Abstract The article aims at establishing new, more reliable meanings and functions for a number of lexical and semi-grammatical elements of Eblaite (Syrian East Semitic). The so-called “chancery texts”, first published by Pelio Fronzaroli and Amalia Catagnoti as ARET 13, 16 and 18, are in the focus of the analysis. While feasible contextual interpretation is an absolute priority for the present authors, other (notably, comparative) methods are also used when applicable. As a result, a substantial progress in our understanding of these exceedingly difficult documents is expected to be achieved.
{"title":"The Ebla Chancery Texts in the Light of Recent Linguistic Research","authors":"I. Arkhipov, L. Kogan","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article aims at establishing new, more reliable meanings and functions for a number of lexical and semi-grammatical elements of Eblaite (Syrian East Semitic). The so-called “chancery texts”, first published by Pelio Fronzaroli and Amalia Catagnoti as ARET 13, 16 and 18, are in the focus of the analysis. While feasible contextual interpretation is an absolute priority for the present authors, other (notably, comparative) methods are also used when applicable. As a result, a substantial progress in our understanding of these exceedingly difficult documents is expected to be achieved.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48111116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The reader will find in the following pages a new edition of Sulgi X, a text famous above all for its first part (ll. 1–73), describing the meeting of Innana and Sulgi. The goddess first speaks of her carnal union with the king and thereupon decrees a favourable fate for him. In the remainder of the hymn, Sulgi pays successive visits to Utu, Ninazu and Nanna. He then settles in the Egalmaḫ of Ninegala/Innana and ensures justice and prosperity.
{"title":"Sulgi X","authors":"P. Attinger","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The reader will find in the following pages a new edition of Sulgi X, a text famous above all for its first part (ll. 1–73), describing the meeting of Innana and Sulgi. The goddess first speaks of her carnal union with the king and thereupon decrees a favourable fate for him. In the remainder of the hymn, Sulgi pays successive visits to Utu, Ninazu and Nanna. He then settles in the Egalmaḫ of Ninegala/Innana and ensures justice and prosperity.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49355250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za is a cloth attested in different spellings from the 3rd to 1st millennia BCE that has received diverse translations. Evidence from Ur III textile production texts, reconstructions based on experimental data, and lexical lists now converge to suggest that the cloth was defined by its thick weft. Although the tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za has traditionally been connected to the Zottenrock of Mesopotamian visual media via the adjective guz(-za) ‘bristly, wire-haired,’ no independent evidence of shagginess has been found for the textile. Instead, this contribution demonstrates that there is another guz-za meaning ‘bright red’ that was applied to textiles and wool in the lexical lists of the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting that the tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za was conceived of as a red cloth at least in some periods.
{"title":"The tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za at Ḫattuša and Beyond","authors":"J. Burgin","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za is a cloth attested in different spellings from the 3rd to 1st millennia BCE that has received diverse translations. Evidence from Ur III textile production texts, reconstructions based on experimental data, and lexical lists now converge to suggest that the cloth was defined by its thick weft. Although the tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za has traditionally been connected to the Zottenrock of Mesopotamian visual media via the adjective guz(-za) ‘bristly, wire-haired,’ no independent evidence of shagginess has been found for the textile. Instead, this contribution demonstrates that there is another guz-za meaning ‘bright red’ that was applied to textiles and wool in the lexical lists of the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting that the tug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za was conceived of as a red cloth at least in some periods.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46829197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article examines the Middle Bronze Age archaeological evidence from surveys and excavations conducted in the in the area of the Lake Orūmīyeh basin in what is now north-western Iran. The sites were first analysed with regard to their more general classification, for example in relation to their geographical locations or according to the presence or absence of fortification structures. Another aspect discussed in the article concerns pottery traditions and their territorial distribution. The situation from this perspective is particularly interesting and complex due to the identification over the years of three different pottery traditions. The results of these analyses have led to new proposals concerning the Middle Bronze Age settlement pattern in this area.
{"title":"A Reassessment of the Middle Bronze Age Cultures in the Lake Orūmīyeh Basin, Iran","authors":"R. Dan, Andrea Cesaretti","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the Middle Bronze Age archaeological evidence from surveys and excavations conducted in the in the area of the Lake Orūmīyeh basin in what is now north-western Iran. The sites were first analysed with regard to their more general classification, for example in relation to their geographical locations or according to the presence or absence of fortification structures. Another aspect discussed in the article concerns pottery traditions and their territorial distribution. The situation from this perspective is particularly interesting and complex due to the identification over the years of three different pottery traditions. The results of these analyses have led to new proposals concerning the Middle Bronze Age settlement pattern in this area.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47534770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The recent discovery of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription of TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 in the Konya Plain (Turkey) has sparked a debate regarding its author, Great King Hartapu, the dates of his rule, and his role in the political geography of south-central Anatolia. Several authors now propose that two kings of the same name may have reigned at different times in the same region. This paper proposes a textual analysis of all the Hartapu inscriptions, together with an assessment of the archaeological and historical contexts in which they were found. In light of this, we argue that only one individual called Hartapu was responsible for the whole corpus and that he reigned during the Middle Iron Age, likely in the 8th century BCE.
