Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.10
A. Shafie, N. S. Mohammed, Jacqueline Wong Hui Yi, Irwinder Kaur Chhabra, Hishamshah Mohd Ibrahim
Iron chelating therapy (ICT) drugs are prescribed to transfusion dependent thalassaemia (TDT) patients to prevent iron overload complications. The high number of TDT patients in Malaysia strained the public healthcare resources. This paper aims to provide an insight on existing supply chain management of ICT medicines in Malaysia and to explore ways for a more efficient system. A rapid review of literatures was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, Emerald, Scopus and ScienceDirect) and other relevant Malaysian government documents. Supply of ICT to thalassaemia patients is publicly funded but much availability of oral ICT is restricted due to financial consideration. ICT in Malaysia is supplied through central procurement but purchasing and inventory management are decentralised to each hospital. Vendor-managed inventory system is an ideal option to the inventory management practice in Malaysian public healthcare facilities as it could provide better efficiency and reduces inventory management costs.
{"title":"Supply Chain of Iron Chelators for Thalassaemia in Malaysia: An Overview for Process Optimisation","authors":"A. Shafie, N. S. Mohammed, Jacqueline Wong Hui Yi, Irwinder Kaur Chhabra, Hishamshah Mohd Ibrahim","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Iron chelating therapy (ICT) drugs are prescribed to transfusion dependent thalassaemia (TDT) patients to prevent iron overload complications. The high number of TDT patients in Malaysia strained the public healthcare resources. This paper aims to provide an insight on existing supply chain management of ICT medicines in Malaysia and to explore ways for a more efficient system. A rapid review of literatures was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, Emerald, Scopus and ScienceDirect) and other relevant Malaysian government documents. Supply of ICT to thalassaemia patients is publicly funded but much availability of oral ICT is restricted due to financial consideration. ICT in Malaysia is supplied through central procurement but purchasing and inventory management are decentralised to each hospital. Vendor-managed inventory system is an ideal option to the inventory management practice in Malaysian public healthcare facilities as it could provide better efficiency and reduces inventory management costs.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47142354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.2
W. Akande-Sholabi, Y. Adebisi
Tobacco smoking is a global public health threat and the largest single driver of health inequalities. Currently, there are over a billion smokers worldwide with approximately 80% of the smokers living in low-and-middle-income countries like Nigeria. Knowledge gaps on smoking cessation among pharmacy students might impact the quality of service these future pharmacists would provide in practice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of pharmacy students regarding smoking cessation in a Nigerian university. A University-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 277 pharmacy students of a Nigerian university using a pretested self-administered questionnaire between August and December 2019. Data were summarised descriptively using IBM SPSS (version 23). Most of the pharmacy students 203 (73.2%) agreed it is the pharmacists’ responsibility to support patients with smoking cessation. The majority of our respondents 226 (81.6%) reported pharmacy students need more training on smoking cessation. Thirty-three (11.9%) pharmacy students knew nicotine does not cause cancer. Less than one-tenth 27 (9.7%) of the pharmacy students were aware of smoking cessation products. Overall, 203 (73.2%) respondents had poor knowledge (score < 60%) and an average positive attitude about smoking cessation. Pharmacy students have suboptimal knowledge about smoking cessation. However, they revealed a positive attitude towards smoking cessation. Therefore, there is a need for educational interventions to address the deficit in smoking cessation knowledge, as well as equip future healthcare providers. Thus, improving the quality of public health especially among smokers in Nigeria.
