Abstract The topic of this article are terms for animals in the Old Aramaic inscriptions. The corpus is quite rich (ca. 50 terms), including both terms for particular mammals reconstructed for Proto-Semitic, and terms that are rarely attested in other Semitic languages. Two peculiar Aramaic forms are already evidenced in Old Aramaic: the word for “cow” created through morphological rather than semantic opposition to the word “bull”, and the word for “serpent” derived from the verb “to live”. The attestation of some terms in Old Aramaic that do not occur in later Aramaic dialects is possibly due, at least in some cases, to external influences (for example, Akkadian in the inscription of Sfiré). Other terms are known later in a slightly different form, maybe due to tabooisation processes. However, the stability of the lexicon in general is quite remarkable. As is usual in ethnobiological classification, the most common taxa by far are generic species.
{"title":"Uccellacci e uccellini","authors":"Giulia Francesca Grassi","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The topic of this article are terms for animals in the Old Aramaic inscriptions. The corpus is quite rich (ca. 50 terms), including both terms for particular mammals reconstructed for Proto-Semitic, and terms that are rarely attested in other Semitic languages. Two peculiar Aramaic forms are already evidenced in Old Aramaic: the word for “cow” created through morphological rather than semantic opposition to the word “bull”, and the word for “serpent” derived from the verb “to live”. The attestation of some terms in Old Aramaic that do not occur in later Aramaic dialects is possibly due, at least in some cases, to external influences (for example, Akkadian in the inscription of Sfiré). Other terms are known later in a slightly different form, maybe due to tabooisation processes. However, the stability of the lexicon in general is quite remarkable. As is usual in ethnobiological classification, the most common taxa by far are generic species.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2019-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44081570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents a textual analysis of CTH 751 called a Palaic ritual with bread offerings. Due to new joins made by the author, it is now possible to attribute several Palaic fragments placed under CTH 754 to CTH 751. This contributes to a better contextual understanding of the largest Palaic text. The focus of this paper will be the semantic analysis of the Palaic verb takkuwa(g)a-(di), whose elucidation has been facilitated by the new joins. This verb is equated etymologically with Hittite dakkudakuwā(i)-(mi) and takku-(mi), both of debated semantics. In light of the new analysis of the Palaic verb, the two Hittite cognates will be reanalyzed contextually.
{"title":"“To show” in Hittite and Palaic Rituals","authors":"D. Sasseville","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a textual analysis of CTH 751 called a Palaic ritual with bread offerings. Due to new joins made by the author, it is now possible to attribute several Palaic fragments placed under CTH 754 to CTH 751. This contributes to a better contextual understanding of the largest Palaic text. The focus of this paper will be the semantic analysis of the Palaic verb takkuwa(g)a-(di), whose elucidation has been facilitated by the new joins. This verb is equated etymologically with Hittite dakkudakuwā(i)-(mi) and takku-(mi), both of debated semantics. In light of the new analysis of the Palaic verb, the two Hittite cognates will be reanalyzed contextually.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2019-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42810274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper addresses the cognitive models that frame our understanding of what is traditionally called “metaphoric polysemy”, a well-established principle at work when it comes to naming the animals around us. In particular, taking the Roman nomenclature of aquatic animals as a case study, polysemy is redefined according to some basic cognitive principles of ethnobiological classification such as analogical similarity, biological essentialism and the role of simultaneous metaphoric and metonymic associations to the perceptual/cultural constraints targeted on the biological referent for naming it – the result is at least two kinds of metaphoric polysemy, to be called “external” (or exo-polysemy) and “internal” (or endo-polysemy), respectively. The idea is that the naming patterns that emerge from the ethnozoological nomenclature under examination may not only provide a better understanding of an ancient people’s zooanthropology but a paradigm for analysing descriptive ethnobiological naming in general.
