Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/futuante.14.1.0143
Azra Akšamija
Abstract:We live at the time when deliberate targeting of cultural heritage has become an instrument of genocidal and territorial conquests. We also live at a time when new technologies can be used to document the erasure of heritage as it takes place and to restore it much faster than has been possible before. Hardly any other historic site has generated more intense public debate about these two issues than Palmyra. The impetus to defy Palmyra's destruction notwithstanding, the questions of whether, when, and how to restore it remain controversial. These questions provide the conceptual basis for the Memory Matrix project—a public-space intervention referencing Palmyra's Arch of Triumph—that counters the destruction of monuments with the creation of new ephemeral monuments engaging new fabrication technologies and transcultural collaborations. In the context of preservation and war, the Memory Matrix endorses the use of technology to form educational exchanges and foster solidarity with those who have been stripped of their home, culture, history, and identity. Preservation can be also about growing the positive aspects of human interdependence in the face of global problems that are affecting communities across borders, both today and in the future.
{"title":"Memory Matrix","authors":"Azra Akšamija","doi":"10.5749/futuante.14.1.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/futuante.14.1.0143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We live at the time when deliberate targeting of cultural heritage has become an instrument of genocidal and territorial conquests. We also live at a time when new technologies can be used to document the erasure of heritage as it takes place and to restore it much faster than has been possible before. Hardly any other historic site has generated more intense public debate about these two issues than Palmyra. The impetus to defy Palmyra's destruction notwithstanding, the questions of whether, when, and how to restore it remain controversial. These questions provide the conceptual basis for the Memory Matrix project—a public-space intervention referencing Palmyra's Arch of Triumph—that counters the destruction of monuments with the creation of new ephemeral monuments engaging new fabrication technologies and transcultural collaborations. In the context of preservation and war, the Memory Matrix endorses the use of technology to form educational exchanges and foster solidarity with those who have been stripped of their home, culture, history, and identity. Preservation can be also about growing the positive aspects of human interdependence in the face of global problems that are affecting communities across borders, both today and in the future.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"129 1","pages":"142 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76683466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0079
Julián Esteban-Chapapría
Abstract:The Spanish Civil War lasted from July 1936 to April 1939, during which a group of rebel militarists and radical right-wing groups rose up against the democratic government of the Republic. The damage to the cities and cultural heritage was great.Soon after the start of the war both sides organized technical structures devoted to preserving the cultural heritage, although the lack of means prevented many important works of preservation and conservation from being carried out. One of the most dramatic episodes of the Spanish Civil War was the bombing by the rebel army of the Prado Museum, which forced the evacuation of its works of art to Valencia, Barcelona, and finally to Switzerland.An important issue was born among the victors after the war: the need to establish an official history of what had happened. The goal was to legitimize what had been done, hide what was not in their interest, and misrepresent what should not even be ambiguous: the role and performance of the Republic and, in contrast, the actions taken by the nationalist leadership.
{"title":"The Spanish Civil War and Cultural Heritage","authors":"Julián Esteban-Chapapría","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Spanish Civil War lasted from July 1936 to April 1939, during which a group of rebel militarists and radical right-wing groups rose up against the democratic government of the Republic. The damage to the cities and cultural heritage was great.Soon after the start of the war both sides organized technical structures devoted to preserving the cultural heritage, although the lack of means prevented many important works of preservation and conservation from being carried out. One of the most dramatic episodes of the Spanish Civil War was the bombing by the rebel army of the Prado Museum, which forced the evacuation of its works of art to Valencia, Barcelona, and finally to Switzerland.An important issue was born among the victors after the war: the need to establish an official history of what had happened. The goal was to legitimize what had been done, hide what was not in their interest, and misrepresent what should not even be ambiguous: the role and performance of the Republic and, in contrast, the actions taken by the nationalist leadership.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"38 1","pages":"78 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81905848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/futuante.14.1.0121
R. Morris, Azra Akšamija, Rodney Harrison, Nikolaus Hirsch, Mark M. Jarzombek, Clive van den Berg
Abstract:To what degree, we may ask, is preservation thinkable outside of militarization, and its prewar–war–postwar continuum? What is the range of acceptable preservation actions and nonactions in the face of today’s wars, when spectacles are made of dynamiting monuments and killing preservationists? The 2016 Fitch Colloquium brought together some of the world’s leading experts in the spirit of dialogue and common pursuit of answers to these urgent questions. The panel discussions from the 2016 Fitch Colloquium focusing on prewar and postwar are included in this issue.
