Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.175-181
Mohammad Alkhawatrah
—Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is an essential property of electromagnetic transmission. Nowadays, OAM is popular due to its capabilities to improve the electromagnetic spectrum efficiency which increases throughput. However, employing an OAM-based solution is costly as it suffers wave divergence mainly at high OAM orders (modes). This difficulty limits the distance range for successful communication link, particularly in wireless communication which is essential for realizing Internet of Things (IoT) applications. One of the available solutions to deal with this limitation is utilizing a cooperative relaying system. Relays are known for their potential to shorten the link connecting the source to the destination, as well as provide an alternative link to avoid deep fading. Nonetheless, conventional relaying technique (without buffers) are surpassed by adding buffering capabilities to relays, this enhances the system throughput. In this article, we suggest employing buffer-aided relays in OAM-based networks. Simulation trials show that the proposed buffer-aided relay solution assists the OAM-based network in obtaining higher throughput than its counterpart the traditional relays. The gain of using buffer-aided relays grows as the OAM-based networks become more restricted when they are transmitting at higher OAM orders. Furthermore, at higher thresholds, the rate of successful transmission goes down which degrades the system throughput. The results show that the buffer-aided relays outrun conventional relays at any threshold and the difference in performance becomes greater at more restricted higher thresholds. In addition, the buffer-aided relays help the OAM-based networks achieve lower outage probability than that achieved with traditional relays.
{"title":"Buffer-Aided Cooperative Relays in Orbital Angular Momentum Based IoT Networks","authors":"Mohammad Alkhawatrah","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.175-181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.175-181","url":null,"abstract":"—Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is an essential property of electromagnetic transmission. Nowadays, OAM is popular due to its capabilities to improve the electromagnetic spectrum efficiency which increases throughput. However, employing an OAM-based solution is costly as it suffers wave divergence mainly at high OAM orders (modes). This difficulty limits the distance range for successful communication link, particularly in wireless communication which is essential for realizing Internet of Things (IoT) applications. One of the available solutions to deal with this limitation is utilizing a cooperative relaying system. Relays are known for their potential to shorten the link connecting the source to the destination, as well as provide an alternative link to avoid deep fading. Nonetheless, conventional relaying technique (without buffers) are surpassed by adding buffering capabilities to relays, this enhances the system throughput. In this article, we suggest employing buffer-aided relays in OAM-based networks. Simulation trials show that the proposed buffer-aided relay solution assists the OAM-based network in obtaining higher throughput than its counterpart the traditional relays. The gain of using buffer-aided relays grows as the OAM-based networks become more restricted when they are transmitting at higher OAM orders. Furthermore, at higher thresholds, the rate of successful transmission goes down which degrades the system throughput. The results show that the buffer-aided relays outrun conventional relays at any threshold and the difference in performance becomes greater at more restricted higher thresholds. In addition, the buffer-aided relays help the OAM-based networks achieve lower outage probability than that achieved with traditional relays.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"60 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140757423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.211-221
Yussi Perdana Saputera, Moh Khusaini, D. Puspitawati, Arif Harnanto
—In this research, an antenna design was developed using the wire-to-micros trip adaptation technique. The aim of developing the antenna is by modifying the change in position and shape of the antenna to get a large gain with a minimum value of 25 dB. This development is crucial for the use of Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). The design of the antenna used in this study is to improve the performance of modifying conventional dipole antennas to become collinear arrays. Collinear array antennas involve modifying dipole arms to form an array, incorporating a coupling effect on both the positive and negative arms, and strategically rotating the vertical placement by 180 degrees to maximize the resulting gain. The study involved three types of antenna arrays, each consisting of eight antennas: Mode A, unidirectional with opposite poles; Mode A, not unidirectional with opposite poles; and Mode B, unidirectional with opposite poles. Early research made comparisons of polar differences with polar similarities. For the results of a single polar difference antenna Mode A and B, where Mode A produces S11-26.884 dB with Gains 3.825 dB, Mode B produces S11-20.408 dB with Gains 2.364 dB, for research on array antennas, it was carried out in stages, with as many as 8 array antennas, without reflectors and with reflectors. In the final configuration, an antenna with an array of 112 antennas using reflectors to produce S11 for a frequency of 1.03 GHz of-15.53061 dB with Gain 26.52 dB and an Azimuth beam width of 0.9ᵒ and for the frequency 1.09as big-20.73117 dB with Gain 25.6 dB and an Azimuth beam width of 0.8ᵒ. These results indicate the successful achievement of improved antenna performance, including a reduction in reflection coefficient and an increase in gain. These findings contribute to the advancement of antenna design for SSR applications, showcasing the potential for substantial gains in signal strength and directionality.
