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Geoffrey Gorer and the Study of Burma’s “Personality” 杰弗里·戈勒与缅甸“人格”研究
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-17 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2021.0002
Andrew Selth
Abstract:During the Second World War, the British social anthropologist Geoffrey Gorer was commissioned by the US Office of War Information to write a “diagnostic study” of the “Burmese Personality”. His report made a strong impression at the time but, like its author, has now been forgotten. This article looks back at that exercise, its antecedents and its impact on perceptions of the country now known as Myanmar. It also notes how Gorer’s notions of “national character”, based on his idiosyncratic interpretation of Freudian teachings, continued to exercise some influence after the war. Echoes of such ideas can be found in more recent discussions of Myanmar’s “strategic culture” and claims by successive Myanmar governments to the country’s cultural distinctiveness.
摘要:第二次世界大战期间,英国社会人类学家Geoffrey Gorer受美国战争信息办公室委托,撰写了一份关于“缅甸人格”的“诊断研究”。他的报告在当时给人留下了深刻的印象,但就像它的作者一样,现在已经被遗忘了。这篇文章回顾了那次演习,它的前奏以及它对现在被称为缅甸的国家的看法的影响。书中还指出,戈勒基于对弗洛伊德学说的独特解读而提出的“国民性”概念,在战后继续发挥着一定的影响。在最近关于缅甸“战略文化”的讨论中,以及历届缅甸政府对该国文化独特性的主张中,都可以找到类似的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Burmese Women in the Colonial Imaginary: Gendered Representations in Kipling’s “Mandalay” and Croker’s The Road to Mandalay 殖民想象中的缅甸妇女:吉卜林《曼德勒》和克罗克《曼德勒之路》中的性别表现
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-17 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2021.0003
Sean P. Smith
Abstract:Burmese women occupied a pivotal if not exactly central role in colonial narratives about Burma. With British travelers and authors routinely marveling at their comparative social autonomy, and marital and more temporary unions between European men and Burmese women remaining acceptable until the First World War, the country’s female population as presented in colonial literature was an object as fascinating as it was contentious. In reading the female Burmese characters in both Rudyard Kipling’s famed poem, “Mandalay”, and Bithia Mary Croker’s Anglo-Indian romance novel, The Road to Mandalay, different and to a degree competing visions of the British empire emerge. In Kipling, colonies such as Burma offer the colonizing man a sphere freed from the moral duties prescribed by the metropole, while in Croker, moral diligence is demanded as a safeguard against the perils inherent to non-British—that is to say, non-white—societies. In each case, the specter of the Burmese woman represents a different figuration of empire for the narrative’s protagonist, suggesting that this colonial archetype was imagined in terms that reflected the gendered roles of colonizing women and men.
摘要:缅甸妇女在关于缅甸的殖民叙事中扮演着关键的角色。英国旅行者和作家经常惊叹于他们相对的社会自主权,欧洲男性和缅甸女性之间的婚姻和更临时的结合在第一次世界大战之前一直是可以接受的,殖民文学中呈现的该国女性人口是一个既有争议又引人入胜的对象。在阅读鲁迪亚德·吉卜林(Rudyard Kipling)的著名诗歌《曼德勒》(Mandalay)和比希亚·玛丽·克罗克(Bithia Mary Croker)的英印浪漫小说《通往曼德勒之路》(the Road to Mandalay。在吉卜林,缅甸等殖民地为殖民地人民提供了一个摆脱大都市规定的道德义务的领域,而在克罗克,道德勤奋是为了抵御非英国社会——也就是说,非白人社会——固有的危险。在每一种情况下,缅甸女性的幽灵都代表了故事主人公不同的帝国形象,这表明这种殖民原型是根据反映殖民女性和男性的性别角色的方式想象的。
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引用次数: 0
Liberalism and Democracy in Myanmar by Roman David and Ian Holliday (review) 罗曼·戴维和伊恩·霍利迪的《缅甸的自由主义与民主》(综述)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-17 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2021.0006
Kristina Simion
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引用次数: 0
Confluences amid Conflict: How Resisting China’s Myitsone Dam Project Linked Kachin and Bamar Nationalisms in War-Torn Burma 冲突中的冲突:抵抗中国密松大坝项目如何将缅甸战争中的克钦和巴马民族主义联系起来
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0010
Laur Kiik
Abstract:How do movements against resource extraction projects handle ethnic conflict? In 2011, Burma/Myanmar created a diplomatic scandal when it one-sidedly halted the construction of the Myitsone Dam, derailing China’s then largest-ever hydropower project abroad. Leading up to its suspension, this project faced resistance by Burma’s ethnic majority Bamars as well as by minority ethnic Kachins, even while Kachin–Bamar tensions were rising as a decades-long civil war resumed. Drawing from ethnographic interviews, discourse analysis, and more than two years of fieldwork between 2010 and 2019, this paper traces the multi-ethnic history of resistance to Myitsone Dam, as told through various activists’ own voices. More than from Burma’s democratic transition, environmentalism, or geopolitics, anti-dam resistance emerged from two separate civilian nationalist movements – Kachin and Bamar – that mirrored Burma’s Bamar nationalist domination and ethnic conflict. Yet, resistance partly emerged from difficult inter-ethnic encounters – or, “confluences amidst conflict.” Kachin fears of losing their homeland resembled Bamar fears of Chinese takeover. A rare story amid decades of war and resource grabbing, Myitsone is a struggle over homeland and nature that did not unite, but did link Burma’s clashing nations.