{"title":"Promoting Cessation and a Tobacco Free Future: Knowledge and Attitude of Pharmacy Students Regarding Smoking Cessation in a Nigerian University","authors":"W. Akande-Sholabi, Y. Adebisi","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco smoking is a global public health threat and the largest single driver of health inequalities. Currently, there are over a billion smokers worldwide with approximately 80% of the smokers living in low-and-middle-income countries like Nigeria. Knowledge gaps on smoking cessation among pharmacy students might impact the quality of service these future pharmacists would provide in practice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of pharmacy students regarding smoking cessation in a Nigerian university. A University-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 277 pharmacy students of a Nigerian university using a pretested self-administered questionnaire between August and December 2019. Data were summarised descriptively using IBM SPSS (version 23). Most of the pharmacy students 203 (73.2%) agreed it is the pharmacists’ responsibility to support patients with smoking cessation. The majority of our respondents 226 (81.6%) reported pharmacy students need more training on smoking cessation. Thirty-three (11.9%) pharmacy students knew nicotine does not cause cancer. Less than one-tenth 27 (9.7%) of the pharmacy students were aware of smoking cessation products. Overall, 203 (73.2%) respondents had poor knowledge (score < 60%) and an average positive attitude about smoking cessation. Pharmacy students have suboptimal knowledge about smoking cessation. However, they revealed a positive attitude towards smoking cessation. Therefore, there is a need for educational interventions to address the deficit in smoking cessation knowledge, as well as equip future healthcare providers. Thus, improving the quality of public health especially among smokers in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.8
A. Sha’aban, Ahmed Abdel Mohamed, Fatimatuzzahra’ Abd Aziz, B. Ibrahim
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that inflames and narrows the airways. It is identified with respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. It has also been established that adherence to evidence-based guidelines may raise asthma control to optimal levels in both diagnosis and medical intervention. The objectives are to assess the knowledge, practice and adherence to asthma-management guidelines of general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists (CPs) in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pulau Pinang using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The knowledge, practice and adherence to asthmamanagement guidelines of GPs and CPs were captured using a 30-item questionnaire that prompted their responses using a mixture of closed-ended and Likert scale techniques. The questionnaires, together with a self-addressed stamped envelope for return, were mailed to 236 CPs and 300 GPs. The knowledge of both CPs and GPs on asthma was slightly above average, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (65.9% for CPs and 67.2% for GPs, p = 0.933). Overall, GPs have better practice than CPs, with a mean score of 4 or higher for most practice questions. GPs have a significantly higher tendency to follow the asthma guidelines (71.9%), whereas less than half of the CPs (46.4%) adhere to them. Only 40.6% of GPs and 3.5% of CPs mentioned the name of the guidelines they followed. Our findings show that although CPs and GPs have similar levels of knowledge, GPs have better practice and adherence to guidelines than CPs.
{"title":"Evaluation of Knowledge, Practice and Adherence of General Practitioners and Community Pharmacists to Asthma Guidelines in Malaysia","authors":"A. Sha’aban, Ahmed Abdel Mohamed, Fatimatuzzahra’ Abd Aziz, B. Ibrahim","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that inflames and narrows the airways. It is identified with respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. It has also been established that adherence to evidence-based guidelines may raise asthma control to optimal levels in both diagnosis and medical intervention. The objectives are to assess the knowledge, practice and adherence to asthma-management guidelines of general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists (CPs) in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pulau Pinang using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The knowledge, practice and adherence to asthmamanagement guidelines of GPs and CPs were captured using a 30-item questionnaire that prompted their responses using a mixture of closed-ended and Likert scale techniques. The questionnaires, together with a self-addressed stamped envelope for return, were mailed to 236 CPs and 300 GPs. The knowledge of both CPs and GPs on asthma was slightly above average, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (65.9% for CPs and 67.2% for GPs, p = 0.933). Overall, GPs have better practice than CPs, with a mean score of 4 or higher for most practice questions. GPs have a significantly higher tendency to follow the asthma guidelines (71.9%), whereas less than half of the CPs (46.4%) adhere to them. Only 40.6% of GPs and 3.5% of CPs mentioned the name of the guidelines they followed. Our findings show that although CPs and GPs have similar levels of knowledge, GPs have better practice and adherence to guidelines than CPs.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46000871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.6
A. Oyebode, A. A. Aje
The study aimed to assess hospital pharmacists’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations before and after an educational intervention was carried out. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 83 pharmacists working at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A 30-item semi-structured questionnaire was administered to participants to assess their background knowledge and counselling points on use of ophthalmic preparations. An educational intervention was carried out among the pharmacists to address the gaps discovered. Post-intervention assessment of the pharmacists’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations was done a month after the educational intervention to evaluate the impact of the intervention. Data obtained was summarised using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Response rate was 79% (83/105). Fifty-six (67.5%) participants were female and 38 (45.7%) had other educational qualification(s) aside from the basic Bachelor of Pharmacy qualification. The average knowledge scores of the pharmacists on ophthalmic preparations increased from 2.55 ± 1.602 at baseline to 7.93 ± 2.879 post-intervention (p < 0.001). Also, the average counselling scores of the pharmacists on ophthalmic preparations increased from 8.12 ± 1.603 at baseline to 11.46 ± 1.0277 post-intervention (p < 0.001). Years of working experience and postgraduate education were predictors of participants’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations. The study addressed the knowledge and counselling gaps identified and there was significant improvement in the knowledge and counselling of the study participants, vis-à-vis ophthalmic preparations.