-在这项研究中，使用线对微米行程适应技术开发了一种天线设计。开发该天线的目的是通过改变天线的位置和形状来获得较大的增益，最小值为 25 dB。这一开发对于二次监视雷达（SSR）的使用至关重要。本研究中使用的天线设计旨在改进传统偶极子天线的性能，使其成为共线阵列。共线阵列天线包括修改偶极子臂以形成阵列，在正负极臂上加入耦合效应，并战略性地将垂直位置旋转 180 度，以最大限度地提高增益。研究涉及三种类型的天线阵列，每种阵列由八根天线组成：模式 A，单向，极点相反；模式 A，非单向，极点相反；模式 B，单向，极点相反。早期的研究对极性差异和极性相似进行了比较。对于单一极差天线模式 A 和 B 的研究结果，模式 A 产生 S11-26.884 dB，增益为 3.825 dB，模式 B 产生 S11-20.408 dB，增益为 2.364 dB。在最终配置中，一个由 112 根天线组成的阵列使用了反射器，在频率为 1.03 GHz 时的 S11 为 15.53061 dB，增益为 26.52 dB，方位波束宽度为 0.9ᵒ；在频率为 1.09 GHz 时的 S11 为 20.73117 dB，增益为 25.6 dB，方位波束宽度为 0.8ᵒ。这些结果表明，成功实现了天线性能的改进，包括降低反射系数和提高增益。这些发现有助于推进 SSR 应用的天线设计，展示了大幅提高信号强度和方向性的潜力。
{"title":"Gain Increase Modification Collinear Dipole Antennas for Secondary Surveillance Radar","authors":"Yussi Perdana Saputera, Moh Khusaini, D. Puspitawati, Arif Harnanto","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.211-221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.211-221","url":null,"abstract":"—In this research, an antenna design was developed using the wire-to-micros trip adaptation technique. The aim of developing the antenna is by modifying the change in position and shape of the antenna to get a large gain with a minimum value of 25 dB. This development is crucial for the use of Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). The design of the antenna used in this study is to improve the performance of modifying conventional dipole antennas to become collinear arrays. Collinear array antennas involve modifying dipole arms to form an array, incorporating a coupling effect on both the positive and negative arms, and strategically rotating the vertical placement by 180 degrees to maximize the resulting gain. The study involved three types of antenna arrays, each consisting of eight antennas: Mode A, unidirectional with opposite poles; Mode A, not unidirectional with opposite poles; and Mode B, unidirectional with opposite poles. Early research made comparisons of polar differences with polar similarities. For the results of a single polar difference antenna Mode A and B, where Mode A produces S11-26.884 dB with Gains 3.825 dB, Mode B produces S11-20.408 dB with Gains 2.364 dB, for research on array antennas, it was carried out in stages, with as many as 8 array antennas, without reflectors and with reflectors. In the final configuration, an antenna with an array of 112 antennas using reflectors to produce S11 for a frequency of 1.03 GHz of-15.53061 dB with Gain 26.52 dB and an Azimuth beam width of 0.9ᵒ and for the frequency 1.09as big-20.73117 dB with Gain 25.6 dB and an Azimuth beam width of 0.8ᵒ. These results indicate the successful achievement of improved antenna performance, including a reduction in reflection coefficient and an increase in gain. These findings contribute to the advancement of antenna design for SSR applications, showcasing the potential for substantial gains in signal strength and directionality.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"54 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.204-210
Raed S. M. Daraghma
—The need for micro antennas is growing as Internet of Things (IoT) applications spread quickly in today’s communication systems. Due of their interoperability, Microstrip patch antennas are frequently employed in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The suggested antenna is made on a single side of high-quality Teflon substrate and has a small, dimension 17.19 17.8 0.933 mm 3 ; the antenna can be utilized for IoT applications because it is made to operate at a frequency of 5.9 GHz. It is made up of an array of H shapes and is intended to be integrated into an IoT gadget as integrated antenna. Thus, in this work, rectangular Microstrip Patch H - Notch antenna is designed and the performance was analysed. The antenna resonant frequency range was 5.9 GHz, which is appropriate for IoT applications. The antenna was designed with Teflon substrate material. For this work, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software was used as simulation software. In this work, two types of antennae were designed, which was conventional Microstrip H - notch antenna and rectangular Microstrip antenna containing Array-shaped structure. The performance of these two antennas was compared in terms of bandwidth, gain and return of loss. The key results of this work showed that the optimized Array-shaped antenna improved the bandwidth, gain and return of loss compared to the conventional antenna. In addition, the optimized antenna achieved operating frequency of 5.9 GHz, which is suitable for IoT applications.