{"title":"Polysemy Revisited","authors":"Andrea Guasparri","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper addresses the cognitive models that frame our understanding of what is traditionally called “metaphoric polysemy”, a well-established principle at work when it comes to naming the animals around us. In particular, taking the Roman nomenclature of aquatic animals as a case study, polysemy is redefined according to some basic cognitive principles of ethnobiological classification such as analogical similarity, biological essentialism and the role of simultaneous metaphoric and metonymic associations to the perceptual/cultural constraints targeted on the biological referent for naming it – the result is at least two kinds of metaphoric polysemy, to be called “external” (or exo-polysemy) and “internal” (or endo-polysemy), respectively. The idea is that the naming patterns that emerge from the ethnozoological nomenclature under examination may not only provide a better understanding of an ancient people’s zooanthropology but a paradigm for analysing descriptive ethnobiological naming in general.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2019-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67319019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article provides an up-to-date overview of the collection of toponyms in the Hittite corpus. It discusses the general features of the inventory of place names and their distribution according to various criteria, including dating, language and specific context. Particular attention is paid to the geographic typology of toponyms applied by the Hittite scribes (from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives). It is hoped such a general sketch could offer comparative material for broader, more inclusive studies on the geographical concepts in the Ancient Near East.
{"title":"Hittite Toponymy","authors":"A. Kryszeń","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article provides an up-to-date overview of the collection of toponyms in the Hittite corpus. It discusses the general features of the inventory of place names and their distribution according to various criteria, including dating, language and specific context. Particular attention is paid to the geographic typology of toponyms applied by the Hittite scribes (from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives). It is hoped such a general sketch could offer comparative material for broader, more inclusive studies on the geographical concepts in the Ancient Near East.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2019-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67318966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A relief from the palace of Šarru-ukīn (Sargon) at Dūr-Šarrukīn/Ḫorsābād depicts the Ḫaldi temple in Muṣaṣir. Hitherto this representation has been interpreted as a special form of an Urartean temple not otherwise attested. However, the representation of the Ḫaldi temple in Muṣaṣir fits the pattern of Urartian susi-temples if we assume that the Assyrian artist intended to show the peculiarities of the foreign temple by pulling the sides forward and attaching them to the front in order to exhibit its outer decoration and roof.
{"title":"Der Tempel von Muṣaṣir – ein „normaler“ susi-Tempel","authors":"S. Franke","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2018-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A relief from the palace of Šarru-ukīn (Sargon) at Dūr-Šarrukīn/Ḫorsābād depicts the Ḫaldi temple in Muṣaṣir. Hitherto this representation has been interpreted as a special form of an Urartean temple not otherwise attested. However, the representation of the Ḫaldi temple in Muṣaṣir fits the pattern of Urartian susi-temples if we assume that the Assyrian artist intended to show the peculiarities of the foreign temple by pulling the sides forward and attaching them to the front in order to exhibit its outer decoration and roof.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2018-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44724561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Workshop on the Hattian Language","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2018-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2018-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42567105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There is much controversy over the question of the syntactic alignment of Hattian. A resolution is complicated by the fact that Hattian has a poor case morphology. This investigation into the functions of the prefixes waa= and eš= (with various allomorphs), which occur both as plural prefixes to nouns and as verbal prefixes expressing third person plural actants, attempts to resolve the issue on the basis of a detailed study of the relevant material. As it turns out, Hattian has a split system, with an accusative base in verbal forms that do not contain the prefix tu= and an ergative base in verbal forms that do contain that prefix. Intransitive subject, transitive subject and object are all morphosyntactically distinguished, so that it can be argued that Hattian has a split three-way system of alignment. This complicated system is typologically similar to alignment in Sumerian.
