Abstract The article publishes an Old Babylonian syllabically written tablet of the Eršema su₈-ba-de₃ ta an-ak, “The shepherd, what has he done?” with duplicates from the first millennium BCE stemming from Nineveh. The composition laments the disappearance of Dumuzi.
摘要这篇文章发表了一块古巴比伦语音节书写的Eršema su石碑₈-ba de₃ ta an ak，“牧羊人，他做了什么？”与来自尼尼微的公元前一千年的复制品。这篇作文哀叹杜木子的消失。
{"title":"“The Shepherd, What Has He Done?”","authors":"U. Gabbay","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article publishes an Old Babylonian syllabically written tablet of the Eršema su₈-ba-de₃ ta an-ak, “The shepherd, what has he done?” with duplicates from the first millennium BCE stemming from Nineveh. The composition laments the disappearance of Dumuzi.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"48 1","pages":"76 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2021-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47079152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sollee, H. Mönninghoff, E. Kozal, Doǧa Karakaya, Joel E. Heim, Selin Gür
Abstract The site of Sirkeli Höyük in the province of Adana in modern Turkey is one of the largest settlement mounds in Plain Cilicia. In 2012, a geophysical survey revealed that the ancient settlement was not confined to the höyük, but also encompassed an extensive lower town to the southeast of the main mound. To gain information on the dating and development of this part of the settlement, an excavation area (“Sector F”) was opened at a spot where the magnetometry survey suggested the presence of a city gate. Since then, archaeological work in this area has continuously produced new discoveries that help us understand how this residential area and its inhabitants developed throughout the periods of its occupation. Especially the Iron Age (Neo Cilician period) levels, which cover approximately the 11th–7th centuries B.C., provide important information on how this urban center of the Neo Hittite kingdom Hiyawa/Que changed over time and to which extent historical events impacted the people living in one of its residential areas. This contribution discusses the stratigraphic sequence, the pottery, and the archaeobotanical remains discovered in Sector F during the 2013–2019 campaigns, and concludes with a synthesis of the development in this area from a historical perspective.
{"title":"The Development of the Southeast Lower Town of Sirkeli Höyük","authors":"A. Sollee, H. Mönninghoff, E. Kozal, Doǧa Karakaya, Joel E. Heim, Selin Gür","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The site of Sirkeli Höyük in the province of Adana in modern Turkey is one of the largest settlement mounds in Plain Cilicia. In 2012, a geophysical survey revealed that the ancient settlement was not confined to the höyük, but also encompassed an extensive lower town to the southeast of the main mound. To gain information on the dating and development of this part of the settlement, an excavation area (“Sector F”) was opened at a spot where the magnetometry survey suggested the presence of a city gate. Since then, archaeological work in this area has continuously produced new discoveries that help us understand how this residential area and its inhabitants developed throughout the periods of its occupation. Especially the Iron Age (Neo Cilician period) levels, which cover approximately the 11th–7th centuries B.C., provide important information on how this urban center of the Neo Hittite kingdom Hiyawa/Que changed over time and to which extent historical events impacted the people living in one of its residential areas. This contribution discusses the stratigraphic sequence, the pottery, and the archaeobotanical remains discovered in Sector F during the 2013–2019 campaigns, and concludes with a synthesis of the development in this area from a historical perspective.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"215 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48795835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The first part of this article offers a structural analysis of the literary letter of petition Abaindasa to Sulge, one of the most unstable OB literary compositions that has posed considerable problems to scholars in the past. Both the difficult reconstruction of the text and questions as to its connection to other Sumerian literary letters will be analyzed. A close examination of the sources and identification of intertextual relations will help our understanding of its textual reconstruction and its place among different subgroups of Sumerian literary letters. The second part of the article will be dedicated to the edition of a previously unpublished duplicate of this letter in the Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, supplemented by a comparison to another tablet with a Sumerian literary letter in the same museum, which might have been written by the same scribe.