-随着物联网（IoT）应用在当今通信系统中迅速普及，对微型天线的需求日益增长。由于具有互操作性，微带贴片天线经常被用于物联网应用中。所建议的天线由高质量特氟隆基板单面制成，尺寸小巧，为 17.19 17.8 0.933 mm 3；该天线可用于物联网应用，因为它的工作频率为 5.9 GHz。它由 H 形阵列组成，旨在作为集成天线集成到物联网小工具中。因此，本作品设计了矩形微带贴片 H 型缺口天线，并对其性能进行了分析。天线谐振频率范围为 5.9 GHz，适合物联网应用。天线采用特氟龙基板材料设计。这项工作使用了计算机仿真技术（CST）软件作为仿真软件。在这项工作中，设计了两种类型的天线，即传统的微带 H 形缺口天线和包含阵列结构的矩形微带天线。这两种天线在带宽、增益和回波损耗方面的性能进行了比较。这项工作的主要结果表明，与传统天线相比，经过优化的阵列形天线提高了带宽、增益和回波损耗。此外，优化后的天线工作频率达到了 5.9 GHz，适合物联网应用。
{"title":"Design of Microstrip Patch H-Notch Antenna for Vehicle Using Array Systems","authors":"Raed S. M. Daraghma","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.204-210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.204-210","url":null,"abstract":"—The need for micro antennas is growing as Internet of Things (IoT) applications spread quickly in today’s communication systems. Due of their interoperability, Microstrip patch antennas are frequently employed in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The suggested antenna is made on a single side of high-quality Teflon substrate and has a small, dimension 17.19 17.8 0.933 mm 3 ; the antenna can be utilized for IoT applications because it is made to operate at a frequency of 5.9 GHz. It is made up of an array of H shapes and is intended to be integrated into an IoT gadget as integrated antenna. Thus, in this work, rectangular Microstrip Patch H - Notch antenna is designed and the performance was analysed. The antenna resonant frequency range was 5.9 GHz, which is appropriate for IoT applications. The antenna was designed with Teflon substrate material. For this work, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software was used as simulation software. In this work, two types of antennae were designed, which was conventional Microstrip H - notch antenna and rectangular Microstrip antenna containing Array-shaped structure. The performance of these two antennas was compared in terms of bandwidth, gain and return of loss. The key results of this work showed that the optimized Array-shaped antenna improved the bandwidth, gain and return of loss compared to the conventional antenna. In addition, the optimized antenna achieved operating frequency of 5.9 GHz, which is suitable for IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"501 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.189-197
Michel Barbeau
— Due to small packet sizes, classical data protection schemes are unsuitable for underwater communications. This article addresses this problem and contains two main results. As a first result, a new symmetric-key encryption protocol adaptable to small message sizes is introduced. The encryption scheme leverages the flexible Quantum Permutation Pad (QPP) symmetric key block cipher. It combines QPP with the block cipher counter mode and a random number generator seeded with a shared secret to adapt QPP to the short underwater protocol data units. Encryption and decryption algorithms are defined, building on QPP in counter mode. The algorithms are analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that the scheme does not achieve perfect indistinguishability. However, the analysis also demonstrates that the message collision probability can be very low. The scheme is generic and adaptable. As a second result, the new symmetric encryption scheme is adapted to the long-range underwater communication protocol (Pronounced you Whisper) UWSPR. The design is analyzed consistently with the theory. Related relevant issues are also addressed, such as key sizes and key generation with the challenges specific to the underwater environment.
