B. Babalola, A. O. Babalola, C. Akintayo, O. Lawal, S. F. Abimbade, E. Oseghe, L. S. Akinola, O. Ayanda
Abstract. In this study, the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions by powdered Delonix regia pods and leaves was investigated using batch adsorption techniques. The effects of operating conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, metal ion concentration and the presence of sodium ions interfering with the sorption process were investigated. The results obtained showed that equilibrium sorption was attained within 30 min of interaction, and an increase in the initial concentration of the adsorbate, pH and adsorbent dosage led to an increase in the amount of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions adsorbed. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all metal ions' sorption. The equilibrium data fitted well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms; the monolayer adsorption capacity (Q 0 mg g −1 ) of the Delonix regia pods and leaves was 5.88 and 5.77 mg g −1 for Ni(II) ions respectively and 9.12 and 9.01 mg g −1 for Cu(II) ions respectively. The efficiency of the powdered pods and leaves of Delonix regia with respect to the removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions was greater than 80 %, except for the sorption of Ni(II) ions onto the leaves. The desorption study revealed that the percentage of metal ions recovered from the pods was higher than that recovered from the leaves at various nitric acid concentrations. This study proves that Delonix regia biomass, an agricultural waste product (“agro-waste”), could be used to remove Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.
{"title":"Adsorption and desorption studies of Delonix regia pods and leaves: removal and recovery of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution","authors":"B. Babalola, A. O. Babalola, C. Akintayo, O. Lawal, S. F. Abimbade, E. Oseghe, L. S. Akinola, O. Ayanda","doi":"10.5194/dwes-13-15-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-13-15-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this study, the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from\u0000aqueous solutions by powdered Delonix regia pods and leaves was investigated using batch\u0000adsorption techniques. The effects of operating conditions such as pH,\u0000contact time, adsorbent dosage, metal ion concentration and the presence of\u0000sodium ions interfering with the sorption process were investigated. The\u0000results obtained showed that equilibrium sorption was attained within 30 min of interaction, and an increase in the initial concentration of the\u0000adsorbate, pH and adsorbent dosage led to an increase in the amount of Ni(II)\u0000and Cu(II) ions adsorbed. The adsorption process followed the\u0000pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all metal ions' sorption. The\u0000equilibrium data fitted well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich\u0000isotherms; the monolayer adsorption capacity (Q 0 mg g −1 ) of the Delonix regia pods and\u0000leaves was 5.88 and 5.77 mg g −1 for Ni(II) ions respectively and\u00009.12 and 9.01 mg g −1 for Cu(II) ions respectively. The efficiency of the\u0000powdered pods and leaves of Delonix regia with respect to the removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions was\u0000greater than 80 %, except for the sorption of Ni(II) ions onto the leaves.\u0000The desorption study revealed that the percentage of metal ions recovered\u0000from the pods was higher than that recovered from the leaves at various nitric acid concentrations. This study proves that Delonix regia biomass, an agricultural waste product (“agro-waste”), could be\u0000used to remove Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44148448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT) in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.
{"title":"Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants","authors":"Naeem Akram","doi":"10.5194/dwes-2020-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2020-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of\u0000drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The\u0000present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for\u0000drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT)\u0000in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health\u0000Survey 2017–2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely\u0000to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media\u0000exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered\u0000water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46434086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The primary goal of a drinking water company is to produce safe drinking water fulfilling the quality standards defined by national and international guidelines. To ensure the produced drinking water meets the quality standards, the sampling of the drinking water is carried out on a regular (almost daily) basis. It is a dilemma that the operator wishes to have a high probability of detecting a bias while minimizing their measuring effort. In this paper a seven-step design methodology is described which helps to determine a water quality (WQ) monitoring scheme. Besides using soft sensors as surrogate sensors for parameters currently not available online, they can possibly provide a cost-effective alternative when used to determine multiple parameters required through one single instrument.
