Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.11.714-721
Mustafa Mohammed Heil, Ahmed Talaat Hammoodi, Jamal Mohammed Rasool
Recently, the development of mobile technology has reached a point that requires a high data rate with high waveform aspects. So, traditional ways are no further tolerable. With the dawn of the fifth generation (5G), researchers have been investigating its waveforms and experimenting the methods to improve it. This research examines universal filter multi-carrier (UFMC) for a novel strategy by employing multi-windowing UFMC-based (MW-UFMC) to boost the power spectral density (PSD). This was accomplished by lowering out-of-band emission (OOBE), bit error rate (BER), and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR). The 256quadrature amplitude modulation (256QAM) mapping modulation method was employed in this work. 256QAM is the maximum modulation level that is standard for the third-generation partnership project (3GPP). The proposed MW-UFMC is compared with the conventional UFMC and cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM). The proposed multi-windowing technique presents a multistage service that offer a diversity of options to the network operator, which exhibits several advantages over existing methods. These include a lower BER, improved PSD, enhanced spectral efficiency (SE), reduced OOBE that increases capacity for accommodating more bits, decreased ACLR, and lower latency.
{"title":"Multi-windowing Technique for 5G and Beyond","authors":"Mustafa Mohammed Heil, Ahmed Talaat Hammoodi, Jamal Mohammed Rasool","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.11.714-721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.11.714-721","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the development of mobile technology has reached a point that requires a high data rate with high waveform aspects. So, traditional ways are no further tolerable. With the dawn of the fifth generation (5G), researchers have been investigating its waveforms and experimenting the methods to improve it. This research examines universal filter multi-carrier (UFMC) for a novel strategy by employing multi-windowing UFMC-based (MW-UFMC) to boost the power spectral density (PSD). This was accomplished by lowering out-of-band emission (OOBE), bit error rate (BER), and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR). The 256quadrature amplitude modulation (256QAM) mapping modulation method was employed in this work. 256QAM is the maximum modulation level that is standard for the third-generation partnership project (3GPP). The proposed MW-UFMC is compared with the conventional UFMC and cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM). The proposed multi-windowing technique presents a multistage service that offer a diversity of options to the network operator, which exhibits several advantages over existing methods. These include a lower BER, improved PSD, enhanced spectral efficiency (SE), reduced OOBE that increases capacity for accommodating more bits, decreased ACLR, and lower latency.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"41 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135456717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.608-612
Chung-Long Pan, Shuming T. Wang, Ping-Cheng Chen, Yen-Fu Chen
This paper presents the design and development of a circularly polarized (CP) tag antenna to overcome the polarization mismatch between the reader antenna and the tag antenna in RFID systems. This CP antenna is designed at 2.4 GHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It consists of a simple square loop loaded with an open gap, two feeding strips, and a matching stub. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8mm. In order to achieve conjugate matching between the circular tag antenna and the tag chip, the technique of loading a matching short line on the tag chip was used. Additionally, the radiation of circular polarization (CP) was achieved by placing an open gap and two feeding strips on the square loop. Through electromagnetic simulation analysis, the antenna performance is evaluated. The reflection coefficient (S11) at 2.45 GHz is measured to be - 17.16db, indicating good impedance matching. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 0.19 GHz (7.7%), covering the frequency range of 2.34 GHz to 2.53 GHz. The 10db power reflection bandwidth is approximately 8.9% (2.33 GHz to 2.55 GHz), ensuring broad operational bandwidth. The antenna also exhibits a favorable antenna gain of 2.29dBi. This study successfully demonstrates the design and performance evaluation of a CP tag antenna for RFID applications