- 由于数据包规模较小，传统的数据保护方案不适合水下通信。本文针对这一问题提出了两项主要成果。第一项成果介绍了一种适应小信息量的新型对称密钥加密协议。该加密方案利用了灵活的量子置换垫（QPP）对称密钥块密码。它将 QPP 与块密码计数器模式和以共享秘密为种子的随机数发生器相结合，使 QPP 适应短水下协议数据单元。以计数器模式的 QPP 为基础，定义了加密和解密算法。对算法进行了分析。分析表明，该方案无法实现完美的不可区分性。不过，分析还表明，信息碰撞概率可以非常低。该方案具有通用性和适应性。作为第二项成果，新的对称加密方案适用于远距离水下通信协议（Pronounced you Whisper）UWSPR。设计分析与理论相符。此外，还讨论了相关问题，如密钥大小和密钥生成，以及水下环境特有的挑战。
{"title":"Cryptographic Schemes for Secret Long-Distance Underwater Communications","authors":"Michel Barbeau","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.189-197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.189-197","url":null,"abstract":"— Due to small packet sizes, classical data protection schemes are unsuitable for underwater communications. This article addresses this problem and contains two main results. As a first result, a new symmetric-key encryption protocol adaptable to small message sizes is introduced. The encryption scheme leverages the flexible Quantum Permutation Pad (QPP) symmetric key block cipher. It combines QPP with the block cipher counter mode and a random number generator seeded with a shared secret to adapt QPP to the short underwater protocol data units. Encryption and decryption algorithms are defined, building on QPP in counter mode. The algorithms are analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that the scheme does not achieve perfect indistinguishability. However, the analysis also demonstrates that the message collision probability can be very low. The scheme is generic and adaptable. As a second result, the new symmetric encryption scheme is adapted to the long-range underwater communication protocol (Pronounced you Whisper) UWSPR. The design is analyzed consistently with the theory. Related relevant issues are also addressed, such as key sizes and key generation with the challenges specific to the underwater environment.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"456 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140759607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.198-203
Jamal Mohammed Rasool, Ali Kadhum Abd
—In this study, the use of a complementary four Split Ring Resonators (SRR)-based metamaterial is studied to develop a frequency-reconfigurable antenna for wireless communication. The tangent loss (tan) is 0.0009, and the dimensions of the Rogers RT5880 dielectric are (38×21×1.6) m 3 with a relative permittivity of 2.2. This is the substrate on which the proposed antenna is printed. A frequency range of 1.82 GHz to 6.44 GHz is observed for the antenna’s tuning. The proposed antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Waves Ratio (VSWR) that does not exceed 1.5 in all resonant bands, affirming its reliability and efficiency. The proposed buildings' radiation efficiency ranges from 70.73% to 98.91%. The antenna operates in three different Modes depending on the antenna’s switching scenario. Antenna Mode 1 operates in a single-band (3.03 GHz). Mode 2 is a double-band (2.34 and 5.06 GHz), and finally, the tri-band or Mode 3 (1.82, 4.2, and 6.44 GHz). Using a fed microstrip line, it is possible to use a quarter-wavelength transformer line to get 50 characteristic impedance and good impedance matching. The method for extracting the parameters from the SRR’s meta-material property is covered in depth, which is how the existence of negative permeability and the new resonance frequencies are confirmed. The suggested antenna offers many benefits, such as straightforward construction, low return loss, and switching frequencies using a PIN diode (SMP1340-079LF).
{"title":"A Reconfigurable Antenna for IoT Applications with Enhanced Performance by Adding Metamaterial","authors":"Jamal Mohammed Rasool, Ali Kadhum Abd","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.198-203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.198-203","url":null,"abstract":"—In this study, the use of a complementary four Split Ring Resonators (SRR)-based metamaterial is studied to develop a frequency-reconfigurable antenna for wireless communication. The tangent loss (tan) is 0.0009, and the dimensions of the Rogers RT5880 dielectric are (38×21×1.6) m 3 with a relative permittivity of 2.2. This is the substrate on which the proposed antenna is printed. A frequency range of 1.82 GHz to 6.44 GHz is observed for the antenna’s tuning. The proposed antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Waves Ratio (VSWR) that does not exceed 1.5 in all resonant bands, affirming its reliability and efficiency. The proposed buildings' radiation efficiency ranges from 70.73% to 98.91%. The antenna operates in three different Modes depending on the antenna’s switching scenario. Antenna Mode 1 operates in a single-band (3.03 GHz). Mode 2 is a double-band (2.34 and 5.06 GHz), and finally, the tri-band or Mode 3 (1.82, 4.2, and 6.44 GHz). Using a fed microstrip line, it is possible to use a quarter-wavelength transformer line to get 50 characteristic impedance and good impedance matching. The method for extracting the parameters from the SRR’s meta-material property is covered in depth, which is how the existence of negative permeability and the new resonance frequencies are confirmed. The suggested antenna offers many benefits, such as straightforward construction, low return loss, and switching frequencies using a PIN diode (SMP1340-079LF).","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"102 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.4.182-188
Sorato Mochizuki, Nobuyoshi Komuro
—Understanding environmental conditions in different locations is crucial for addressing air-pollution issues. While wireless sensor networks offer the capability to monitor environmental quality locally, they face challenges related to power supply. This study introduces a low-power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) employing distributed compressed sensing for a time-series environmental monitoring system. The proposed method achieves data compression at individual sensor nodes, mitigating power consumption during data transmission. Conversely, data restoration occurs on a server equipped with ample computing resources. This study investigates the power-saving impact of the proposed approach and identifies the optimal compression ratio. Experimental findings reveal a coefficient of determination of 0.9 or higher at a compression ratio of 90%. Our results indicate that the distributed compressed sensing-based WSN proposed in this study is effective for time-series environmental monitoring systems, offering valuable insights for future research endeavors.
