the inflammatory cytokines storm reaction following the COVID-19 viral infection. This review was designed to digest the potential pharmacological importance of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its likeness in combating the pandemic COVID-19.
{"title":"Therapeutic Profile of Glycyrrhiza glabra: A Ray of Hope in Treating COVID-19","authors":"Ibrahim A. Shehu, A. Datta","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (licorice) has been widely studied because of the possible ethnopharmacological benefit. It was among the essential Ayurvedic medicines studied for immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepato-protective activities. Nowadays, licorice’s root parts have been evaluated to contain numerous bioactive components responsible for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illnesses. Most importantly, several investigations have now assessed the multiple mechanisms by which these biomolecules could attack the essential proteins and enzymes responsible for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and interaction. Our findings gathered that the metabolites of Glycyrrhiza glabra could interfere with COVID-19 cellular entrance and replication by blocking all five key proteins and enzymes essential for the survival and attachment of the virus. In addition to their ability to neutralise, the inflammatory cytokines storm reaction following the COVID-19 viral infection. This review was designed to digest the potential pharmacological importance of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its likeness in combating the pandemic COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46235877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.3
Ghanesh Muniandy, Chong Shu Xian
Curcumin is a natural hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the curcuminoids of Curcuma longa. Curcumin is commonly known as turmeric and it gains the interest of scientific and clinical researchers as it exhibits great pharmacological benefits such as anti-cancer, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Nevertheless, curcumin is still not an approved drug in clinical settings due to its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Therefore, a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was used as an approach to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. The microemulsion was devised in a pre-formulation phase using a surfactant (Tween 80), a co-surfactant (polyethylene glycol, PEG 400), a lipid phase (palm oil) and an aqueous phase (water). A ternary phase diagram was used to identify the self-microemulsifying region in a formulation. Five of these formulations (F1, F2, F4, F7 and F10) were found to be stable with no phase separation observed upon overnight storage. All of the five formulations (except F4) possessed a high percentage of transmittance (86%–100%), which signified the formation of a stable microemulsion when they were diluted in a 1:100 ratio by water. Curcumin microemulsions were formulated by loading curcumin into F1, F2, F7 and F10. Only F1 and F2 curcumin microemulsions exhibit a clear appearance, however, F7 and F10 form a turbid solution, which indicates the formation of the emulsion. The results indicated that F1 and F2 which contain a high surfactant/co-surfactant-to-oil ratio of 9:1 is optimum to formulate the curcumin microemulsions.
{"title":"Optimisation of Curcumin Microemulsions Using Palm Oil","authors":"Ghanesh Muniandy, Chong Shu Xian","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Curcumin is a natural hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the curcuminoids of Curcuma longa. Curcumin is commonly known as turmeric and it gains the interest of scientific and clinical researchers as it exhibits great pharmacological benefits such as anti-cancer, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Nevertheless, curcumin is still not an approved drug in clinical settings due to its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Therefore, a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was used as an approach to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. The microemulsion was devised in a pre-formulation phase using a surfactant (Tween 80), a co-surfactant (polyethylene glycol, PEG 400), a lipid phase (palm oil) and an aqueous phase (water). A ternary phase diagram was used to identify the self-microemulsifying region in a formulation. Five of these formulations (F1, F2, F4, F7 and F10) were found to be stable with no phase separation observed upon overnight storage. All of the five formulations (except F4) possessed a high percentage of transmittance (86%–100%), which signified the formation of a stable microemulsion when they were diluted in a 1:100 ratio by water. Curcumin microemulsions were formulated by loading curcumin into F1, F2, F7 and F10. Only F1 and F2 curcumin microemulsions exhibit a clear appearance, however, F7 and F10 form a turbid solution, which indicates the formation of the emulsion. The results indicated that F1 and F2 which contain a high surfactant/co-surfactant-to-oil ratio of 9:1 is optimum to formulate the curcumin microemulsions.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.7
Mohd Firdaus Mohd Yatim, Nour Hanah Othman
Medication errors (MEs) have been recognised as a global issue. The occurrence of MEs can lead to serious clinical outcomes and represents a significant concern for healthcare providers and policymakers. This study aims to analyse the characteristics and pattern of MEs reported at Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun (HRPB), Ipoh in 2019. This study was conducted by reviewing ME reports at the HRPB from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. A total of 1,066 ME reports were received by the Drug Information Centre (DIC) of the HRPB in 2019. However, only 1,045 reports that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed. From these reports, 97.5% of errors were classified as near-misses. The actual error rate is only 2.5%. More than four-fifth of the overall reports originated from the wards (91.1%). The mean age of the patients exposed to MEs was 47.64 ± 24.32 years. Collectively, the geriatrics patients were the largest identified group that encountered MEs (n = 387, 37.1%). The prescribing stage accounted (97.4%) for almost all the MEs. Cases of wrong dose (52.3%) contributed to more than half of the overall error. About 99.4% of the errors had no harmful effect on the patient’s health conditions. The cardiovascular system (25.0%) was the most common drug class involved in ME. Staff factor was believed to be the principal contributing factors that lead to MEs. Majority of the MEs were detected and reported by the pharmacist. Effective implementation of proper guidelines and existing preventive strategies would help in reducing and eliminating MEs, thus improving clinical practices and ensure patients’ safety.