{"title":"Design of 2.45GHz Circularly Polarized Tag Antenna","authors":"Chung-Long Pan, Shuming T. Wang, Ping-Cheng Chen, Yen-Fu Chen","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.608-612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.608-612","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and development of a circularly polarized (CP) tag antenna to overcome the polarization mismatch between the reader antenna and the tag antenna in RFID systems. This CP antenna is designed at 2.4 GHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It consists of a simple square loop loaded with an open gap, two feeding strips, and a matching stub. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8mm. In order to achieve conjugate matching between the circular tag antenna and the tag chip, the technique of loading a matching short line on the tag chip was used. Additionally, the radiation of circular polarization (CP) was achieved by placing an open gap and two feeding strips on the square loop. Through electromagnetic simulation analysis, the antenna performance is evaluated. The reflection coefficient (S11) at 2.45 GHz is measured to be - 17.16db, indicating good impedance matching. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 0.19 GHz (7.7%), covering the frequency range of 2.34 GHz to 2.53 GHz. The 10db power reflection bandwidth is approximately 8.9% (2.33 GHz to 2.55 GHz), ensuring broad operational bandwidth. The antenna also exhibits a favorable antenna gain of 2.29dBi. This study successfully demonstrates the design and performance evaluation of a CP tag antenna for RFID applications","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.621-628
Taha Abdulsalam Taha, Saad Ahmed Ayoob, Mohammad Tariq Yaseen
In this paper, a hybrid optical signal amplification system that includes Raman scattering and Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was simulated to take advantage of the amplification properties of the optical signal transmitted through the optical fiber network that connects the first and third campuses of the University of Mosul. The two types of optical signal amplifiers were studied individually and together, and the effect was observed in each case on the optical signal parameters such as the Q-factor, noise figure, signal-to-noise ratio, and gain. Optisystem ver.7.0 software was used to simulate the proposed system. The results showed that the Raman scattering and EDFA hybrid systems functioned effectively. The output signal power level is higher than the input signal power level that increased from (16 microwatts) to (83 mill watts). For each frequency, the gain is positive and the noise figure is relatively high. Although, this indicates that some noise introduced into the system. The output signal to noise ratio (OSNR) is high (55 dB). Moreover, the system is still able to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio. The obtained results showed that the Raman scattering and EDFA hybrid system is a worthwhile technique for amplifying optical signals for the optical network connecting the first and third campuses of the University of Mosul.
{"title":"Raman/EDFA Hybrid System to Enhance the Optical Signal in the Optical Network","authors":"Taha Abdulsalam Taha, Saad Ahmed Ayoob, Mohammad Tariq Yaseen","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.621-628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.621-628","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a hybrid optical signal amplification system that includes Raman scattering and Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was simulated to take advantage of the amplification properties of the optical signal transmitted through the optical fiber network that connects the first and third campuses of the University of Mosul. The two types of optical signal amplifiers were studied individually and together, and the effect was observed in each case on the optical signal parameters such as the Q-factor, noise figure, signal-to-noise ratio, and gain. Optisystem ver.7.0 software was used to simulate the proposed system. The results showed that the Raman scattering and EDFA hybrid systems functioned effectively. The output signal power level is higher than the input signal power level that increased from (16 microwatts) to (83 mill watts). For each frequency, the gain is positive and the noise figure is relatively high. Although, this indicates that some noise introduced into the system. The output signal to noise ratio (OSNR) is high (55 dB). Moreover, the system is still able to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio. The obtained results showed that the Raman scattering and EDFA hybrid system is a worthwhile technique for amplifying optical signals for the optical network connecting the first and third campuses of the University of Mosul.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135811087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.643-657
K. Chitambara Rao, M. Lakshmun, D. Nataraj, G. Vinutna Ujwala, K. S. Chakradha
There is a tremendous demand for antennas with very broad bandwidth and gain so that one antenna can cover the entire frequency range of the satellite communication applications, which are rapidly expanding with the current technology for diverse platforms. Helical antennas are ideal for these applications due to their distinctive qualities such as circular polarization, wide bandwidth, excellent gain, and low-profile conformability. For transmitting and receiving applications, which comprise frequency ranges of 240MHz to 270MHz and 290MHz to 320MHz, respectively. A new design of circularly polarized double-wire helical antenna employing the butterfly approach has been created in this study. An antenna was designed, simulated, analyzed, and fabricated before being experimentally measured for important parameters such as axial ratio, gain, 3dB beamwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio.