{"title":"Power-Efficient Wireless Sensor Network Using Distributed Compressed Sensing for Time-Series Environmental Monitoring","authors":"Sorato Mochizuki, Nobuyoshi Komuro","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.4.182-188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.4.182-188","url":null,"abstract":"—Understanding environmental conditions in different locations is crucial for addressing air-pollution issues. While wireless sensor networks offer the capability to monitor environmental quality locally, they face challenges related to power supply. This study introduces a low-power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) employing distributed compressed sensing for a time-series environmental monitoring system. The proposed method achieves data compression at individual sensor nodes, mitigating power consumption during data transmission. Conversely, data restoration occurs on a server equipped with ample computing resources. This study investigates the power-saving impact of the proposed approach and identifies the optimal compression ratio. Experimental findings reveal a coefficient of determination of 0.9 or higher at a compression ratio of 90%. Our results indicate that the distributed compressed sensing-based WSN proposed in this study is effective for time-series environmental monitoring systems, offering valuable insights for future research endeavors.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"91 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.3.127-132
Sung Hyun Oh, Jeong Gon Kim
—With the recent development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Internet of Things technology has been widely adopted. In addition, key technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and wireless communication are being combined. Positioning technology that uses these technologies is essential for locating human devices in modern industries. Although the Global Positioning System can provide relatively precise positioning outdoors, its performance is limited indoors due to propagation loss. Hence, various wireless signal-based indoor positioning technologies, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, ultra-wideband, and Visible Light Communication (VLC) are being studied. In this study, positioning in indoor VLC environments is analyzed using Deep Q-Network (DQN). Each element of reinforcement learning and the agent's action and reward function are set to increase positioning accuracy. Deep Q-Network (DQN) training is then performed to derive positioning performance. The simulation results show that the proposed model attains a positioning resolution of less than 15 cm and achieves a processing speed of less than 0.03 seconds to obtain the final position in the Visible Light Communication (VLC) environment.
{"title":"Indoor Positioning by Deep Q-Network in VLC Environment","authors":"Sung Hyun Oh, Jeong Gon Kim","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.3.127-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.3.127-132","url":null,"abstract":"—With the recent development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Internet of Things technology has been widely adopted. In addition, key technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and wireless communication are being combined. Positioning technology that uses these technologies is essential for locating human devices in modern industries. Although the Global Positioning System can provide relatively precise positioning outdoors, its performance is limited indoors due to propagation loss. Hence, various wireless signal-based indoor positioning technologies, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, ultra-wideband, and Visible Light Communication (VLC) are being studied. In this study, positioning in indoor VLC environments is analyzed using Deep Q-Network (DQN). Each element of reinforcement learning and the agent's action and reward function are set to increase positioning accuracy. Deep Q-Network (DQN) training is then performed to derive positioning performance. The simulation results show that the proposed model attains a positioning resolution of less than 15 cm and achieves a processing speed of less than 0.03 seconds to obtain the final position in the Visible Light Communication (VLC) environment.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140407908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.3.133-142
Saif H. Alrubaee, Sazan K. Al-jaff, Mohammed A. Altahrawi
—The rapid expansion of vehicular communication systems emphasizes the integration of LTE-V networks, crucial for applications like road safety, traffic management, and infotainment. High-speed scenarios demand efficient downlink scheduling due to constantly changing channel conditions influenced by factors like throughput and Bit Error Rate (BER). Mobility-induced channel variations lead to signal quality fluctuations, interference, and congestion. LTE-V networks require robust Quality of Service (QoS) for safety applications, necessitating algorithms that detect and mitigate interference by dynamically adjusting scheduling. Existing algorithms struggle with Doppler shift effects, interference, and predicting network patterns, prompting the exploration of an Intelligent Downlink Scheduling (IDS) scheme based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) for high-speed LTE-V networks. This work focuses on the optimization of the resource allocation, improving spectral efficiency, and predicting network congestion. Leveraging machine learning and optimization, it addresses challenges posed by varying vehicle densities, mobility patterns, and QoS needs. Extensive simulations show the IDS’s superiority, significantly enhancing throughput and reducing BER. The improved throughput signifies reduced data loss in scheduling queues, while lower BER indicates enhanced received data post-scheduling. The IDS facilitates real-time decision-making and data-driven insights, ideal for managing and optimizing downlink scheduling in dynamic Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle (LTE-V) networks. Simulation results demonstrate a substantial 13 dB improvement over the best CQI scheduler at a 10 -4 BER and a 24 Mbps increase at a 20 dB SNR for a vehicle density of 40, showcasing the IDS's performance enhancements.