{"title":"A Retrospective Analysis of Medication Errors at a Tertiary Hospital in a Northern State of Malaysia","authors":"Mohd Firdaus Mohd Yatim, Nour Hanah Othman","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Medication errors (MEs) have been recognised as a global issue. The occurrence of MEs can lead to serious clinical outcomes and represents a significant concern for healthcare providers and policymakers. This study aims to analyse the characteristics and pattern of MEs reported at Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun (HRPB), Ipoh in 2019. This study was conducted by reviewing ME reports at the HRPB from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. A total of 1,066 ME reports were received by the Drug Information Centre (DIC) of the HRPB in 2019. However, only 1,045 reports that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed. From these reports, 97.5% of errors were classified as near-misses. The actual error rate is only 2.5%. More than four-fifth of the overall reports originated from the wards (91.1%). The mean age of the patients exposed to MEs was 47.64 ± 24.32 years. Collectively, the geriatrics patients were the largest identified group that encountered MEs (n = 387, 37.1%). The prescribing stage accounted (97.4%) for almost all the MEs. Cases of wrong dose (52.3%) contributed to more than half of the overall error. About 99.4% of the errors had no harmful effect on the patient’s health conditions. The cardiovascular system (25.0%) was the most common drug class involved in ME. Staff factor was believed to be the principal contributing factors that lead to MEs. Majority of the MEs were detected and reported by the pharmacist. Effective implementation of proper guidelines and existing preventive strategies would help in reducing and eliminating MEs, thus improving clinical practices and ensure patients’ safety.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47364178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4
A. Shafie, B. Y. Tan, A. W. Azman, S. C. Ong
Different attires may bring different perceptions, level of trust, status and transmits social signals towards pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. The objectives of the study were to explore the public perception of community pharmacist attire and the association of respondents’ sociodemographics with their preferences for community pharmacist attire. This was a cross-sectional, convenience sampling study among 200 general public adults (> 18 years old) in community pharmacies setting in Malaysia. A face validated Likert-type questionnaire was administered to assess the public perceptions and their preferences on community pharmacist attire. Four sets of model photographs with variation in gender, ethnicity and attire formality (i.e., formal wear with lab coat to casual attire) were used to assess respondents’ preferences. The most preferred attire of pharmacists was formal wear with a lab coat compared to other styles of attire (74% versus 36%). The older the respondents were, the more likely they prefer pharmacists in the formal wear with lab coat attire compared to formal (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.899, 0.989; p < 0.05) and semi-formal wear (OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.840, 0.989; p < 0.05). Male respondents prefer pharmacists in formal wear without the lab coat (OR: 3.893; 95% CI: 1.449,10.491; p < 0.01) compared to female. A neat and proper attired pharmacist will gain a positive impression from patients. Respondents favour pharmacists in formal attire with a lab coat. Pharmacists in formal wear with a lab coat able to display professionalism and instil feelings of trust, confidence and comfort among the public in a community pharmacy setting.