{"title":"Intervention Study on Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Counselling on Ophthalmic Preparations in a Tertiary Hospital in South-Western Nigeria","authors":"A. Oyebode, A. A. Aje","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to assess hospital pharmacists’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations before and after an educational intervention was carried out. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 83 pharmacists working at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A 30-item semi-structured questionnaire was administered to participants to assess their background knowledge and counselling points on use of ophthalmic preparations. An educational intervention was carried out among the pharmacists to address the gaps discovered. Post-intervention assessment of the pharmacists’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations was done a month after the educational intervention to evaluate the impact of the intervention. Data obtained was summarised using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Response rate was 79% (83/105). Fifty-six (67.5%) participants were female and 38 (45.7%) had other educational qualification(s) aside from the basic Bachelor of Pharmacy qualification. The average knowledge scores of the pharmacists on ophthalmic preparations increased from 2.55 ± 1.602 at baseline to 7.93 ± 2.879 post-intervention (p < 0.001). Also, the average counselling scores of the pharmacists on ophthalmic preparations increased from 8.12 ± 1.603 at baseline to 11.46 ± 1.0277 post-intervention (p < 0.001). Years of working experience and postgraduate education were predictors of participants’ knowledge and counselling on ophthalmic preparations. The study addressed the knowledge and counselling gaps identified and there was significant improvement in the knowledge and counselling of the study participants, vis-à-vis ophthalmic preparations.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48963842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.9
Yean Yi Lyn, Tan You Leng, Lai Ee Siew, Ng Chew Beng, Noor Hamizah Sabki, Norulsaffia Ahmad, Wan Azuati Wan Omar, Chan Sook Tyng, Najwa Khairani Sobri, Nur Nadia Noor Afandi, N. Mahamad, Mohammad Saiful Bakhtiarlili, Teoh Li Peng, Chang Yin Ying, Aishah Nuroni Aizuddin
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme is established to optimise use of antibiotics and to contain antibiotic resistance. This single centre, cross sectional retrospective study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of an enhanced AMS programme in 2019 with data obtained in 2018 before its implementation. Types of interventions made by the AMS team, acceptance rate of AMS recommendations, antibiotic usage (DDD/1000 patients-days) and expenditure (antibiotic usage cost, RM) of 14 antibiotics under national surveillance were reviewed. Our study demonstrated non-significant reduction in total antibiotic usage (mean 188.25 versus 183.94; p = 0.523). Nonetheless, significant decline in prescribing of cefoperazone either alone or in combination with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and meropenem was observed. There was a significant reduction in total usage cost (mean RM80,070.39 versus RM70,858.81; 95% confidence interval (CI):1519.48, 16903.69; p = 0.022) contributed in part by decreased third generation cephalosporins, meropenem and ciprofloxacin prescriptions. During enhanced AMS period, total AMS cases (45 versus 358), frequency of rounds (12 versus 37) and ward pharmacist-initiated AMS interventions were increased. The most common intervention and recommendation encountered were inappropriate choice and de-escalation of antibiotic, respectively. There was an improvement in overall acceptance rate in 2019 (67% versus 78%; p = 0.081). In conclusion, the enhanced programme resulted in decreased overall antibiotic prescription and expenditure, besides greater acceptance of AMS recommendations.