{"title":"Optimizing Downlink Resource Allocation for High-Speed LTE-V Networks Through Intelligent Scheduling","authors":"Saif H. Alrubaee, Sazan K. Al-jaff, Mohammed A. Altahrawi","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.3.133-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.3.133-142","url":null,"abstract":"—The rapid expansion of vehicular communication systems emphasizes the integration of LTE-V networks, crucial for applications like road safety, traffic management, and infotainment. High-speed scenarios demand efficient downlink scheduling due to constantly changing channel conditions influenced by factors like throughput and Bit Error Rate (BER). Mobility-induced channel variations lead to signal quality fluctuations, interference, and congestion. LTE-V networks require robust Quality of Service (QoS) for safety applications, necessitating algorithms that detect and mitigate interference by dynamically adjusting scheduling. Existing algorithms struggle with Doppler shift effects, interference, and predicting network patterns, prompting the exploration of an Intelligent Downlink Scheduling (IDS) scheme based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) for high-speed LTE-V networks. This work focuses on the optimization of the resource allocation, improving spectral efficiency, and predicting network congestion. Leveraging machine learning and optimization, it addresses challenges posed by varying vehicle densities, mobility patterns, and QoS needs. Extensive simulations show the IDS’s superiority, significantly enhancing throughput and reducing BER. The improved throughput signifies reduced data loss in scheduling queues, while lower BER indicates enhanced received data post-scheduling. The IDS facilitates real-time decision-making and data-driven insights, ideal for managing and optimizing downlink scheduling in dynamic Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle (LTE-V) networks. Simulation results demonstrate a substantial 13 dB improvement over the best CQI scheduler at a 10 -4 BER and a 24 Mbps increase at a 20 dB SNR for a vehicle density of 40, showcasing the IDS's performance enhancements.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"69 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—IP address auto reconfiguration, which ensures the optimum routing, is individual of the most challenging challenges in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). IP address reconfiguration protocols are divided into two categories: stateful and stateless. Addresses must be unique, and conflicts between addresses must be avoided. This paper offers the Hunger Games Search Improved Extreme Learning Machine (HGS-IELM) Method framework for IP address auto reconfiguration in MANET, which is based on the Hunger Games Search algorithm and the Improved Extreme Learning Machine. The HGS-IELM voting enforces ensuring a fresh read depending on each access. Both data consistency and message overhead are engineered to work together. The suggested HGS-IELM approach is scalable and does not need the use of a central server. According to the results of the experiments, the proposed HGS-IELM framework achieved decreased message overhead and latency. The suggested HGS-IELM approach exhibited enhanced address availability while maintaining appropriate redundancy.