摘要:反对资源开采项目的运动如何处理种族冲突?2011年,缅甸单方面叫停了密松大坝的建设,使当时中国有史以来最大的海外水电项目脱轨,引发了一场外交丑闻。在暂停之前,该项目面临着缅甸占多数的巴马人和少数民族克钦邦人的抵抗,尽管随着长达数十年的内战的恢复,克钦邦和巴马的紧张局势正在加剧。本文通过民族志采访、话语分析和2010年至2019年两年多的实地调查,追溯了通过各种活动家自己的声音讲述的抵抗密松大坝的多民族历史。除了缅甸的民主过渡、环保主义或地缘政治之外,反大坝抵抗还来自两个独立的平民民族主义运动——克钦和巴马——这反映了缅甸的巴马民族主义统治和种族冲突。然而,抵抗在一定程度上源于艰难的民族间遭遇——或者说,“冲突中的冲突”。克钦人对失去家园的恐惧与巴马人对中国接管的恐惧相似。在几十年的战争和资源掠夺中,密松是一个罕见的故事,它是一场关于家园和自然的斗争,没有团结起来,但确实将缅甸的冲突国家联系在一起。
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引用次数: 3
Illustrations of Myanmar: Manuscript Treasures of the Musée Guimet ed. by William Pruitt (review) 《缅甸插图:吉米特博物馆手稿珍品》,William Pruitt主编(评论)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0015
Bryce Beemer
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引用次数: 0
The New Era of Sino-Burmese Relations: Changes in the Bilateral Relationship in View of China's Rise and Myanmar's Reforms 中缅关系的新时代:从中国崛起和缅甸改革看中缅关系的变化
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0009
Kristina Kironska
Abstract:Burma was the first non-Communist country to recognize the People's Republic in 1949. Since then, the relationship between Burma and China remained nervously friendly, and finally warmed in 1988. Due to isolation and economic sanctions Burma moved closer to China, the two authoritarian states becoming close allies. Subsequent concerns over Beijing's influence directly affected the junta's decision to pursue reform and open up the country. The following rapid expansion of Myanmar's diplomatic profile has complicated its relations with China. Myanmar has sought to diversify its foreign relations, but the Rohingya crisis has hindered this effort. China with its non-interference principle and the Belt and Road Initiative has managed to win Myanmar back, at least partially. This paper examines how Myanmar's relationship with China has evolved from Myanmar being aligned with China; through Myanmar hedging on the side of the United States; to Myanmar employing a double-hedging strategy with two great powers.
摘要:1949年,缅甸是第一个承认中华人民共和国的非共产主义国家。从那时起,缅甸和中国之间的关系一直紧张友好,并最终在1988年升温。由于孤立和经济制裁,缅甸向中国靠拢,这两个威权国家成为亲密盟友。随后对北京影响力的担忧直接影响了军政府推行改革开放的决定。缅甸外交形象的迅速扩大使其与中国的关系变得复杂。缅甸一直寻求使其外交关系多样化,但罗兴亚危机阻碍了这一努力。中国凭借其不干涉原则和“一带一路”倡议倡议,至少部分地赢回了缅甸。本文考察了缅甸与中国的关系是如何从缅甸与中国结盟演变而来的;通过缅甸站在美国一边进行对冲;缅甸与两个大国采取双重对冲策略。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday Economic Survival in Myanmar by Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung (review) Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung的《缅甸的日常经济生存》(综述)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0014
J. Ferguson
their vibrant optimism. While the book addresses current challenges, such as the use of social media in spreading hate speech, swift legal and regulatory reforms, reporting on the crisis in Rakhine, and the shifting boundaries of free expression, these issues are placed within the country’s broader social, political, and economic context. As such the book will serve as an important companion for understanding these issues from a historical perspective as a foundation for the future that, despite a flourishing and expanding media sector, is likely to continue to present challenges for all actors involved.