{"title":"Evaluating and Comparing the Impact of an Enhanced Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme in a District Specialist Hospital: A Two-Year Retrospective Study","authors":"Yean Yi Lyn, Tan You Leng, Lai Ee Siew, Ng Chew Beng, Noor Hamizah Sabki, Norulsaffia Ahmad, Wan Azuati Wan Omar, Chan Sook Tyng, Najwa Khairani Sobri, Nur Nadia Noor Afandi, N. Mahamad, Mohammad Saiful Bakhtiarlili, Teoh Li Peng, Chang Yin Ying, Aishah Nuroni Aizuddin","doi":"10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme is established to optimise use of antibiotics and to contain antibiotic resistance. This single centre, cross sectional retrospective study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of an enhanced AMS programme in 2019 with data obtained in 2018 before its implementation. Types of interventions made by the AMS team, acceptance rate of AMS recommendations, antibiotic usage (DDD/1000 patients-days) and expenditure (antibiotic usage cost, RM) of 14 antibiotics under national surveillance were reviewed. Our study demonstrated non-significant reduction in total antibiotic usage (mean 188.25 versus 183.94; p = 0.523). Nonetheless, significant decline in prescribing of cefoperazone either alone or in combination with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and meropenem was observed. There was a significant reduction in total usage cost (mean RM80,070.39 versus RM70,858.81; 95% confidence interval (CI):1519.48, 16903.69; p = 0.022) contributed in part by decreased third generation cephalosporins, meropenem and ciprofloxacin prescriptions. During enhanced AMS period, total AMS cases (45 versus 358), frequency of rounds (12 versus 37) and ward pharmacist-initiated AMS interventions were increased. The most common intervention and recommendation encountered were inappropriate choice and de-escalation of antibiotic, respectively. There was an improvement in overall acceptance rate in 2019 (67% versus 78%; p = 0.081). In conclusion, the enhanced programme resulted in decreased overall antibiotic prescription and expenditure, besides greater acceptance of AMS recommendations.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45653757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.6
W. Ojieabu, Wasiu Adedeji Mukaila, Christabel Ojieabu, J. Arute, S. Bello, Simeon James-Edwards
World Health Organization (WHO) classified Nigeria as a hyper-endemic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive nation with prevalence ≥ 8%. This study intends to add information that could strengthen established database to improve awareness and prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aimed to evaluate seroprevalence and trend of HBsAg among blood donors in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria over a five-year period. Data from records of 7,102 individuals aged ≥ 20 years old who donated blood to blood bank in this hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 were analysed for gender, age, number of donors per year and HBsAg status. Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Males were in the majority (6,547 [92.2%]). Age 30–39 years old was the major group (3,052 [43.0%]). Pooled HBsAg seroprevalence was 486 (6.8%). Females had the highest HBsAg seroprevalence across board with highest rate of 10 (19.6%) in year 2012 and pooled prevalence of 73 (13.2%). Age group of ≥ 50 years old had highest HBsAg seroprevalence 39 (8.5%) while age group of 20–29 years old had least 128 (5.8%). Stratified HBsAg positivity decreased steadily from year 2012 to year 2016. This location was HBV intermediate-endemic. There were age, gender and yearly seroprevalence of HBsAg related trends which could be leveraged upon in finding effective preventive measures against the disease. We recommend mass vaccination by government against HBV infection in addition to provision of sensitive blood investigational equipment.
{"title":"Trend of HBsAg Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: A Five-Year Retrospective Study","authors":"W. Ojieabu, Wasiu Adedeji Mukaila, Christabel Ojieabu, J. Arute, S. Bello, Simeon James-Edwards","doi":"10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"World Health Organization (WHO) classified Nigeria as a hyper-endemic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive nation with prevalence ≥ 8%. This study intends to add information that could strengthen established database to improve awareness and prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aimed to evaluate seroprevalence and trend of HBsAg among blood donors in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria over a five-year period. Data from records of 7,102 individuals aged ≥ 20 years old who donated blood to blood bank in this hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 were analysed for gender, age, number of donors per year and HBsAg status. Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Males were in the majority (6,547 [92.2%]). Age 30–39 years old was the major group (3,052 [43.0%]). Pooled HBsAg seroprevalence was 486 (6.8%). Females had the highest HBsAg seroprevalence across board with highest rate of 10 (19.6%) in year 2012 and pooled prevalence of 73 (13.2%). Age group of ≥ 50 years old had highest HBsAg seroprevalence 39 (8.5%) while age group of 20–29 years old had least 128 (5.8%). Stratified HBsAg positivity decreased steadily from year 2012 to year 2016. This location was HBV intermediate-endemic. There were age, gender and yearly seroprevalence of HBsAg related trends which could be leveraged upon in finding effective preventive measures against the disease. We recommend mass vaccination by government against HBV infection in addition to provision of sensitive blood investigational equipment.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43965439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.1