-确保最佳路由选择的 IP 地址自动重新配置是移动无线网络（MANET）中最具挑战性的难题之一。IP 地址重新配置协议分为有状态和无状态两类。地址必须是唯一的，必须避免地址之间的冲突。本文为城域网中的 IP 地址自动重新配置提供了饥饿游戏搜索改进极限学习机（HGS-IELM）方法框架，该框架基于饥饿游戏搜索算法和改进极限学习机。HGS-IELM 表决法确保每次访问都有新的读取。数据一致性和信息开销都被设计成可以协同工作。建议的 HGS-IELM 方法具有可扩展性，不需要使用中央服务器。根据实验结果，建议的 HGS-IELM 框架降低了消息开销和延迟。建议的 HGS-IELM 方法在保持适当冗余的同时提高了地址可用性。
{"title":"Improved Extreme Learning Machine Based Hunger Games Search for Automatic IP Configuration and Duplicate Node Detection","authors":"Amit Gupta, Movva Pavani, Shashi Kant Dargar, Abha Dargar, Arun Singh Chohan","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.3.152-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.3.152-160","url":null,"abstract":"—IP address auto reconfiguration, which ensures the optimum routing, is individual of the most challenging challenges in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). IP address reconfiguration protocols are divided into two categories: stateful and stateless. Addresses must be unique, and conflicts between addresses must be avoided. This paper offers the Hunger Games Search Improved Extreme Learning Machine (HGS-IELM) Method framework for IP address auto reconfiguration in MANET, which is based on the Hunger Games Search algorithm and the Improved Extreme Learning Machine. The HGS-IELM voting enforces ensuring a fresh read depending on each access. Both data consistency and message overhead are engineered to work together. The suggested HGS-IELM approach is scalable and does not need the use of a central server. According to the results of the experiments, the proposed HGS-IELM framework achieved decreased message overhead and latency. The suggested HGS-IELM approach exhibited enhanced address availability while maintaining appropriate redundancy.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140408074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.3.168-174
Y. Natali, Riva Irvana, Yudiansyah Yudiansyah, Dian Widi Astuti, Dwi Astuti C, C. Apriono
—This study presents a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) mechanism and improves its antenna properties. Three DGS models are discussed: two including a single antenna and one including an array microstrip antenna design. The microstrips are designed for broadband wireless frequencies of 2.1 GHz (5G Technology) for a single antenna, and 5.8 GHz (wireless local area network) for an array antenna. These frequencies are achieved using three shapes of DGS in the simulations and the results are suitable for broadband applications. The antenna patches are rectangular with two types of DGS, and an array circular with one type of DGS. The results show the DGS provides better bandwidth and gain for a single antenna. Nevertheless, DGS achieves gain enhancement for an array antenna and this design yields a miniaturized array antenna of 69.92% and 73.47% in width and length, respectively. The three shapes of DGS have different designs: rectangular patch antenna with frame-shaped DGS, rectangular antenna with rectangular slot-shaped DGS, and array circular antenna with rectangular slots of DGS. A rectangular patch antenna with frame-shaped DGS and an array circular antenna with rectangular slots of DGS yields bandwidths of 533 MHz and 327 MHz. The single antenna improves the fractional bandwidth by 25.38% with a miniaturized patch. Nonetheless, the array circular antenna with DGS obtains a gain enhancement of 16 dB greater than the initial array without DGS.
{"title":"Study on Defected Ground Structure Models with Miniaturized Patches for Broadband Wireless Systems","authors":"Y. Natali, Riva Irvana, Yudiansyah Yudiansyah, Dian Widi Astuti, Dwi Astuti C, C. Apriono","doi":"10.12720/jcm.19.3.168-174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.19.3.168-174","url":null,"abstract":"—This study presents a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) mechanism and improves its antenna properties. Three DGS models are discussed: two including a single antenna and one including an array microstrip antenna design. The microstrips are designed for broadband wireless frequencies of 2.1 GHz (5G Technology) for a single antenna, and 5.8 GHz (wireless local area network) for an array antenna. These frequencies are achieved using three shapes of DGS in the simulations and the results are suitable for broadband applications. The antenna patches are rectangular with two types of DGS, and an array circular with one type of DGS. The results show the DGS provides better bandwidth and gain for a single antenna. Nevertheless, DGS achieves gain enhancement for an array antenna and this design yields a miniaturized array antenna of 69.92% and 73.47% in width and length, respectively. The three shapes of DGS have different designs: rectangular patch antenna with frame-shaped DGS, rectangular antenna with rectangular slot-shaped DGS, and array circular antenna with rectangular slots of DGS. A rectangular patch antenna with frame-shaped DGS and an array circular antenna with rectangular slots of DGS yields bandwidths of 533 MHz and 327 MHz. The single antenna improves the fractional bandwidth by 25.38% with a miniaturized patch. Nonetheless, the array circular antenna with DGS obtains a gain enhancement of 16 dB greater than the initial array without DGS.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"48 207","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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