{"title":"Community Pharmacist Attire and Its Impact on Patient Preference in Malaysia","authors":"A. Shafie, B. Y. Tan, A. W. Azman, S. C. Ong","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Different attires may bring different perceptions, level of trust, status and transmits social signals towards pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. The objectives of the study were to explore the public perception of community pharmacist attire and the association of respondents’ sociodemographics with their preferences for community pharmacist attire. This was a cross-sectional, convenience sampling study among 200 general public adults (> 18 years old) in community pharmacies setting in Malaysia. A face validated Likert-type questionnaire was administered to assess the public perceptions and their preferences on community pharmacist attire. Four sets of model photographs with variation in gender, ethnicity and attire formality (i.e., formal wear with lab coat to casual attire) were used to assess respondents’ preferences. The most preferred attire of pharmacists was formal wear with a lab coat compared to other styles of attire (74% versus 36%). The older the respondents were, the more likely they prefer pharmacists in the formal wear with lab coat attire compared to formal (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.899, 0.989; p < 0.05) and semi-formal wear (OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.840, 0.989; p < 0.05). Male respondents prefer pharmacists in formal wear without the lab coat (OR: 3.893; 95% CI: 1.449,10.491; p < 0.01) compared to female. A neat and proper attired pharmacist will gain a positive impression from patients. Respondents favour pharmacists in formal attire with a lab coat. Pharmacists in formal wear with a lab coat able to display professionalism and instil feelings of trust, confidence and comfort among the public in a community pharmacy setting.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43338576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.7
Maisarah Mohamad Fadzil, Muhammad Hadif Syahmi Mohd Akmal, Yuet Yen Wong, C. Neoh, Qi Ying Lean
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin insufficiency, insulin resistance or both. Although different anti-diabetic agents are available to control blood glucose, patient self-management is essential for achieving good glycaemic control. Good knowledge of disease self-management is a pre-requisite to enable patients in making informed decisions in disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge of self-management among patients with T2DM visiting outpatient pharmacy at Hospital Taiping. Adult patients with T2DM were invited to participate in a survey from December 2018 to February 2019. A pre-validated, selfadministered questionnaire was used to capture patients’ demographics, glucose level and diabetes self-management knowledge. A total of 148 patients responded to the survey. More than half of the patients (54.7%) in this study were found to have low knowledge scores (< 70%). The level of education (p = 0.041), occupation (p = 0.024) and the use of insulin (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with patients’ level of self-management knowledge whereas no significant relationships were found between knowledge score across age, gender, ethnicity, living status, use of oral anti-diabetic agents, attending diabetes education before and the duration of diabetes. A low but significant negative correlation was found between the score of self-management knowledge and fasting blood glucose (r = −0.264, p = 0.002). Despite the fact that nearly half of the respondents had good knowledge scores, the knowledge gaps remain to be filled s o t hat p atients are empowered to practise self-management in managing their T2DM.