M. Danial, M. Hassali, Ong Loke Meng, A. Khan, Ann L Arulappen
Adverse reactions which are clinically diverse increases the overall cost of care, as it often results in additional days of hospitalisation, clinical investigations and treatment drugs. Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate direct medical costs among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during hospitalisation and identification of associated drug classes and clinical symptoms. Individual direct medical costs from the perspective of Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia among stages 3–5 CKD patients who experienced ADRs during hospitalisation were evaluated from 2014 till 2016. A higher number of days of hospitalisation (11.5 [4.25–39.25] days), ward and laboratory costs (RM48.50 [0–195.75]) plus drug costs (RM2.05 [0–91.30]) were observed among patients who did not survive ADRs. The highest number of hospitalisations, monitoring and laboratory costs were attributed to anti-arrhythmic drug class (11.0 [4.00–] days; RM326.00 [0–]) and haematological reactions (11.0 [1.00–19.00] days; RM116.80 [±112.38]). Furthermore, the highest treatment drug cost was attributed to anti-platelet (RM104.60 [0–]) and psychiatric reactions (RM17.50 [±24.13]). Top five major treatment drug classes contributed to ADRs were anti-infectives (n = 63 [39.4%]), anti-hypertensive (n = 23 [14.4%]), analgesic (n = 12 [7.5%]), statin (n = 10 [6.3%]) and anti-diabetic (n = 8 [5.0%]). Antibacterial constitutes the majority of the anti-infectives reactions. Vancomycin (n = 7 [13.7%]) tops the most ADRs contributing antibacterial. ADRs experienced during hospitalisation caused prolongation of hospitalisation and its associated investigational and treatment charges. The true value of the cost estimate could be much higher than the calculated value as the indirect costs were not included in the final estimates of this study and as a result of the Malaysian government’s waiver policy.
{"title":"Direct Cost Associated with Adverse Drug Reactions among Hospitalised Chronic Kidney Patients in a Public Healthcare Facility in Malaysia: A Retrospective 3-Year Study","authors":"M. Danial, M. Hassali, Ong Loke Meng, A. Khan, Ann L Arulappen","doi":"10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse reactions which are clinically diverse increases the overall cost of care, as it often results in additional days of hospitalisation, clinical investigations and treatment drugs. Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate direct medical costs among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during hospitalisation and identification of associated drug classes and clinical symptoms. Individual direct medical costs from the perspective of Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia among stages 3–5 CKD patients who experienced ADRs during hospitalisation were evaluated from 2014 till 2016. A higher number of days of hospitalisation (11.5 [4.25–39.25] days), ward and laboratory costs (RM48.50 [0–195.75]) plus drug costs (RM2.05 [0–91.30]) were observed among patients who did not survive ADRs. The highest number of hospitalisations, monitoring and laboratory costs were attributed to anti-arrhythmic drug class (11.0 [4.00–] days; RM326.00 [0–]) and haematological reactions (11.0 [1.00–19.00] days; RM116.80 [±112.38]). Furthermore, the highest treatment drug cost was attributed to anti-platelet (RM104.60 [0–]) and psychiatric reactions (RM17.50 [±24.13]). Top five major treatment drug classes contributed to ADRs were anti-infectives (n = 63 [39.4%]), anti-hypertensive (n = 23 [14.4%]), analgesic (n = 12 [7.5%]), statin (n = 10 [6.3%]) and anti-diabetic (n = 8 [5.0%]). Antibacterial constitutes the majority of the anti-infectives reactions. Vancomycin (n = 7 [13.7%]) tops the most ADRs contributing antibacterial. ADRs experienced during hospitalisation caused prolongation of hospitalisation and its associated investigational and treatment charges. The true value of the cost estimate could be much higher than the calculated value as the indirect costs were not included in the final estimates of this study and as a result of the Malaysian government’s waiver policy.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47939764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.11
S. Mohamad, Nur Najihah Ismail, H. Osman, Habibah A Wahab, T. Parumasivam
Global tuberculosis (TB) burden underscores the importance of developing new effective anti-TB drugs. This study was concerned with prospecting for potential anti-TB agents from Malaysian medicinal plants. In our previous study, we have reported that n-hexane fractions of Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) (J. Koening) Sm., Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus ) (DC.) Stapf. and Tabernaemontana coronaria (T. coronaria) (Jacq.) posses promising anti-TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 200–100 µg/mL. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of these active fractions with first-line anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv using the microdilution checkerboard method. C. citratus (stem-rhizome) n-hexane fraction exhibited synergism with all drugs except ethambutol which showed additive interaction. Synergistic was also observed when C. speciosus (stem-flower) n-hexane and T. coronaria (leaf) n-hexane fractions in combination with rifampicin. C. speciosus (stem-flower) n-hexane and T. coronaria (leaf) n-hexane exhibited additive interaction with isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin. Hence, these active plants are worthy of further investigations for the discovery of anti-TB drug leads.