{"title":"A Circularly Polarized Antenna for UHF Satellite Communication Applications","authors":"K. Chitambara Rao, M. Lakshmun, D. Nataraj, G. Vinutna Ujwala, K. S. Chakradha","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.643-657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.643-657","url":null,"abstract":"There is a tremendous demand for antennas with very broad bandwidth and gain so that one antenna can cover the entire frequency range of the satellite communication applications, which are rapidly expanding with the current technology for diverse platforms. Helical antennas are ideal for these applications due to their distinctive qualities such as circular polarization, wide bandwidth, excellent gain, and low-profile conformability. For transmitting and receiving applications, which comprise frequency ranges of 240MHz to 270MHz and 290MHz to 320MHz, respectively. A new design of circularly polarized double-wire helical antenna employing the butterfly approach has been created in this study. An antenna was designed, simulated, analyzed, and fabricated before being experimentally measured for important parameters such as axial ratio, gain, 3dB beamwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.665-675
Sambath Kumar. R., Sivaradje. G.
As an extension of wireless sensor networks in the underwater environment, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have led to a broad consideration of academicians. One of the problems that lower UWSN effectiveness in terms of network lifespan is premature energy depletion. It might be caused by the network nodes using different amounts of energy. In UASNs, the effectiveness and dependability of data transfer remain so adverse because of the intricate underwater environment in diverse ocean applications like surveilling atypical submarine oil pipelines. Inspired by the significance of UASNs’ quality of service in several implementations, this study proffers a metaheuristic optimization algorithm (AG) called Chimp Optimization-based Routing Protocol (CH-ORP) for UASNs obtaining intricate features of underwater (UW) medium into concern like 3D changing topology, high propagation delay, node mobility, and density, and, also, cluster head nodes’ rotation mechanism. Initially, the entire network (NW) paradigm has been considered as a three-dimensional cube out of a grid point of view, and the three-dimensional cube has been split into several little cubes by employing Delaunay Triangulation. The optimization has been carried out for lessening node failure rate and NW energy consumption rate by ideally placing the sensor nodes in UW acoustic communication. The NW topology’s steadiness has been assured by the AG, and this optimizes the node redeployment scheme by computing the fitness function for all nodes. The proffered AG’s simulation substantiations have been performed for exhibiting the CH-ORP’s efficiency that executes finer when compared to the advanced methodologies concerning energy efficiency, reliability, and end-to-end delay. It has been found that the proposed Ch-ORP achieves 698 packets received with 28% of energy consumption, 156-sec Network delay, 257 packet loss, 97.23% of PDR, and 1256 Mbps of Network throughput.