{"title":"Self-Management Knowledge among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hospital Taiping, Malaysia","authors":"Maisarah Mohamad Fadzil, Muhammad Hadif Syahmi Mohd Akmal, Yuet Yen Wong, C. Neoh, Qi Ying Lean","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin insufficiency, insulin resistance or both. Although different anti-diabetic agents are available to control blood glucose, patient self-management is essential for achieving good glycaemic control. Good knowledge of disease self-management is a pre-requisite to enable patients in making informed decisions in disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge of self-management among patients with T2DM visiting outpatient pharmacy at Hospital Taiping. Adult patients with T2DM were invited to participate in a survey from December 2018 to February 2019. A pre-validated, selfadministered questionnaire was used to capture patients’ demographics, glucose level and diabetes self-management knowledge. A total of 148 patients responded to the survey. More than half of the patients (54.7%) in this study were found to have low knowledge scores (< 70%). The level of education (p = 0.041), occupation (p = 0.024) and the use of insulin (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with patients’ level of self-management knowledge whereas no significant relationships were found between knowledge score across age, gender, ethnicity, living status, use of oral anti-diabetic agents, attending diabetes education before and the duration of diabetes. A low but significant negative correlation was found between the score of self-management knowledge and fasting blood glucose (r = −0.264, p = 0.002). Despite the fact that nearly half of the respondents had good knowledge scores, the knowledge gaps remain to be filled s o t hat p atients are empowered to practise self-management in managing their T2DM.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42825639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.1
M. Lawal, Mukhtar Muhammad Dauda, Magashi Abdulkadir Magaji
There are increasing reports of substandard antimalarial drugs, and these have been a severe under-recognised public health problem especially in developing countries. For this reason, 21 samples of different brands of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) comprising of artemether/lumefantrine and artesunate/amodiaquine oral drug formulations that are available on sale in different hospital pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Katsina State, Nigeria were evaluated for microbial and chemical qualities. Microbial limit test (MLT) and assay for the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures were carried out as described in the official monograph of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the International Pharmacopoeia (IP). The results obtained had indicated that all the ACTs oral drug preparations were free from microbial contamination except one sample of artesunate-amodiaquine showing viable total combined yeasts/moulds count (TYMC) of 1.0 x 101 colony forming units (CFU)/g. All the samples complied with the USP and IP criteria for the microbiological quality of non-sterile oral dosage forms. On the other hand, 10 (47.6%) out of the 21 samples met the specific chemical quality standards. Moreover, 8 (57.1%) and 3 (42.9%) of the artemether/lumefantrine and artesunate/amodiaquine had active ingredient outside the set pharmacopoeial limit and, therefore, were none compliant to the IP specifications for percentage content. The presence of substandard ACTs may lead to possible therapeutic failure from the use of such kind of formulations, facilitate the development and spread of drug-resistance. There is the need for effective government regulation and adequate enforcement on the production, distribution and sales of good quality medicines.
{"title":"Quality of Oral Drug Formulations of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Sold in Katsina State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Lawal, Mukhtar Muhammad Dauda, Magashi Abdulkadir Magaji","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"There are increasing reports of substandard antimalarial drugs, and these have been a severe under-recognised public health problem especially in developing countries. For this reason, 21 samples of different brands of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) comprising of artemether/lumefantrine and artesunate/amodiaquine oral drug formulations that are available on sale in different hospital pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Katsina State, Nigeria were evaluated for microbial and chemical qualities. Microbial limit test (MLT) and assay for the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures were carried out as described in the official monograph of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the International Pharmacopoeia (IP). The results obtained had indicated that all the ACTs oral drug preparations were free from microbial contamination except one sample of artesunate-amodiaquine showing viable total combined yeasts/moulds count (TYMC) of 1.0 x 101 colony forming units (CFU)/g. All the samples complied with the USP and IP criteria for the microbiological quality of non-sterile oral dosage forms. On the other hand, 10 (47.6%) out of the 21 samples met the specific chemical quality standards. Moreover, 8 (57.1%) and 3 (42.9%) of the artemether/lumefantrine and artesunate/amodiaquine had active ingredient outside the set pharmacopoeial limit and, therefore, were none compliant to the IP specifications for percentage content. The presence of substandard ACTs may lead to possible therapeutic failure from the use of such kind of formulations, facilitate the development and spread of drug-resistance. There is the need for effective government regulation and adequate enforcement on the production, distribution and sales of good quality medicines.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43317017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.5
A. Ipingbemi, Ezinne Eke Aso
Malaria is a disease with public health concern and high economic burden in endemic areas. This study assessed the cost of malaria treatment for undergraduate students and university management as well as knowledge of malaria and preventive measures adopted by the students. This study was both retrospective and prospective. Retrospective involved estimating cost of treating malaria for undergraduate students by the university management (provider’s perspective) between May and October 2017. The prospective phase involved use of pre-test structured questionnaire to assess respondents’ frequency of malaria infection, knowledge on malaria and preventive measures. Data was entered into SPSS version 20 and analysed. The total prescriptions retrieved was 15,931 of which 22.7% contained antimalarial. The cost of malaria treatment to the university management was estimated to be ₦9,224,900/USD28,827.80 (mean = ₦2,553.20 ± 1,894.60/USD7.98 ± 5.92) for the 6 months studied. A total of 487 respondents were involved in the prospective study. Mean age of respondents was 20.8 ± 2.5 years old. An average of ₦2,209.10 ± 2,436.90 (USD73.60 ± 7.6) was spent by the students for treatment of malaria out-of-pocket (OOP) by those who sought treatment outside the University Health Service (UHS) centre. The use of insecticide treated net (ITN) was significantly common among females who also had lower incidence of malaria compared to males. Majority (68.9%) of participants had at least one episode of malaria in the last 6 months before the study. The economic burden of malaria to the university and the students is huge and this can be reduced if the students improved on the use of preventive measures against malaria.