{"title":"Design methodology to determine the water quality monitoring strategy of a surface water treatment plant in the Netherlands","authors":"P. Ross, K. van Schagen, L. Rietveld","doi":"10.5194/dwes-13-1-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-13-1-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The primary goal of a drinking water company is to produce safe drinking water\u0000fulfilling the quality standards defined by national and international\u0000guidelines. To ensure the produced drinking water meets the quality\u0000standards, the sampling of the drinking water is carried out on a regular\u0000(almost daily) basis. It is a dilemma that the operator wishes to have a\u0000high probability of detecting a bias while minimizing their measuring effort.\u0000In this paper a seven-step design methodology is described which helps to\u0000determine a water quality (WQ) monitoring scheme. Besides using soft sensors as\u0000surrogate sensors for parameters currently not available online, they can\u0000possibly provide a cost-effective alternative when used to determine\u0000multiple parameters required through one single instrument.","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49583160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Many rural farming areas are located far from a reliable electricity supply; hence, obtaining a reliable source of water for crops and livestock can prove to be an expensive venture. A water pump operating on the water-hammer effect requires no external power source and can serve as an effective means of pumping water to a higher altitude once a reliable supply is available. A low-cost small water-hammer head pump was designed to operate on the water-hammer head effect created by the sudden stoppage of a flowing fluid. This design consisted of an inlet section followed by the pump body, a pressure section and an outlet. The experimental set-up for testing the water-hammer head pump was designed with a variable head input and an adjustable head output. For each test configuration, a total of 10 samples of pump supply water and pump exhausted water were collected. The water samples were collected for 30 s in each case. The results showed a non-linear variation of water flow with respect to pump outlet height. The pump was capable of delivering water to a maximum height of 8 to 10 times the height of the input head. The pump operated at average efficiencies of 26 %, 16 % and 6 % when the delivery height was 2, 4 and 6 times the input head height, respectively. There was a 5 % incremental decrease in pump efficiency as the delivery height increased in increments of the corresponding input head height.
{"title":"Performance characteristics of a small water-hammer head pump","authors":"K. Manohar, A. Adeyanju, Kureem Vialva","doi":"10.5194/dwes-12-59-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-12-59-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Many rural farming areas are located far from a reliable electricity supply; hence, obtaining a reliable source of water for crops and livestock can prove\u0000to be an expensive venture. A water pump operating on the water-hammer\u0000effect requires no external power source and can serve as an effective means\u0000of pumping water to a higher altitude once a reliable supply is available. A\u0000low-cost small water-hammer head pump was designed to operate on the water-hammer head\u0000effect created by the sudden stoppage of a flowing fluid. This design\u0000consisted of an inlet section followed by the pump body, a pressure section\u0000and an outlet. The experimental set-up for testing the water-hammer head pump was\u0000designed with a variable head input and an adjustable head output. For each\u0000test configuration, a total of 10 samples of pump supply water and pump exhausted\u0000water were collected. The water samples were collected for 30 s in each case.\u0000The results showed a non-linear variation of water flow with respect to pump\u0000outlet height. The pump was capable of delivering water to a maximum height\u0000of 8 to 10 times the height of the input head. The pump operated at average\u0000efficiencies of 26 %, 16 % and 6 % when the delivery height was 2, 4 and 6 times the input head height, respectively. There was a 5 %\u0000incremental decrease in pump efficiency as the delivery height increased in\u0000increments of the corresponding input head height.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Salman, Ahmed A. Asmoay, A. El-Gohary, H. Sabet
Abstract. Water pollution with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is a worldwide concern because of their health impact. Determination of their concentrations and potential human health risks in surface water and groundwater in the southern El-Minya Governorate, Egypt, is the main aim of this study. Fifty-five samples were collected, 30 surface water samples and 25 groundwater samples. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry to determine Cd and Pb contents. Their levels in surface water and groundwater exceeded the maximum allowable level for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The hazard quotient showed that the surface water and groundwater may pose a health risk to residents, especially to children.
{"title":"Evaluation of human risks of surface water and groundwater contaminated with Cd and Pb in the southern El-Minya Governorate, Egypt","authors":"S. Salman, Ahmed A. Asmoay, A. El-Gohary, H. Sabet","doi":"10.5194/DWES-12-23-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-12-23-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Water pollution with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is a worldwide concern because of\u0000their health impact. Determination of their concentrations and potential\u0000human health risks in surface water and groundwater in the southern El-Minya Governorate,\u0000Egypt, is the main aim of this study. Fifty-five samples were collected, 30\u0000surface water samples and 25 groundwater samples. The samples were\u0000analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry to determine Cd and Pb\u0000contents. Their levels in surface water and groundwater exceeded the maximum\u0000allowable level for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u0000The hazard quotient showed that the surface water and groundwater may pose a\u0000health risk to residents, especially to children.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46576319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. M. Dakhil, T. Gaaz, A. Al-Amiery, M. Takriff, A. Kadhum