{"title":"Panel 2: Postwar. From the 2016 Fitch Colloquium: Preservation and War","authors":"R. Morris, Azra Akšamija, Rodney Harrison, Nikolaus Hirsch, Mark M. Jarzombek, Clive van den Berg","doi":"10.5749/futuante.14.1.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/futuante.14.1.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:To what degree, we may ask, is preservation thinkable outside of militarization, and its prewar–war–postwar continuum? What is the range of acceptable preservation actions and nonactions in the face of today’s wars, when spectacles are made of dynamiting monuments and killing preservationists? The 2016 Fitch Colloquium brought together some of the world’s leading experts in the spirit of dialogue and common pursuit of answers to these urgent questions. The panel discussions from the 2016 Fitch Colloquium focusing on prewar and postwar are included in this issue.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"56 1","pages":"121 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84577251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0001
Erica Avrami, Lucia Allais, L. Amineddoleh, D. Gissen, Laurie W. Rush, T. Winter
Abstract:To what degree, we may ask, is preservation thinkable outside of militarization, and its prewar–war–postwar continuum? What is the range of acceptable preservation actions and nonactions in the face of today’s wars, when spectacles are made of dynamiting monuments and killing preservationists? The 2016 Fitch Colloquium brought together some of the world’s leading experts in the spirit of dialogue and common pursuit of answers to these urgent questions. The panel discussions from the 2016 Fitch Colloquium focusing on prewar and postwar are included in this issue.
{"title":"Panel 1: Prewar. From the 2016 Fitch Colloquium: Preservation and War","authors":"Erica Avrami, Lucia Allais, L. Amineddoleh, D. Gissen, Laurie W. Rush, T. Winter","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:To what degree, we may ask, is preservation thinkable outside of militarization, and its prewar–war–postwar continuum? What is the range of acceptable preservation actions and nonactions in the face of today’s wars, when spectacles are made of dynamiting monuments and killing preservationists? The 2016 Fitch Colloquium brought together some of the world’s leading experts in the spirit of dialogue and common pursuit of answers to these urgent questions. The panel discussions from the 2016 Fitch Colloquium focusing on prewar and postwar are included in this issue.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"72 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84334196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0051
Lucia Allais
Abstract:If the relationship between heritage and humanity has been reconfigured from an opposition to one of proximity, what are the architectural terms of this proximity? What are the operations through which the "expansion" or "widening" of crime and punishment alike are imagined? In this essay the author probes these questions in two parts. First, the accused's discourse, in court and in abundant video evidence, provides an entry into the logic of sincerity that motivated the design of the destruction of Timbuktu. Second, an analysis of the practices that authenticate Timbuktu as an international treasure—both in court and in ongoing preservation—reveal the techniques of amplification that are embedded into the built environment to hold together an agreement, on both sides of the law, that the target of this new criminality is humanity itself.