{"title":"Cost of Malaria Treatment, Knowledge and Preventive Measure Practices among Undergraduate Students in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"A. Ipingbemi, Ezinne Eke Aso","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a disease with public health concern and high economic burden in endemic areas. This study assessed the cost of malaria treatment for undergraduate students and university management as well as knowledge of malaria and preventive measures adopted by the students. This study was both retrospective and prospective. Retrospective involved estimating cost of treating malaria for undergraduate students by the university management (provider’s perspective) between May and October 2017. The prospective phase involved use of pre-test structured questionnaire to assess respondents’ frequency of malaria infection, knowledge on malaria and preventive measures. Data was entered into SPSS version 20 and analysed. The total prescriptions retrieved was 15,931 of which 22.7% contained antimalarial. The cost of malaria treatment to the university management was estimated to be ₦9,224,900/USD28,827.80 (mean = ₦2,553.20 ± 1,894.60/USD7.98 ± 5.92) for the 6 months studied. A total of 487 respondents were involved in the prospective study. Mean age of respondents was 20.8 ± 2.5 years old. An average of ₦2,209.10 ± 2,436.90 (USD73.60 ± 7.6) was spent by the students for treatment of malaria out-of-pocket (OOP) by those who sought treatment outside the University Health Service (UHS) centre. The use of insecticide treated net (ITN) was significantly common among females who also had lower incidence of malaria compared to males. Majority (68.9%) of participants had at least one episode of malaria in the last 6 months before the study. The economic burden of malaria to the university and the students is huge and this can be reduced if the students improved on the use of preventive measures against malaria.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47073493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.3
S. Jahan, M. Alam, Md. Samiul Islam, Dilshad Noor Lira, A. S. Shamsur Rouf
The intent of the research work was to develop and validate a simple, selective and precise reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method for the determination of ledipasvir. A forced degradation study was performed as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines Q1A (R2) and Q1B. Ledipasvir was found to be well separated from degradation products using an analytical C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) with a ratio of mobile phase (75:25 v/v) consisting of methanol and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) kept at ambient temperature. The average retention time of ledipasvir was found 4.45 min at 254 nm wavelength with 1.6 mL/min isocratic flow rate and 10 µL injection volume. Linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and ruggedness were studied according to ICH guideline Q2 (R1) to validate the method. Then, this validated method was applied for forced degradation studies of ledipasvir. In conclusion, the developed method has been successfully used to study degradation behaviour of ledipasvir and may be useful to quantify the drug in different pharmaceutical dosage forms.
{"title":"Stress Degradation Studies and Development of a Validated RP-UHPLC Method of Ledipasvir","authors":"S. Jahan, M. Alam, Md. Samiul Islam, Dilshad Noor Lira, A. S. Shamsur Rouf","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of the research work was to develop and validate a simple, selective and precise reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method for the determination of ledipasvir. A forced degradation study was performed as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines Q1A (R2) and Q1B. Ledipasvir was found to be well separated from degradation products using an analytical C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) with a ratio of mobile phase (75:25 v/v) consisting of methanol and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) kept at ambient temperature. The average retention time of ledipasvir was found 4.45 min at 254 nm wavelength with 1.6 mL/min isocratic flow rate and 10 µL injection volume. Linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and ruggedness were studied according to ICH guideline Q2 (R1) to validate the method. Then, this validated method was applied for forced degradation studies of ledipasvir. In conclusion, the developed method has been successfully used to study degradation behaviour of ledipasvir and may be useful to quantify the drug in different pharmaceutical dosage forms.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49394896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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