Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.6.298-307
Ha T. T. Truong, Huy D. Le, Huy-Trung Nguyen, Ngoc T. Luong
—The limitation of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is that the Route Request Packet (RREQ) is not designed for security purposes. Therefore, a malicious node can attack the network by continuously broadcasting RREQ packets at high frequency, which is called the RREQ packet flooding attack. The result is a broadcast storm that greatly increases media waste and resource waste. This article proposes a Flooding Attack Detection Mechanism Using the Median (FDMM) value to detect and prevent flooding attacks. Each node that installs the FDMM solution will collect the route discovery behavior history (V) of each node to construct the route discovery frequency vector; By calculating the median value (m) of V, the node compares the m value with a Fixed Threshold (FT) node that can identify a node that has performed malicious or normal behavior. The paper also proposes the Flooding Attacks Prevention and Detection Routing Protocol (FDMM AODV) protocol by improving the route discovery mechanism of the AODV protocol using FDMM. Simulation results show that our solution can detect over 98% of malicious nodes; Packet delivery ratio, routing load, and end-to-end delay are effectively improved.
-Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector（AODV）协议的局限性在于路由请求数据包（RREQ）不是为安全目的而设计的。因此，恶意节点可以通过高频率地持续广播 RREQ 数据包来攻击网络，这就是所谓的 RREQ 数据包泛洪攻击。其结果是广播风暴，大大增加了媒体浪费和资源浪费。本文提出了一种使用中值的泛洪攻击检测机制（FDMM）来检测和预防泛洪攻击。安装 FDMM 解决方案的每个节点将收集每个节点的路由发现行为历史记录（V），以构建路由发现频率向量；通过计算 V 的中值（m），节点将 m 值与固定阈值（FT）节点进行比较，从而识别出有恶意或正常行为的节点。本文还通过使用 FDMM 改进 AODV 协议的路由发现机制，提出了洪水攻击预防和检测路由协议（FDMM AODV）。仿真结果表明，我们的解决方案可以检测到 98% 以上的恶意节点；数据包传输率、路由负载和端到端延迟都得到了有效改善。
{"title":"Routing Protocol against Flooding Attack Using Median Value and Fixed Threshold","authors":"Ha T. T. Truong, Huy D. Le, Huy-Trung Nguyen, Ngoc T. Luong","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.6.298-307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.6.298-307","url":null,"abstract":"—The limitation of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is that the Route Request Packet (RREQ) is not designed for security purposes. Therefore, a malicious node can attack the network by continuously broadcasting RREQ packets at high frequency, which is called the RREQ packet flooding attack. The result is a broadcast storm that greatly increases media waste and resource waste. This article proposes a Flooding Attack Detection Mechanism Using the Median (FDMM) value to detect and prevent flooding attacks. Each node that installs the FDMM solution will collect the route discovery behavior history (V) of each node to construct the route discovery frequency vector; By calculating the median value (m) of V, the node compares the m value with a Fixed Threshold (FT) node that can identify a node that has performed malicious or normal behavior. The paper also proposes the Flooding Attacks Prevention and Detection Routing Protocol (FDMM AODV) protocol by improving the route discovery mechanism of the AODV protocol using FDMM. Simulation results show that our solution can detect over 98% of malicious nodes; Packet delivery ratio, routing load, and end-to-end delay are effectively improved.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.6.274-280
Amir K. Hanna, Ahmed M. Abd El-Haleem, Ihab A. Ali
—As air traffic volumes rise, enhancing the spectral efficiency of aeronautical communication systems is crucial. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) proposes using the L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS) to meet future demands, but its implementation faces legal and interference challenges with existing L-band systems like Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), Military Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), and Distance Measurement Equipment (DME). To address this, we propose employing Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in Very High Frequency (VHF) digital systems, aiming to boost capacity without introducing new bands. Our study focuses on maximizing spectral efficiency using NOMA-based massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (mMIMO) for aeronautical communications. We evaluate different pairing algorithms (Gale Shapley, Hungarian, and correlation-based) and beamforming techniques Zero Forcing and Maximum Ratio (ZF and MR), finding that GS pairing with ZF beamforming yields the optimal solution. Results show that all three algorithms outperform fixed pairing NOMA, with GS being the least complex, followed by Hungarian and correlation-based. Additionally, ZF beamforming outperforms MR in achieving spectral efficiency. This integrated approach offers a promising strategy for enhancing aeronautical communication systems amidst growing air traffic demands.