{"title":"A QoS-Aware Energy-Efficient Chimp Optimization Routing Protocol with Efficient Sensor Node Deployment Strategy in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network","authors":"Sambath Kumar. R., Sivaradje. G.","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.665-675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.665-675","url":null,"abstract":"As an extension of wireless sensor networks in the underwater environment, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have led to a broad consideration of academicians. One of the problems that lower UWSN effectiveness in terms of network lifespan is premature energy depletion. It might be caused by the network nodes using different amounts of energy. In UASNs, the effectiveness and dependability of data transfer remain so adverse because of the intricate underwater environment in diverse ocean applications like surveilling atypical submarine oil pipelines. Inspired by the significance of UASNs’ quality of service in several implementations, this study proffers a metaheuristic optimization algorithm (AG) called Chimp Optimization-based Routing Protocol (CH-ORP) for UASNs obtaining intricate features of underwater (UW) medium into concern like 3D changing topology, high propagation delay, node mobility, and density, and, also, cluster head nodes’ rotation mechanism. Initially, the entire network (NW) paradigm has been considered as a three-dimensional cube out of a grid point of view, and the three-dimensional cube has been split into several little cubes by employing Delaunay Triangulation. The optimization has been carried out for lessening node failure rate and NW energy consumption rate by ideally placing the sensor nodes in UW acoustic communication. The NW topology’s steadiness has been assured by the AG, and this optimizes the node redeployment scheme by computing the fitness function for all nodes. The proffered AG’s simulation substantiations have been performed for exhibiting the CH-ORP’s efficiency that executes finer when compared to the advanced methodologies concerning energy efficiency, reliability, and end-to-end delay. It has been found that the proposed Ch-ORP achieves 698 packets received with 28% of energy consumption, 156-sec Network delay, 257 packet loss, 97.23% of PDR, and 1256 Mbps of Network throughput.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.613-620
Nusaiba N. Al-Salahat, Yousef G. Eljaafreh
The key parameter that plays a major role in designing a protocol for WSNs is energy efficiency, which is the scarcest resource of sensor nodes and determines their lifetime of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifetime of sensor networks depends on efficient management of the sensing node of energy. The protocol proposed in this study is a modified routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol, which distributes cluster heads. It also proposes sink mobilization to overcome problems that exist in the case of static sinks. However, controlling the movement of the sink to achieve the most efficient data gathering, both to guarantee the quality of service and to reduce energy consumption, is an important issue in maximizing network lifetime. The novelty of our proposed approach over other mobile-sink-based LEACH-modified protocols is that we assume that the mobile sink traverses along the Y-axis of the sensing area and is relocated at the start of each round by computing the optimal tentative sink node position considering both the geographical distance from the sensors to the sink and the transmission load of the sensors. A comparative analysis based on the standard best-practice benchmarking metrics was performed. The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the LEACH protocol in maximizing WSNs lifetime.
{"title":"Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink","authors":"Nusaiba N. Al-Salahat, Yousef G. Eljaafreh","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.613-620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.613-620","url":null,"abstract":"The key parameter that plays a major role in designing a protocol for WSNs is energy efficiency, which is the scarcest resource of sensor nodes and determines their lifetime of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifetime of sensor networks depends on efficient management of the sensing node of energy. The protocol proposed in this study is a modified routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol, which distributes cluster heads. It also proposes sink mobilization to overcome problems that exist in the case of static sinks. However, controlling the movement of the sink to achieve the most efficient data gathering, both to guarantee the quality of service and to reduce energy consumption, is an important issue in maximizing network lifetime. The novelty of our proposed approach over other mobile-sink-based LEACH-modified protocols is that we assume that the mobile sink traverses along the Y-axis of the sensing area and is relocated at the start of each round by computing the optimal tentative sink node position considering both the geographical distance from the sensors to the sink and the transmission load of the sensors. A comparative analysis based on the standard best-practice benchmarking metrics was performed. The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the LEACH protocol in maximizing WSNs lifetime.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135811088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.629-642
Mohammad Reza Ghaderi, Nasrin Amiri
With the rapid development of modern communication systems, phased array antennas (PAAs) are widely used in many applications such as radars and 5G networks. In a PAA composed of multiple elements (antennas), beamforming or beam steering can be achieved by adjusting the phase difference in the excitation signals that feed each element of the array, eliminating the need for mechanical antenna movement. The performance quality of the communication systems heavily relies on the precise synthesis of the PAAs. PAA synthesis entails determining the geometric or physical shape of an antenna based on knowledge of its electrical parameters. Conventional methods for PAA synthesis use conventional electromagnetic models embedded in antenna design software’s. However, these models often pose challenges due to resource-intensive computations, lengthy simulation times, and potential high error rates. Machine learning (ML) techniques can be employed to optimize solutions in various telecommunication systems, including PAAs synthesis. In this article, we review and investigate the application of ML techniques in the synthesis of PAAs. The results of this study show that utilizing ML techniques can expedite the design process by threefold, while simultaneously reducing errors and increasing accuracy up to 99%.