本文的第一部分对Abaindasa致Sulge的文学请愿书进行了结构分析，这是过去给学者带来相当大问题的最不稳定的OB文学作品之一。文本的艰难重建和它与其他苏美尔文学信件的联系问题将被分析。对互文关系的来源和鉴定的仔细检查将有助于我们理解其文本重建及其在苏美尔文学信件不同子群中的地位。本文的第二部分将专门讨论这封信先前未发表的副本的版本，该副本在日内瓦的mus d 'art et d 'histoire中，并与同一博物馆中另一块刻有苏美尔文学信件的石板进行比较，这可能是由同一抄写员写的。
{"title":"New Light on the Sumerian Literary Letter Abaindasa to Sulge","authors":"Irene Deubelbeiss","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The first part of this article offers a structural analysis of the literary letter of petition Abaindasa to Sulge, one of the most unstable OB literary compositions that has posed considerable problems to scholars in the past. Both the difficult reconstruction of the text and questions as to its connection to other Sumerian literary letters will be analyzed. A close examination of the sources and identification of intertextual relations will help our understanding of its textual reconstruction and its place among different subgroups of Sumerian literary letters. The second part of the article will be dedicated to the edition of a previously unpublished duplicate of this letter in the Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, supplemented by a comparison to another tablet with a Sumerian literary letter in the same museum, which might have been written by the same scribe.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"143 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47747760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since 1927, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago has kept a large collection of written objects excavated at Nuzi. While many complete tablets have been published over the years, many fragments still await study, and they are of prime interest for possible joins and for the reconstruction of fragmentary tablets. That is the case of this study, which offers the edition of a composite text. The joined fragments were initially catalogued as part of the same original tablet and later considered to belong to different texts; they finally turned out to belong together. The text adds new data to two extensively debated but not yet fully known topics: the organisation of the Arrapḫean army and the last period of existence of Nuzi. Almost a century after their recovery, the Chicago Nuzi texts keep yielding new information.
{"title":"JEN 1001: On the Last Days of Nuzi","authors":"Albert Planelles","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since 1927, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago has kept a large collection of written objects excavated at Nuzi. While many complete tablets have been published over the years, many fragments still await study, and they are of prime interest for possible joins and for the reconstruction of fragmentary tablets. That is the case of this study, which offers the edition of a composite text. The joined fragments were initially catalogued as part of the same original tablet and later considered to belong to different texts; they finally turned out to belong together. The text adds new data to two extensively debated but not yet fully known topics: the organisation of the Arrapḫean army and the last period of existence of Nuzi. Almost a century after their recovery, the Chicago Nuzi texts keep yielding new information.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"205 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47864347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article focuses on female devotees and divine beneficiaries in Early Mesopotamia, analyzing the nearly 600 known objects dating to the third and second millennia BCE and dedicated by non-royals to the gods, in order to memorialize themselves and others. It seeks to track patterns of gendering objects, namely through the lens of female identities. Such patterns include the relationship between female devotees, goddesses, and particular object types, such as female genitalia. In addition, by taking an intersectional approach to women’s identities, we demonstrate that factors such as status complicate the overarching patterns in object choice. Certain elite women, for example, dedicated mace-heads – normally a male-coded object – to the gods. Commemorative objects dedicated by private individuals thus comprise a crucial data set for not only examining religious belief and practice across Mesopotamia, but also the particular ways in which dedicatory practice represented female identities and commemorated individual women.
{"title":"The Construction of Women’s Identities through Commemorative Objects in Bronze Age Mesopotamia","authors":"Nancy Highcock, Christina Tsouparopoulou","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article focuses on female devotees and divine beneficiaries in Early Mesopotamia, analyzing the nearly 600 known objects dating to the third and second millennia BCE and dedicated by non-royals to the gods, in order to memorialize themselves and others. It seeks to track patterns of gendering objects, namely through the lens of female identities. Such patterns include the relationship between female devotees, goddesses, and particular object types, such as female genitalia. In addition, by taking an intersectional approach to women’s identities, we demonstrate that factors such as status complicate the overarching patterns in object choice. Certain elite women, for example, dedicated mace-heads – normally a male-coded object – to the gods. Commemorative objects dedicated by private individuals thus comprise a crucial data set for not only examining religious belief and practice across Mesopotamia, but also the particular ways in which dedicatory practice represented female identities and commemorated individual women.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"186 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48219411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Hittite royal funerary ritual šalliš waštaiš prescribes gold pieces to be placed on the eyes and mouth of the deceased. This is consistent with the manner in which thin sheets of hammered gold are reported to have been found on the faces of occupants of in-house graves in the Lower Town of Kültepe, ancient Kaneš. Mouth-pieces of unmistakable similarity have also turned up in great numbers in Late Bronze Age graves on Cyprus, most notably at Enkomi. Beyond comparison with the šalliš waštaiš text, gold eye- and mouth-pieces from Kaneš have received little attention. This contribution offers the first comprehensive study of these objects specifically as a class of funerary paraphernalia. It provides a catalogue and typology of gold sheets, and explores their archaeological context before turning to their social and symbolic significance against the backdrop of the cosmopolitan Kanešean households. The discussion considers hybridity in terms of a compatibility between funerary practices across different cultural settings, also noting chronological implications.