Abstract. The present work focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) on erbium trioxide nanoparticles (Er2O3 NPs). In this study, Er2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized and fully characterized via various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results revealed that the photocatalytic activity of the prepared Er2O3 NPs was manifested in MO photodegradation. The optimum efficiency obtained was 16 %.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of erbium trioxide nanoparticles as photocatalyzers for degradation of methyl orange dye","authors":"R. M. Dakhil, T. Gaaz, A. Al-Amiery, M. Takriff, A. Kadhum","doi":"10.5194/DWES-12-15-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-12-15-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The present work focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of\u0000methyl orange (MO) on erbium trioxide nanoparticles (Er2O3 NPs). In\u0000this study, Er2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized and fully\u0000characterized via various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, UV–visible\u0000spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results revealed that the\u0000photocatalytic activity of the prepared Er2O3 NPs was manifested in MO photodegradation. The optimum efficiency obtained\u0000was 16 %.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47143218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elahe Chero, M. Torabi, Hamidreza Zahabi, Anahita Ghafoorisadatieh, K. Bina
Abstract. Nowadays, a settling tank's removal efficiency is one of the most crucial matters for all water or wastewater treatment plants (WTPs or WWTPs). The unit can affect WWTP performance and improve the provided effluent quality. In this paper, the geometrical aspects of a settling tank were numerically analyzed via tracer curves, the finite-volume method, and ANSYS CFX software in which the baffle depth and diameter of a settling tank were assessed. Firstly, a previous study was similarly remodeled to verify simulation results. The impact of tank depth variation was numerically assessed where the outcomes showed that a deeper tank could raise discharge time or the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Thus, extensive discharge time may result in less polluted effluent, degrading more solids. However, the tank should not be too deeply based on costs. Moreover, the differential effect of baffle height was analyzed and indicated that lower height is more useful for boosting the HRT. An investigation of tank diameter changes also revealed that wider diameters bring about a broader HRT.
{"title":"Numerical analysis of the circular settling tank","authors":"Elahe Chero, M. Torabi, Hamidreza Zahabi, Anahita Ghafoorisadatieh, K. Bina","doi":"10.5194/DWES-12-39-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-12-39-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Nowadays, a settling tank's removal efficiency is one of\u0000the most crucial matters for all water or wastewater treatment plants (WTPs\u0000or WWTPs). The unit can affect WWTP performance and improve the provided\u0000effluent quality. In this paper, the geometrical aspects of a settling tank\u0000were numerically analyzed via tracer curves, the finite-volume method, and\u0000ANSYS CFX software in which the baffle depth and diameter of a settling\u0000tank were assessed. Firstly, a previous study was similarly remodeled to\u0000verify simulation results. The impact of tank depth variation was\u0000numerically assessed where the outcomes showed that a deeper tank could\u0000raise discharge time or the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Thus, extensive\u0000discharge time may result in less polluted effluent, degrading more solids.\u0000However, the tank should not be too deeply based on costs. Moreover, the\u0000differential effect of baffle height was analyzed and indicated that lower\u0000height is more useful for boosting the HRT. An investigation of tank diameter\u0000changes also revealed that wider diameters bring about a broader HRT.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44783733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper proposes the development of a Raspberry Pi-based hardware platform for drinking-water quality monitoring. The selection of water quality parameters was made based on guidelines of the Central Pollution and Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed for providing an interactive human machine interface to the end user for ease of operation. The Python programming language was used for GUI development, data acquisition, and data analysis. Fuzzy computing techniques were employed for decision-making to categorize the water quality in different classes like “bad”, “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, and “excellent”. The system has been tested for various water samples from eight different locations, and the water quality was observed as being good, satisfactory, and poor for the measured water samples. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the benchmark for authentication.
{"title":"Raspberry Pi-based smart sensing platform for drinking-water quality monitoring system: a Python framework approach","authors":"Punit Khatri, K. K. Gupta, Raj Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.5194/DWES-12-31-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-12-31-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper proposes the development of a Raspberry Pi-based\u0000hardware platform for drinking-water quality monitoring. The selection of\u0000water quality parameters was made based on guidelines of the Central\u0000Pollution and Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India. A graphical user interface\u0000(GUI) was developed for providing an interactive human machine interface to\u0000the end user for ease of operation. The Python programming language was used for\u0000GUI development, data acquisition, and data analysis. Fuzzy computing\u0000techniques were employed for decision-making to categorize the water quality\u0000in different classes like “bad”, “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, and\u0000“excellent”. The system has been tested for various water samples from eight\u0000different locations, and the water quality was observed as being good,\u0000satisfactory, and poor for the measured water samples. Finally, the\u0000obtained results were compared with the benchmark for authentication.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44316684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-08DOI: 10.5194/DWES-11-101-2018
Karel A van Laarhoven, I. Vertommen, P. van Thienen
Abstract. Genetic algorithms can be a powerful tool for the automated design of optimal drinking water distribution networks. Fast convergence of such algorithms is a crucial factor for successful practical implementation at the drinking water utility level. In this technical note, we therefore investigate the performance of a suite of genetic variators that was tailored to the optimization of a least-cost network design. Different combinations of the variators are tested in terms of convergence rate and the robustness of the results during optimization of the real-world drinking water distribution network of Sittard, the Netherlands. The variator configurations that reproducibly reach the furthest convergence after 105 function evaluations are reported. In the future these may aid in dealing with the computational challenges of optimizing real-world networks.