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Phased Array Antenna Synthesis: A Comprehensive Mini Review","authors":"Mohammad Reza Ghaderi, Nasrin Amiri","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.629-642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.629-642","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of modern communication systems, phased array antennas (PAAs) are widely used in many applications such as radars and 5G networks. In a PAA composed of multiple elements (antennas), beamforming or beam steering can be achieved by adjusting the phase difference in the excitation signals that feed each element of the array, eliminating the need for mechanical antenna movement. The performance quality of the communication systems heavily relies on the precise synthesis of the PAAs. PAA synthesis entails determining the geometric or physical shape of an antenna based on knowledge of its electrical parameters. Conventional methods for PAA synthesis use conventional electromagnetic models embedded in antenna design software’s. However, these models often pose challenges due to resource-intensive computations, lengthy simulation times, and potential high error rates. Machine learning (ML) techniques can be employed to optimize solutions in various telecommunication systems, including PAAs synthesis. In this article, we review and investigate the application of ML techniques in the synthesis of PAAs. The results of this study show that utilizing ML techniques can expedite the design process by threefold, while simultaneously reducing errors and increasing accuracy up to 99%.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135811089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.10.658-664
Hayder Almosa, Yahya J. Harbi, Mohammed Al-Dulaimi, Alister Burr
The concept of cell free (CF) massive MIMO systems is a prospective fifth generation communication technology that effort with base stations for the privilege of user-centric coverage. Most studies on the CF massive MIMO system in the past imply that systems that use time division duplexing (TDD), even despite the systems using frequency division duplex (FDD) predominate in today’s wireless communications. When the number of antennas increases in FDD systems, channel state information (CSI) collection and feedback overhead become major issues. In order to mitigate these issues, we make use of the condition that the so-called uplink and downlink multipath components are comparable. Base station takes use of the angle reciprocity may immediately obtain information on channel parameters from the uplink training signal. In this paper, for CF massive MIMO system based on FDD, we provide compressive sensing (CS) of directions of arrival (DoAs) estimation approach of access point cooperation based on the channel parameters. The suggested estimation approach outperforms the established subspace-based technique, according to simulation findings. Additionally, we showed that the results of our compressive sensing estimator against the conventional estimation method. The former demonstrates way far better outcome and performance accordingly than the latter.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of DoA Estimation for FDD Cell Free Systems Based on Compressive Sensing Technique","authors":"Hayder Almosa, Yahya J. Harbi, Mohammed Al-Dulaimi, Alister Burr","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.10.658-664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.10.658-664","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of cell free (CF) massive MIMO systems is a prospective fifth generation communication technology that effort with base stations for the privilege of user-centric coverage. Most studies on the CF massive MIMO system in the past imply that systems that use time division duplexing (TDD), even despite the systems using frequency division duplex (FDD) predominate in today’s wireless communications. When the number of antennas increases in FDD systems, channel state information (CSI) collection and feedback overhead become major issues. In order to mitigate these issues, we make use of the condition that the so-called uplink and downlink multipath components are comparable. Base station takes use of the angle reciprocity may immediately obtain information on channel parameters from the uplink training signal. In this paper, for CF massive MIMO system based on FDD, we provide compressive sensing (CS) of directions of arrival (DoAs) estimation approach of access point cooperation based on the channel parameters. The suggested estimation approach outperforms the established subspace-based technique, according to simulation findings. Additionally, we showed that the results of our compressive sensing estimator against the conventional estimation method. The former demonstrates way far better outcome and performance accordingly than the latter.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.9.581-588
Raed S. M. Daraghma, Arafat A. A. Shabaneh
—3GPP employs a parallel “Release” approach that provides developers with a stable base for implementing features at a specific moment and then allows for the addition of new capabilities in successive Releases. 3GPP began work on LTE radio-access technology in November 2004, and the initial LTE standards were finalized in December 2007 as part of 3GPP Release 8. With each consecutive iteration, LTE radio-access technology has progressed in many areas, resulting in improved performance and expanded capabilities. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication was introduced in Release 12 and was later expanded with device-based relaying functionality in Release 13. V2X (Vehicular-to-Vehicular, Vehicular-to-Infrastructure, Vehicular-to-Network) communication is regarded as a critical new use case for cellular networks. 3GPP Release 14 was the first to deliver LTE upgrades in this area, such as improved QoS and V2V support based on the direct device-to-device functionality introduced in Release 12. The paper's main work is to extend examination of the important components of 5G V2X and V12: throughput and Block Error Rate (BLER). We also go over the use cases, system design, evaluation methodology, and simulation propositions for V12 and 5G V2X. Lastly, we compare V2X and V12 advancements, as well as those in Release 12 and Release 14.