{"title":"In Vitro Interactions of Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm., Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. Ex Nees) Stapf. and Tabernaemontana coronaria (L.) Willd. with First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv","authors":"S. Mohamad, Nur Najihah Ismail, H. Osman, Habibah A Wahab, T. Parumasivam","doi":"10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Global tuberculosis (TB) burden underscores the importance of developing new effective anti-TB drugs. This study was concerned with prospecting for potential anti-TB agents from Malaysian medicinal plants. In our previous study, we have reported that n-hexane fractions of Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) (J. Koening) Sm., Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus ) (DC.) Stapf. and Tabernaemontana coronaria (T. coronaria) (Jacq.) posses promising anti-TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 200–100 µg/mL. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of these active fractions with first-line anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv using the microdilution checkerboard method. C. citratus (stem-rhizome) n-hexane fraction exhibited synergism with all drugs except ethambutol which showed additive interaction. Synergistic was also observed when C. speciosus (stem-flower) n-hexane and T. coronaria (leaf) n-hexane fractions in combination with rifampicin. C. speciosus (stem-flower) n-hexane and T. coronaria (leaf) n-hexane exhibited additive interaction with isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin. Hence, these active plants are worthy of further investigations for the discovery of anti-TB drug leads.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46864074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.9
Sharifah Nurdiyana Syed Mohd Bahktiar, Muhammad Hisyam Jamari, Nurul Aishah Wan Noor, Rabia’tul A’dawiyah Ariff Fadzilah, Muhamad Zafri Abdul Karim, H. Abdul Halim, Noor Fatihah Abu, Teh Lay Kek, M. Z. Salleh
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the significant risk alleles which increase the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Asian to help in decision-making for genotyping of women at risk. PubMed, Science Direct and HuGE navigator were used to identify relevant studies from January 2000 to November 2018. Data extraction was done by five reviewers. Using Review Manager 5.3, association between 11 SNPs and risks of GDM was determined. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), test of heterogeneity and publication bias were calculated. The result was considered significant if p-value ≤ 0.05. Twenty-one studies were identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From 11 genetic variants studied, 9 were found to have significant association with GDM susceptibility with different heterogeneity. Allelic, dominant and recessive genetic models show MTNR1B (rs138753, rs10830963) and CDKAL1 (rs7754840) are significantly associated with GDM. IGF2BP2 (rs4402960) was found to have significant association with GDM using allelic and recessive models. For TCF7L2 (rs7903146), significant association was found using allelic, dominant and over dominant models. KCNQ1 (rs2237892) showed association with GDM in dominant model only. Strong associations with increased susceptibility for GDM were also found for GSTM1 (deletion), GSTT1 (deletion) and GSTP1 (rs1695). However, MTNR1B (rs10830962) and PPARγ2 are lack of association with GDM risk in Asian population. Nine genetic variants were associated with increased GDM risk in Asian population. Screening of these polymorphisms to identify pregnant women at risk is recommended for prevention and personalised intervention.