{"title":"Paraphernalia of Funerary Display at Kaneš","authors":"Y. Heffron","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The Hittite royal funerary ritual šalliš waštaiš prescribes gold pieces to be placed on the eyes and mouth of the deceased. This is consistent with the manner in which thin sheets of hammered gold are reported to have been found on the faces of occupants of in-house graves in the Lower Town of Kültepe, ancient Kaneš. Mouth-pieces of unmistakable similarity have also turned up in great numbers in Late Bronze Age graves on Cyprus, most notably at Enkomi. Beyond comparison with the šalliš waštaiš text, gold eye- and mouth-pieces from Kaneš have received little attention. This contribution offers the first comprehensive study of these objects specifically as a class of funerary paraphernalia. It provides a catalogue and typology of gold sheets, and explores their archaeological context before turning to their social and symbolic significance against the backdrop of the cosmopolitan Kanešean households. The discussion considers hybridity in terms of a compatibility between funerary practices across different cultural settings, also noting chronological implications.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"91-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48929176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I will address the issue of the use of the Glossenkeil as a mark of indented line in Hittite texts, based on a complete collection of the occurrences of this practice found in the texts published so far. After outlining the main functions of the Glossenkeil in Hittite texts and establishing a typology of line indentations, I will argue that the Glossenkeil should not be properly regarded as a mark of indentation, but as a mark of the beginning of the line, which pointed out that indentation was merely accidental, and should not have been reproduced in future copies of the text. Furthermore, the case of some Hittite words unexpectedly marked by the Glossenkeil will be reconsidered based on the non-lexical functions of this sign. Finally, I will show how the analysis of this scribal practice can be useful for the identification of the hands of the scribes, and, based on it, I will suggest that two manuscripts of the funerary ritual, KUB 30.24+ and KUB 39.7+, were drafted by the same scribe.
{"title":"Glossenkeil and Indentation on Hittite Tablets","authors":"Valerio Pisaniello","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I will address the issue of the use of the Glossenkeil as a mark of indented line in Hittite texts, based on a complete collection of the occurrences of this practice found in the texts published so far. After outlining the main functions of the Glossenkeil in Hittite texts and establishing a typology of line indentations, I will argue that the Glossenkeil should not be properly regarded as a mark of indentation, but as a mark of the beginning of the line, which pointed out that indentation was merely accidental, and should not have been reproduced in future copies of the text. Furthermore, the case of some Hittite words unexpectedly marked by the Glossenkeil will be reconsidered based on the non-lexical functions of this sign. Finally, I will show how the analysis of this scribal practice can be useful for the identification of the hands of the scribes, and, based on it, I will suggest that two manuscripts of the funerary ritual, KUB 30.24+ and KUB 39.7+, were drafted by the same scribe.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"123-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49358966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper discusses the issue of Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) in Biblical Aramaic within the dynamic grammaticalization-based model of verbal serialization – a recent modification of a prototype-driven approach to SVCs used in linguistic typology. Having analyzed the entire corpus of Biblical Aramaic, the authors conclude the following: (a) verbal serialization constitutes an integral part of the verbal system of Biblical Aramaic; (b) pre-canonical SVCs are more common that canonical SVCs, and no cases of post-canonicity are attested; (c) Biblical Aramaic is a semi-advanced serializing language. Overall, the research corroborates the tendency of Semitic languages to gradually increase their serializing profile; a tendency that is often – albeit not without exception – correlated with the languages’ relative chronology.
{"title":"Verbal Serialization in Biblical Aramaic","authors":"A. Andrason, Bonsam Koo","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper discusses the issue of Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) in Biblical Aramaic within the dynamic grammaticalization-based model of verbal serialization – a recent modification of a prototype-driven approach to SVCs used in linguistic typology. Having analyzed the entire corpus of Biblical Aramaic, the authors conclude the following: (a) verbal serialization constitutes an integral part of the verbal system of Biblical Aramaic; (b) pre-canonical SVCs are more common that canonical SVCs, and no cases of post-canonicity are attested; (c) Biblical Aramaic is a semi-advanced serializing language. Overall, the research corroborates the tendency of Semitic languages to gradually increase their serializing profile; a tendency that is often – albeit not without exception – correlated with the languages’ relative chronology.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":"47 1","pages":"3-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2020-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45391926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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