{"title":"On the Identity of Hartapu","authors":"M. Massa, James F. Osborne","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The recent discovery of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription of TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 in the Konya Plain (Turkey) has sparked a debate regarding its author, Great King Hartapu, the dates of his rule, and his role in the political geography of south-central Anatolia. Several authors now propose that two kings of the same name may have reigned at different times in the same region. This paper proposes a textual analysis of all the Hartapu inscriptions, together with an assessment of the archaeological and historical contexts in which they were found. In light of this, we argue that only one individual called Hartapu was responsible for the whole corpus and that he reigned during the Middle Iron Age, likely in the 8th century BCE.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47470459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present article wants to draw attention to the artful wordplay featured in the Cuneiform Luwian incantations known from Hittite Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BCE. Special focus is placed on the combination of assonant, or even alliterating, verbs and their direct objects. In order to compose such a stylistic figure, it is often necessary to make compromises regarding the semantics, leading to combinations that are still understood, but less than ideal to convey the meaning they are intended for. Phonological requirements override meaning. The technique applied by the authors of the spells is to start from a central determining concept (e.g., some kind of evil), then to combine it with a second variable concept that is somehow compatible with the intended sense (e.g., any verb of destruction that has the appropriate phonological shape) and to fill the clause with any further elements required on syntactic grounds. Although there are parallels between the techniques of Luwian spell composition and those in use in Mesopotamia (expected degree of assonance, choice of paraphernalia on account of the phonological shape of their designations), the locus of the use of the relevant words is not the same. In Luwian spells, both words must co-occur in the very same clause uttered in front of the ritual client in order to unfold their effects.
{"title":"Verbal Art in Luwian and Hittite Incantations","authors":"E. Rieken","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present article wants to draw attention to the artful wordplay featured in the Cuneiform Luwian incantations known from Hittite Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BCE. Special focus is placed on the combination of assonant, or even alliterating, verbs and their direct objects. In order to compose such a stylistic figure, it is often necessary to make compromises regarding the semantics, leading to combinations that are still understood, but less than ideal to convey the meaning they are intended for. Phonological requirements override meaning. The technique applied by the authors of the spells is to start from a central determining concept (e.g., some kind of evil), then to combine it with a second variable concept that is somehow compatible with the intended sense (e.g., any verb of destruction that has the appropriate phonological shape) and to fill the clause with any further elements required on syntactic grounds. Although there are parallels between the techniques of Luwian spell composition and those in use in Mesopotamia (expected degree of assonance, choice of paraphernalia on account of the phonological shape of their designations), the locus of the use of the relevant words is not the same. In Luwian spells, both words must co-occur in the very same clause uttered in front of the ritual client in order to unfold their effects.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47628818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper addresses the Hittite word gišmāri-, which designates a kind of weapon and is often translated as ‘mari-spear’. A philological re-evaluation of the Hittite attestations rather calls for the meaning ‘scimitar (sickle-shaped sword),’ which has previously been suggested but was largely disregarded. At the same time, archaeological evidence for the presence of scimitars in the Hittite culture is adduced. Subsequently, the role of this type of weapon in the ancient Near East is reassessed. Finally, a new Indo-European etymology for the word māri- is offered, which brings additional support for the meaning ‘scimitar (sickle-shaped sword).’
{"title":"Hethitisch māri- ,Sichelschwert(?)‘ aus archäologischer, philologischer und etymologischer Sicht","authors":"A. Opfermann, David Sasseville, Riko Süssenguth","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper addresses the Hittite word gišmāri-, which designates a kind of weapon and is often translated as ‘mari-spear’. A philological re-evaluation of the Hittite attestations rather calls for the meaning ‘scimitar (sickle-shaped sword),’ which has previously been suggested but was largely disregarded. At the same time, archaeological evidence for the presence of scimitars in the Hittite culture is adduced. Subsequently, the role of this type of weapon in the ancient Near East is reassessed. Finally, a new Indo-European etymology for the word māri- is offered, which brings additional support for the meaning ‘scimitar (sickle-shaped sword).’","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41332995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Related words in the Hurrian and Urartian vocabularies are numerous due to the affinity of these two languages. To the list of common roots and terms we can now add two more examples: iradini “bird” and purulini “divination(?)”.
{"title":"Two Hurro-Urartian Lexical Parallels","authors":"Yervand Grekyan","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Related words in the Hurrian and Urartian vocabularies are numerous due to the affinity of these two languages. To the list of common roots and terms we can now add two more examples: iradini “bird” and purulini “divination(?)”.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43358695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Kizzuwatna, roughly the area around the present-day Turkish city of Adana in the plains of Cilicia in Southeastern Turkey, is known to be the origin of several magical ritual texts that were found in the archives of the Hittite Capital, Ḫattuša, in Central Anatolia. These texts are characterized by varying amounts of Luwian and Hurrian elements and rites in them. This article, however, aims to foreground festival texts with connections to Kizzuwatna and adjacent regions, namely the “Festival for Teššub and Ḫebat of Lawazantiya (CTH 699)” and the “Cults for Teššub and Ḫebat of Aleppo (CTH 698)”. Both festivals reveal very little Luwian, but they do exhibit obvious Hurrian influences. This article offers first thoughts toward an interpretation of the lack of Luwian in these texts, along with other texts with an alleged origin in Southeastern Anatolia or Northern Syria.
{"title":"Hurrian and Luwian Elements in the Kizzuwatna Religious Texts","authors":"Susanne Görke","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Kizzuwatna, roughly the area around the present-day Turkish city of Adana in the plains of Cilicia in Southeastern Turkey, is known to be the origin of several magical ritual texts that were found in the archives of the Hittite Capital, Ḫattuša, in Central Anatolia. These texts are characterized by varying amounts of Luwian and Hurrian elements and rites in them. This article, however, aims to foreground festival texts with connections to Kizzuwatna and adjacent regions, namely the “Festival for Teššub and Ḫebat of Lawazantiya (CTH 699)” and the “Cults for Teššub and Ḫebat of Aleppo (CTH 698)”. Both festivals reveal very little Luwian, but they do exhibit obvious Hurrian influences. This article offers first thoughts toward an interpretation of the lack of Luwian in these texts, along with other texts with an alleged origin in Southeastern Anatolia or Northern Syria.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44853599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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