{"title":"Amplified Humanity and the Architectural Criminal","authors":"Lucia Allais","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:If the relationship between heritage and humanity has been reconfigured from an opposition to one of proximity, what are the architectural terms of this proximity? What are the operations through which the \"expansion\" or \"widening\" of crime and punishment alike are imagined? In this essay the author probes these questions in two parts. First, the accused's discourse, in court and in abundant video evidence, provides an entry into the logic of sincerity that motivated the design of the destruction of Timbuktu. Second, an analysis of the practices that authenticate Timbuktu as an international treasure—both in court and in ongoing preservation—reveal the techniques of amplification that are embedded into the built environment to hold together an agreement, on both sides of the law, that the target of this new criminality is humanity itself.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"65 1","pages":"50 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85801153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0095
T. Rico, R. Lababidi
Abstract:This article considers the way that heritage preservation perpetuates its own mythologies, affecting public and disciplinary debates, with regard to popular representations of "Islamic" practices of heritage management and preservation. We suggest that representations of heritage practices in the broader Muslim world have been largely constructed on very few and regionally select reports that present Muslim communities as destructive stewards of heritage resources, including what is perceived to be their own heritage as well as the heritage of other groups within Muslim-dominant territories. We argue that the act of highlighting destructive heritage practices has therefore imagined and encouraged a preconception toward preservation that is not only monolithic, but also overwhelmingly "antiheritage." In this paper, we first provide an overview of the heritage case studies that are selectively mobilized in order to sustain a view of destructive practices, and then suggest a more careful consideration of case studies from Saudi Arabia that challenge this persistent perception and encourage a better contextualization of the heritage stewardship of Muslim nations and communities. Throughout this discussion, we argue that a more inclusive review of heritage practices across the Muslim world is needed to problematize how heritage practices in this region are presented.
{"title":"Extremism in Contemporary Cultural Heritage Debates about the Muslim World","authors":"T. Rico, R. Lababidi","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0095","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article considers the way that heritage preservation perpetuates its own mythologies, affecting public and disciplinary debates, with regard to popular representations of \"Islamic\" practices of heritage management and preservation. We suggest that representations of heritage practices in the broader Muslim world have been largely constructed on very few and regionally select reports that present Muslim communities as destructive stewards of heritage resources, including what is perceived to be their own heritage as well as the heritage of other groups within Muslim-dominant territories. We argue that the act of highlighting destructive heritage practices has therefore imagined and encouraged a preconception toward preservation that is not only monolithic, but also overwhelmingly \"antiheritage.\" In this paper, we first provide an overview of the heritage case studies that are selectively mobilized in order to sustain a view of destructive practices, and then suggest a more careful consideration of case studies from Saudi Arabia that challenge this persistent perception and encourage a better contextualization of the heritage stewardship of Muslim nations and communities. Throughout this discussion, we argue that a more inclusive review of heritage practices across the Muslim world is needed to problematize how heritage practices in this region are presented.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"48 1","pages":"105 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80552231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0025
Laurie W. Rush
Abstract:North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO) Allies and Partner Nations have discovered the common ground where identification, protection, and respect for cultural property is imperative for the success of military missions. Meaningful efforts to protect monuments, collections, heritage sites, sacred structures, and other forms of cultural property must shift to engage with the sphere of performance destruction as a component of hybrid warfare. The challenges of educating military personnel by developing "no strike" lists and requiring cultural resources impact evaluations for overseas military operations are daunting. Now, in addition, preservationists worldwide must contend with the transformation of these treasures into targets for destruction, used as a method for strategic communication of extreme ideology and demonstration of power. The complexity increases when opportunities for international preservation are sacrificed in favor of perceived political or institutional gain. As conflicts unfold in the Middle East and North Africa, where deliberate destruction appears to be exacerbated by criminal acts of looting, heritage at risk may need military protection now more than ever.
{"title":"Finding Common Ground: Cultural Property Protection in Modern Conflict","authors":"Laurie W. Rush","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO) Allies and Partner Nations have discovered the common ground where identification, protection, and respect for cultural property is imperative for the success of military missions. Meaningful efforts to protect monuments, collections, heritage sites, sacred structures, and other forms of cultural property must shift to engage with the sphere of performance destruction as a component of hybrid warfare. The challenges of educating military personnel by developing \"no strike\" lists and requiring cultural resources impact evaluations for overseas military operations are daunting. Now, in addition, preservationists worldwide must contend with the transformation of these treasures into targets for destruction, used as a method for strategic communication of extreme ideology and demonstration of power. The complexity increases when opportunities for international preservation are sacrificed in favor of perceived political or institutional gain. As conflicts unfold in the Middle East and North Africa, where deliberate destruction appears to be exacerbated by criminal acts of looting, heritage at risk may need military protection now more than ever.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"69 1","pages":"25 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81114737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0III
Jorge Otero-Pailos
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Preservation and War: Freedom from Violence","authors":"Jorge Otero-Pailos","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0III","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0III","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"10 1","pages":"iii - viii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84100826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0007
T. Winter
Abstract:War and the cessation of conflict have long been triggers for preservation diplomacy; the desire for heritage protection, peace, and recovery creates a political environment within which collaborations around preservation burst into existence. This essay takes up the political and diplomatic dimensions of such preservation aid in relation to China's strategy for integrating the infrastructures and economies of Eurasia via its One Belt One Road initiative. Responding to the heritage destruction and looting of Silk Road sites in Iraq and Syria by the Islamic State, the article looks to One Belt One Road as an emergent political economy upon which new forms of preservation diplomacy and heritage aid can be built. It also raises the specter of vast new markets for illicitly trafficked antiquities by looking at the surge in museums and likely boom in private collections of Silk Road antiquities in China.