{"title":"The Verbal Syntax of Hattian","authors":"P. Schrijver","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2018-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is much controversy over the question of the syntactic alignment of Hattian. A resolution is complicated by the fact that Hattian has a poor case morphology. This investigation into the functions of the prefixes waa= and eš= (with various allomorphs), which occur both as plural prefixes to nouns and as verbal prefixes expressing third person plural actants, attempts to resolve the issue on the basis of a detailed study of the relevant material. As it turns out, Hattian has a split system, with an accusative base in verbal forms that do not contain the prefix tu= and an ergative base in verbal forms that do contain that prefix. Intransitive subject, transitive subject and object are all morphosyntactically distinguished, so that it can be argued that Hattian has a split three-way system of alignment. This complicated system is typologically similar to alignment in Sumerian.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2018-0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41589227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with lexicalisation of focus particles -pat and imma in Hittite, i.e. the use of the particles as word building means of deriving different classes of indefinite pronouns. Whereas the particles are shown to lexicalize differently (imma is a marker of free choice indefinite pronouns and -pat occurs disproportionately often with demonstrative pronouns), there is an overlap of their lexicalisation in the free choice sphere.
{"title":"Hittite -pat and imma as Focus Particles: Lexicalisation","authors":"A. Sideltsev","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2018-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with lexicalisation of focus particles -pat and imma in Hittite, i.e. the use of the particles as word building means of deriving different classes of indefinite pronouns. Whereas the particles are shown to lexicalize differently (imma is a marker of free choice indefinite pronouns and -pat occurs disproportionately often with demonstrative pronouns), there is an overlap of their lexicalisation in the free choice sphere.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2018-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Old Babylonian schoolmasters used the literary form of the dialogue to compose texts that were conceived as didactic material to improve the Sumerian speaking skills of their pupils and to teach them specific moral values. Some of these compositions can be labeled as school-disputes based on to their content and were probably performed at school. The ends of the school-disputes Enkiḫeĝal and Enkitalu and Ĝirinisa and Enkimanšum are particularly interesting because they provide some insight into how the schoolmasters dealt with quarreling students. In this respect Enkiḫeĝal und Enkitalu stands out for its challenge of corporal punishment. In Ĝirinisa and Enkimanšum one can note that school discipline implies a fraternal attitude between students. This fraternal attitude presupposed and reinforced the scribe’s self-confidence to form a cohesive cultural community.
古巴比伦教师使用对话的文学形式来撰写文本，这些文本被认为是教学材料，以提高学生的苏美尔语口语技能，并教导他们特定的道德价值观。根据其内容，其中一些作品可以被标记为学校纠纷，并且可能是在学校完成的。学校纠纷的结局Enkiḫeĝal和Enkitalu Ĝirinisa和Enkimanšum特别有趣，因为它们提供了一些关于校长如何处理争吵的学生的见解。在这方面Enkiḫeĝal und Enkitalu因其对体罚的挑战而脱颖而出。在Ĝirinisa和Enkimanšum中，人们可以注意到，学校纪律意味着学生之间的兄弟般的态度。这种兄弟般的态度预先假定并加强了书记员的自信心，以形成一个有凝聚力的文化共同体。
{"title":"Der Umgang mit streitenden Schülern im Edubba’a nach den sumerischen Schulstreitgesprächen Enkiḫeĝal und Enkitalu und Ĝirinisa und Enkimanšum","authors":"M. Ceccarelli","doi":"10.1515/aofo-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Old Babylonian schoolmasters used the literary form of the dialogue to compose texts that were conceived as didactic material to improve the Sumerian speaking skills of their pupils and to teach them specific moral values. Some of these compositions can be labeled as school-disputes based on to their content and were probably performed at school. The ends of the school-disputes Enkiḫeĝal and Enkitalu and Ĝirinisa and Enkimanšum are particularly interesting because they provide some insight into how the schoolmasters dealt with quarreling students. In this respect Enkiḫeĝal und Enkitalu stands out for its challenge of corporal punishment. In Ĝirinisa and Enkimanšum one can note that school discipline implies a fraternal attitude between students. This fraternal attitude presupposed and reinforced the scribe’s self-confidence to form a cohesive cultural community.","PeriodicalId":53535,"journal":{"name":"Altorientalische Forschungen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aofo-2018-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46855034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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