{"title":"Performance of LTE Advanced for Different Releases","authors":"Raed S. M. Daraghma, Arafat A. A. Shabaneh","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.9.581-588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.9.581-588","url":null,"abstract":"—3GPP employs a parallel “Release” approach that provides developers with a stable base for implementing features at a specific moment and then allows for the addition of new capabilities in successive Releases. 3GPP began work on LTE radio-access technology in November 2004, and the initial LTE standards were finalized in December 2007 as part of 3GPP Release 8. With each consecutive iteration, LTE radio-access technology has progressed in many areas, resulting in improved performance and expanded capabilities. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication was introduced in Release 12 and was later expanded with device-based relaying functionality in Release 13. V2X (Vehicular-to-Vehicular, Vehicular-to-Infrastructure, Vehicular-to-Network) communication is regarded as a critical new use case for cellular networks. 3GPP Release 14 was the first to deliver LTE upgrades in this area, such as improved QoS and V2V support based on the direct device-to-device functionality introduced in Release 12. The paper's main work is to extend examination of the important components of 5G V2X and V12: throughput and Block Error Rate (BLER). We also go over the use cases, system design, evaluation methodology, and simulation propositions for V12 and 5G V2X. Lastly, we compare V2X and V12 advancements, as well as those in Release 12 and Release 14.","PeriodicalId":53518,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications","volume":"18 1","pages":"581-588"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66344090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.12720/jcm.18.9.599-607
R. Padmasree, B. R. Naik
— Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a wireless access technology used to enable 5G and next-generation mobile communications. This 5G network operates in a Frequency Range1(FR1) band, which includes sub-6GHz bands, and a Frequency Range2(FR2) band, which determines bands in the mm-wave range. The sub-6GHz/mm-wave 5G networks encounter a range of difficulties in terms of adaptability, latency, throughput, and improved signal to noise ratio (SNR), where it is desirable for the User Equipment (UE) to limit the transmit power and efficiently manage radio resources to improve battery life. Fading, Bit Error Rate (BER) and noise are significant features in wireless technologies that have an impact on the quality of data and signals, such effects can be efficiently suppressed by Sub-Optimal MIMO detection/equalizer algorithms. The performance of BER Versus SNR is interpreted between Zero Forcing (ZF), ZF-Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), and MMSE-SIC equalizers through different modulation schemes and observed that MMSE-SIC performs best coping with low BER compared to other algorithms, and with its low BER and interference followed by admiring SNR is strongly advised at Uplink (UL)/Downlink(DL) regions. A semi-blind UL/DL decoupling algorithm is also proposed in this context, where the processing unit collects measurements of the Rician K-factor reflecting the line of sight (LOS) condition of the UE and DL reference signal receive power (RSRP) for both 2.6 GHz and 28 GHz frequency bands, followed by the training of a machine learning algorithms. For these frequency bands, the trained algorithm is utilized to make blind predictions about the target frequencies and access points that may be used separately for the UL and DL. Hence, decoupling of UL and DL has been assessed by adapting MMSE-SIC equalizer and various Machine learning and Deep learning algorithms, it is found that Convolutional neural network (CNN) achieves the highest decoupling success rate, with an average accuracy of 98.93% but a maximum accuracy of 99.83% for a small number of training samples.
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