{"title":"Spectral-Efficient Aircraft Pairing for Massive MIMO NOMA in Aeronautical Communication","authors":"Amir K. Hanna, Ahmed M. Abd El-Haleem, Ihab A. Ali","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.6.274-280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.6.274-280","url":null,"abstract":"—As air traffic volumes rise, enhancing the spectral efficiency of aeronautical communication systems is crucial. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) proposes using the L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS) to meet future demands, but its implementation faces legal and interference challenges with existing L-band systems like Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), Military Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), and Distance Measurement Equipment (DME). To address this, we propose employing Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in Very High Frequency (VHF) digital systems, aiming to boost capacity without introducing new bands. Our study focuses on maximizing spectral efficiency using NOMA-based massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (mMIMO) for aeronautical communications. We evaluate different pairing algorithms (Gale Shapley, Hungarian, and correlation-based) and beamforming techniques Zero Forcing and Maximum Ratio (ZF and MR), finding that GS pairing with ZF beamforming yields the optimal solution. Results show that all three algorithms outperform fixed pairing NOMA, with GS being the least complex, followed by Hungarian and correlation-based. Additionally, ZF beamforming outperforms MR in achieving spectral efficiency. This integrated approach offers a promising strategy for enhancing aeronautical communication systems amidst growing air traffic demands.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.6.287-297
S. Hemalatha, K. C R, Suresh Balakrishnan T., Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri, Harikumar Pallathadka, Rajesh P. Chinchewadi
—A new protocol must be developed to address the hidden and exposed layer and the collision among the nodes is the major challenging factor in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Many protocols were addressed to solve the issues which were not able to give the permanent solution and still the Hidden Exposed nodes issue remains in the Mobile Adhoc Network. This article proposed the novel algorithm with the maintenance of Hidden and Exposed Table formation and Mutual Exclusion Request to Transmit (MERT), Mutual Exclusion Release (MER) signal to support the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer. Every node maintains the Hidden and exposed table using the Mutual Exclusion Medium access algorithm in each beacon signal. When a node wants to transmit a packet to another node, it finds the hidden and exposed nodes from the hidden and exposed table, and sends a Mutual Exclusion Request signal to all of the hidden and exposed nodes, instructing them not to transmit the packet until the Mutual Exclusion Release is received. The proposed work named as ME-Mutual Exclusion, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol were implemented with the NS2.34 and results are compared with the traditional Nullifying Medium Access Control (NULLMAC) protocol, Receiver Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (RDBTMA) protocol, WiCCP protocol WiMARK protocol, CAD-CW protocol, Contention-Free cooperative - Medium Access Protocol (CFC-MAC) protocol moreover the result achieves the proposed work attain the maximum Packet Delivery Ratio of 60%, less End to end Delay from 0 to 75ms and better Throughput.
{"title":"Please Use a three-wire Watch a Novel Protocol Designed for Addressing Hidden and Exposed Layer Issues in the Medium Access Control Layer of Mobile Adhoc Network","authors":"S. Hemalatha, K. C R, Suresh Balakrishnan T., Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri, Harikumar Pallathadka, Rajesh P. Chinchewadi","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.6.287-297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.6.287-297","url":null,"abstract":"—A new protocol must be developed to address the hidden and exposed layer and the collision among the nodes is the major challenging factor in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Many protocols were addressed to solve the issues which were not able to give the permanent solution and still the Hidden Exposed nodes issue remains in the Mobile Adhoc Network. This article proposed the novel algorithm with the maintenance of Hidden and Exposed Table formation and Mutual Exclusion Request to Transmit (MERT), Mutual Exclusion Release (MER) signal to support the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer. Every node maintains the Hidden and exposed table using the Mutual Exclusion Medium access algorithm in each beacon signal. When a node wants to transmit a packet to another node, it finds the hidden and exposed nodes from the hidden and exposed table, and sends a Mutual Exclusion Request signal to all of the hidden and exposed nodes, instructing them not to transmit the packet until the Mutual Exclusion Release is received. The proposed work named as ME-Mutual Exclusion, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol were implemented with the NS2.34 and results are compared with the traditional Nullifying Medium Access Control (NULLMAC) protocol, Receiver Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (RDBTMA) protocol, WiCCP protocol WiMARK protocol, CAD-CW protocol, Contention-Free cooperative - Medium Access Protocol (CFC-MAC) protocol moreover the result achieves the proposed work attain the maximum Packet Delivery Ratio of 60%, less End to end Delay from 0 to 75ms and better Throughput.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"18 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.6.281-286
Rohaniza M. Zali, Mandeep J. S.
—Tropospheric delay is a significant cause of the Global Navigation Satellite System’s (GNSS) services degrading, particularly when it comes to the geodetic estimation of coordinates on the surface of the planet. To quantify the delay brought on by the abnormalities in the tropospheric layer, researchers have employed a variety of methods. Since Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS-RO) systems and the Global Positioning System (GPS) ground network estimate the tropospheric delay differently, we examined this measurement difference in this study. Therefore, this study has been performed to analyze the dry delay measurement from the ground-based station and validate it with the reprocessing data from the space-based station to understand the correlation of measurement between these two methods. The MetopA gave the worldwide delay data, while the 92 SuomiNet Network GPS stations, which cover the majority of the United States region, provided their measurement of the delay utilizing the element of slant water along the GPS ray while the MetopA provided the global data with around 150 selected data per day and analysis was conducted for the data in the year 2020. Hence, due to the difference in spatial data distribution between these two types of data, the mean value has been measured for each of the latitude zones, the result shows the minimum bias of 0.67 cm and RMSE 4.51 cm at the − 30⁰ to − 60⁰ and the maximum bias of 3.74 cm and RMSE 25.1 cm at the 30⁰ to 60⁰ latitude. Overall bias and Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE) are 1.41 cm and 23.2 cm respectively which shows a good agreement between space-based and ground-based measurement that will help for better error modeling development in the future.