{"title":"Technical note: Problem-specific variators in a genetic algorithm for the optimization of drinking water networks","authors":"Karel A van Laarhoven, I. Vertommen, P. van Thienen","doi":"10.5194/DWES-11-101-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-11-101-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Genetic algorithms can be a powerful tool for the automated design\u0000of optimal drinking water distribution networks. Fast convergence of such\u0000algorithms is a crucial factor for successful practical implementation at\u0000the drinking water utility level. In this technical note, we therefore\u0000investigate the performance of a suite of genetic variators that was\u0000tailored to the optimization of a least-cost network design. Different\u0000combinations of the variators are tested in terms of convergence rate and\u0000the robustness of the results during optimization of the real-world drinking\u0000water distribution network of Sittard, the Netherlands. The variator\u0000configurations that reproducibly reach the furthest convergence after\u0000105 function evaluations are reported. In the future these may aid in\u0000dealing with the computational challenges of optimizing real-world networks.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42100662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suribabu Conety Ravi, Neelakantan Thurvas Renganathan, Sivakumar Perumal, D. Paez
Abstract. Pressure-driven analysis (PDA) of water distribution networks necessitates an assessment of the supplying capacity of a network within the minimum and required pressure ranges. Pressure-deficient conditions happen due to the uncertainty of nodal demands, failure of electromechanical components, diversion of water, aging of pipes, permanent increase in the demand at certain supply nodes, fire demand, etc. As the demand-driven analysis (DDA) solves the governing equations without any bound on pressure head, it fails to replicate the real scenario, particularly when the network experiences pressure-deficient situations. Numerous researchers formulated different head–discharge relations and used them iteratively with demand-driven software, while some other approaches solve them by incorporating this relation within the analysis algorithms. Several attempts have been made by adding fictitious network elements like reservoirs, check valves (CVs), flow control valves (FCVs), emitters, dummy nodes and pipes of negligible length (i.e., negligible pressure loss) to assess the supplying capability of a network under pressure-deficient conditions using demand-driven simulation software. This paper illustrates a simple way of assessing the supplying capacity of demand nodes (DNs) under pressure-deficient conditions by assigning the respective emitter coefficient only for those nodes facing a pressure-deficit condition. The proposed method is tested with three benchmark networks, and it is able to simulate the network without addition of any fictitious network elements or changing the source code of the software like EPANET. Though the proposed approach is an iterative one, the computational burden of adding artificial elements in the other methods is avoided and is hence useful for analyzing large networks.
{"title":"Analysis of water distribution network under pressure-deficient conditions through emitter setting","authors":"Suribabu Conety Ravi, Neelakantan Thurvas Renganathan, Sivakumar Perumal, D. Paez","doi":"10.5194/DWES-12-1-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/DWES-12-1-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Pressure-driven analysis (PDA) of water distribution networks necessitates\u0000an assessment of the supplying capacity of a network within the minimum and required\u0000pressure ranges. Pressure-deficient conditions happen due to the uncertainty\u0000of nodal demands, failure of electromechanical components, diversion of\u0000water, aging of pipes, permanent increase in the demand at certain supply\u0000nodes, fire demand, etc. As the demand-driven analysis (DDA) solves the\u0000governing equations without any bound on pressure head, it fails to replicate\u0000the real scenario, particularly when the network experiences pressure-deficient situations. Numerous researchers formulated different\u0000head–discharge relations and used them iteratively with demand-driven\u0000software, while some other approaches solve them by incorporating this\u0000relation within the analysis algorithms. Several attempts have been made by\u0000adding fictitious network elements like reservoirs, check valves (CVs), flow\u0000control valves (FCVs), emitters, dummy nodes and pipes of negligible length (i.e.,\u0000negligible pressure loss) to assess the supplying capability of a network\u0000under pressure-deficient conditions using demand-driven simulation software.\u0000This paper illustrates a simple way of assessing the supplying capacity of\u0000demand nodes (DNs) under pressure-deficient conditions by assigning the respective\u0000emitter coefficient only for those nodes facing a pressure-deficit condition.\u0000The proposed method is tested with three benchmark networks, and it is able\u0000to simulate the network without addition of any fictitious network elements\u0000or changing the source code of the software like EPANET. Though the proposed\u0000approach is an iterative one, the computational burden of adding artificial\u0000elements in the other methods is avoided and is hence useful for analyzing large\u0000networks.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53581,"journal":{"name":"Drinking Water Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48319633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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