{"title":"Conflict Heritage, Preservation Diplomacy, and Future Corridors of Smuggling","authors":"T. Winter","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.1.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:War and the cessation of conflict have long been triggers for preservation diplomacy; the desire for heritage protection, peace, and recovery creates a political environment within which collaborations around preservation burst into existence. This essay takes up the political and diplomatic dimensions of such preservation aid in relation to China's strategy for integrating the infrastructures and economies of Eurasia via its One Belt One Road initiative. Responding to the heritage destruction and looting of Silk Road sites in Iraq and Syria by the Islamic State, the article looks to One Belt One Road as an emergent political economy upon which new forms of preservation diplomacy and heritage aid can be built. It also raises the specter of vast new markets for illicitly trafficked antiquities by looking at the surge in museums and likely boom in private collections of Silk Road antiquities in China.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"70 1","pages":"23 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80288032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01DOI: 10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.2.0001
E. Stainforth
Abstract:There is some precedent for utopian thinking around cultural heritage, and a number of writers have commented on the utopian ideal of museums to house and preserve intact cultural memory. However, this article focuses on another, distinct utopian strain relevant to cultural heritage that can be traced through the influence of William Morris on the formation of conservation methods in the nineteenth century. While figures such as Morris have been linked to the critique of "monumental heritage" in recent years, a central message in Morris's writings was that the guiding principle for conservation should not be stasis but change. Equally, for him, knowledge of the past was important for recovering the hopes of former generations, a theme he explored in his utopian fiction. Morris's utopianism presents a challenge to the logic of inheritance, whereby the past is figured as a legacy to be maintained and the future, in turn, is extracted confidently from the present. Instead, Morris's utopianism involves a mixture of memory and desire that signals a way into thinking about alternative experiences and expectations. Here, I discuss how the utopian currents in Morris's work shed light on contemporary heritage debates and the different kinds of futures implicit in heritage-making.
{"title":"Mixing Memory and Desire: Exploring Utopian Currents in Heritage","authors":"E. Stainforth","doi":"10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.2.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/FUTUANTE.14.2.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:There is some precedent for utopian thinking around cultural heritage, and a number of writers have commented on the utopian ideal of museums to house and preserve intact cultural memory. However, this article focuses on another, distinct utopian strain relevant to cultural heritage that can be traced through the influence of William Morris on the formation of conservation methods in the nineteenth century. While figures such as Morris have been linked to the critique of \"monumental heritage\" in recent years, a central message in Morris's writings was that the guiding principle for conservation should not be stasis but change. Equally, for him, knowledge of the past was important for recovering the hopes of former generations, a theme he explored in his utopian fiction. Morris's utopianism presents a challenge to the logic of inheritance, whereby the past is figured as a legacy to be maintained and the future, in turn, is extracted confidently from the present. Instead, Morris's utopianism involves a mixture of memory and desire that signals a way into thinking about alternative experiences and expectations. Here, I discuss how the utopian currents in Morris's work shed light on contemporary heritage debates and the different kinds of futures implicit in heritage-making.","PeriodicalId":53609,"journal":{"name":"Future Anterior","volume":"97 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85759432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：