{"title":"Meta-Analysis of the Genetic Factors that Predisposed Asian Women to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Sharifah Nurdiyana Syed Mohd Bahktiar, Muhammad Hisyam Jamari, Nurul Aishah Wan Noor, Rabia’tul A’dawiyah Ariff Fadzilah, Muhamad Zafri Abdul Karim, H. Abdul Halim, Noor Fatihah Abu, Teh Lay Kek, M. Z. Salleh","doi":"10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the significant risk alleles which increase the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Asian to help in decision-making for genotyping of women at risk. PubMed, Science Direct and HuGE navigator were used to identify relevant studies from January 2000 to November 2018. Data extraction was done by five reviewers. Using Review Manager 5.3, association between 11 SNPs and risks of GDM was determined. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), test of heterogeneity and publication bias were calculated. The result was considered significant if p-value ≤ 0.05. Twenty-one studies were identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From 11 genetic variants studied, 9 were found to have significant association with GDM susceptibility with different heterogeneity. Allelic, dominant and recessive genetic models show MTNR1B (rs138753, rs10830963) and CDKAL1 (rs7754840) are significantly associated with GDM. IGF2BP2 (rs4402960) was found to have significant association with GDM using allelic and recessive models. For TCF7L2 (rs7903146), significant association was found using allelic, dominant and over dominant models. KCNQ1 (rs2237892) showed association with GDM in dominant model only. Strong associations with increased susceptibility for GDM were also found for GSTM1 (deletion), GSTT1 (deletion) and GSTP1 (rs1695). However, MTNR1B (rs10830962) and PPARγ2 are lack of association with GDM risk in Asian population. Nine genetic variants were associated with increased GDM risk in Asian population. Screening of these polymorphisms to identify pregnant women at risk is recommended for prevention and personalised intervention.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46898147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.8
Suhera M. Aburawi, Soad A. Treesh, Habiba A. El Jaafari, Medeha T. El Ghedamsi, Nairouz A. Nafati, Omaima A. Benmahmoud, Marwa Almajry, Naema Shebani
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductiveaged women. Vitamin E is used in combination with clomid, metformin, melatonin or other drugs to ameliorate and improve the symptoms of PCOS. The aim is to investigate the histological effect of vitamin E on PCOS. PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was adopted. Female mice were divided into eight groups (n = 6). Group 1 was administered with 1% T80; Group 2 was administered with DHEA; Group 3 was administered with clomid; Group 4 was administered with vitamin E; Group 5 was administered with DHEA and vitamin E; drugs were administered for 20 days. Group 6 was administered with DHEA per day for 20 days followed by clomid, a dose per day, for the next 10 days; Group 7 was administered with DHEA per day for 20 days followed by vitamin E, a dose per day, for the next 10 days; Group 8 was administered with DHEA every day for 20 days followed by no treatment for the next 10 days. Mice were sacrificed, at the end of experiment, by neck dislocation, ovary was surgically separated and kept in 10% formalin for histological analysis. DHEA administration produces PCOS changes in ovary. Clomid did not improve PCOS induced by DHEA, while vitamin E ameliorates PCOS to nearly normal. Vitamin E showed marked recovery of the ovarian tissue with the presence of many follicles in the various stages of development, indicating normal oogenesis. Follicles showed normal granulosa layer with defined thecal layers. The presence of corpora lutea was also seen, indicating that vitamin E treatment restore normal estrous cycle.
{"title":"Effect of Vitamin E on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induced by Dehydroepiandrosterone in Female Albino Mice: Histological Study","authors":"Suhera M. Aburawi, Soad A. Treesh, Habiba A. El Jaafari, Medeha T. El Ghedamsi, Nairouz A. Nafati, Omaima A. Benmahmoud, Marwa Almajry, Naema Shebani","doi":"10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/mjps2021.19.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductiveaged women. Vitamin E is used in combination with clomid, metformin, melatonin or other drugs to ameliorate and improve the symptoms of PCOS. The aim is to investigate the histological effect of vitamin E on PCOS. PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was adopted. Female mice were divided into eight groups (n = 6). Group 1 was administered with 1% T80; Group 2 was administered with DHEA; Group 3 was administered with clomid; Group 4 was administered with vitamin E; Group 5 was administered with DHEA and vitamin E; drugs were administered for 20 days. Group 6 was administered with DHEA per day for 20 days followed by clomid, a dose per day, for the next 10 days; Group 7 was administered with DHEA per day for 20 days followed by vitamin E, a dose per day, for the next 10 days; Group 8 was administered with DHEA every day for 20 days followed by no treatment for the next 10 days. Mice were sacrificed, at the end of experiment, by neck dislocation, ovary was surgically separated and kept in 10% formalin for histological analysis. DHEA administration produces PCOS changes in ovary. Clomid did not improve PCOS induced by DHEA, while vitamin E ameliorates PCOS to nearly normal. Vitamin E showed marked recovery of the ovarian tissue with the presence of many follicles in the various stages of development, indicating normal oogenesis. Follicles showed normal granulosa layer with defined thecal layers. The presence of corpora lutea was also seen, indicating that vitamin E treatment restore normal estrous cycle.","PeriodicalId":53358,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43412322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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