{"title":"The Comparison of Dry Hydrostatic Delay Measurement from GPS Ground-Based and Space- Based Receiver","authors":"Rohaniza M. Zali, Mandeep J. S.","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.6.281-286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.6.281-286","url":null,"abstract":"—Tropospheric delay is a significant cause of the Global Navigation Satellite System’s (GNSS) services degrading, particularly when it comes to the geodetic estimation of coordinates on the surface of the planet. To quantify the delay brought on by the abnormalities in the tropospheric layer, researchers have employed a variety of methods. Since Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS-RO) systems and the Global Positioning System (GPS) ground network estimate the tropospheric delay differently, we examined this measurement difference in this study. Therefore, this study has been performed to analyze the dry delay measurement from the ground-based station and validate it with the reprocessing data from the space-based station to understand the correlation of measurement between these two methods. The MetopA gave the worldwide delay data, while the 92 SuomiNet Network GPS stations, which cover the majority of the United States region, provided their measurement of the delay utilizing the element of slant water along the GPS ray while the MetopA provided the global data with around 150 selected data per day and analysis was conducted for the data in the year 2020. Hence, due to the difference in spatial data distribution between these two types of data, the mean value has been measured for each of the latitude zones, the result shows the minimum bias of 0.67 cm and RMSE 4.51 cm at the − 30⁰ to − 60⁰ and the maximum bias of 3.74 cm and RMSE 25.1 cm at the 30⁰ to 60⁰ latitude. Overall bias and Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE) are 1.41 cm and 23.2 cm respectively which shows a good agreement between space-based and ground-based measurement that will help for better error modeling development in the future.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"68 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.6.266-273
Joseph Sospeter, Elijah Mwangi, N. Mvungi
—This paper discusses a method for Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). A Combination of Selective Mapping (SLM) and Hadamard Transformation (HT) as a simple and computational efficient technique for PAPR reduction in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is presented. In the proposed approach, Hadamard transformation was used in order to reduce the autocorrelation of data symbols which in turn reduces the resulting PAPR. Selective Mapping (SLM) was used to select an OFDM symbol with minimum Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The simulation results show that at the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 , the PAPRof the proposed scheme is 5.84 dB. This marks an improvement of 4.26 dB when compared with PAPR of the original OFDM which is 10.10dB. On the other hand, the performance of our proposed scheme shows no significant Bit Error Rate (BER) deviation from that of the original data.
{"title":"Reduction of OFDM PAPR Using a Combined Hadamard Transformation and Selective Mapping for Terrestrial DAB+ System under Rayleigh and AWGN Channel","authors":"Joseph Sospeter, Elijah Mwangi, N. Mvungi","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.6.266-273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.6.266-273","url":null,"abstract":"—This paper discusses a method for Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). A Combination of Selective Mapping (SLM) and Hadamard Transformation (HT) as a simple and computational efficient technique for PAPR reduction in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is presented. In the proposed approach, Hadamard transformation was used in order to reduce the autocorrelation of data symbols which in turn reduces the resulting PAPR. Selective Mapping (SLM) was used to select an OFDM symbol with minimum Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The simulation results show that at the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 , the PAPRof the proposed scheme is 5.84 dB. This marks an improvement of 4.26 dB when compared with PAPR of the original OFDM which is 10.10dB. On the other hand, the performance of our proposed scheme shows no significant Bit Error Rate (BER) deviation from that of the original data.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"19 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.5.229-241
Kayode A. Olaniyi, R. Heymann, Theo G. Swart
{"title":"Attention Turbo-Autoencoder for Improved Channel Coding and Reconstruction","authors":"Kayode A. Olaniyi, R. Heymann, Theo G. Swart","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.5.229-241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.5.229-241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141053085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.5.255-265
Muhammad Imam Nashiruddin, Putri Rahmawati, Muhammad Adam Nugraha, Deni Suherman
{"title":"Sensitivity Options of 5G 700 MHz Network Deployment in Urban Models: A Simulation for Emerging Countries","authors":"Muhammad Imam Nashiruddin, Putri Rahmawati, Muhammad Adam Nugraha, Deni Suherman","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.5.255-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.5.255-265","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141026523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.5.242-247
Hosam A. M. Ali, Khalid F. A. Hussein, Ashraf S. Mohra
{"title":"Design of Multistage Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) with Variable Filter Parameters","authors":"Hosam A. M. Ali, Khalid F. A. Hussein, Ashraf S. Mohra","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.5.242-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.5.242-247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141041240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.5.248-254
Minh Thien Nguyen1, Linh Mai, Binh Duong Nguyen
{"title":"Transmitarray Antenna Based on Low-Profile Multi-resonance C-patch and C-slot Elements","authors":"Minh Thien Nguyen1, Linh Mai, Binh Duong Nguyen","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.5.248-254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.5.248-254","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141045088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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