他们充满活力的乐观。尽管这本书解决了当前的挑战,如利用社交媒体传播仇恨言论、迅速的法律和监管改革、对若开邦危机的报道以及言论自由边界的转变,但这些问题都被置于该国更广泛的社会、政治和经济背景下。因此,这本书将成为从历史角度理解这些问题的重要伴侣,并为未来奠定基础。尽管媒体行业蓬勃发展,但未来可能会继续给所有参与者带来挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Biographical Essay: Myanmar Historian Daw Kyan (1918–2019) 传记散文:缅甸历史学家道谦(1918-2019)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0012
T. Aye
Daw Kyan was a well-known scholar and humanist who devoted much of her time to research on Myanmar history. Since the 1960s, she had been writing books and articles on various subjects, while also mentoring younger scholars, who are now her successors. Her pen name was Ma Kyan. Sometimes she used her real name, Daw Kyan, as a pen name. As a historian, she meticulously crafted her work, sticking closely to the available evidence, stressing accuracy and precision, and rarely contending with issues for which the data provided little guidance. In the course of her influential and productive career, she compiled and edited many books, among them the Myanmar Encyclopedia Year books, and the English–Myanmar Dictionary. She was a member of the steering committee for the doctorate program at History Department of Yangon University from 2002 to 2005. She was also a member of the Myanmar Literary Awards Selection Committee and the U Ohn Pe Literary Awards Selection Committee. Until the last days of her immensely busy and productive life, she continued to serve as a full-time member of the Myanmar Language Commission. Throughout her life she worked tirelessly to preserve her country’s historical heritage and to make students aware of their rich heritage. Since 1999 the author had met with Sayamagyi Daw Kyan as her PhD candidate. The author got the PhD degree in 2005 under the supervision of Daw Kyan. The Journal of Burma Studies Vol. 24, No. 2, (2020) pp. 315–324 © 2020 Center for Burma Studies
昂山素季是一位著名的学者和人文主义者,她花了很多时间研究缅甸历史。自20世纪60年代以来,她一直在撰写各种主题的书籍和文章,同时也指导年轻的学者,他们现在是她的继任者。她的笔名是马琴。有时,她会用自己的真名——道金(Daw Kyan)作为笔名。作为一名历史学家,她一丝不苟地撰写自己的作品,紧紧抓住现有证据,强调准确性和精确性,很少与数据无法提供指导的问题争论。在她影响深远和卓有成效的职业生涯中,她编写和编辑了许多书籍,其中包括《缅甸百科全书年鉴》和《英缅词典》。2002年至2005年,她是仰光大学历史系博士课程指导委员会成员。她也是缅甸文学奖评选委员会和约翰·佩文学奖评选委员会的成员。直到她极度忙碌和富有成效的生命的最后几天,她继续担任缅甸语言委员会的全职成员。在她的一生中,她不知疲倦地工作,以保护她的国家的历史遗产,并让学生意识到他们丰富的遗产。自1999年以来,作者曾作为博士候选人与Sayamagyi Daw Kyan会面。作者于2005年获博士学位,师从Daw Kyan。缅甸研究杂志Vol. 24, No. 2, (2020) pp. 315-324©2020缅甸研究中心
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引用次数: 0
Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change ed. by Lisa Brooten et al. (review) 《转型中的缅甸媒体:遗产、挑战与变革》,作者:Lisa broten等人
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0013
Kristina Simion
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling the Colonial Narrative of the Karen National Association of 1881: The Motive behind Karen Baptist Intellectuals’ Claim for a Nation 解开1881年克伦民族协会的殖民叙事:克伦浸信会知识分子要求建国的动机
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2020.0011
Hitomi Fujimura
Abstract:This paper examines Sgaw Karen documents and analyzes the historical context of the formation of the Karen National Association or KNA. The KNA was founded in 1881 in British Burma. Previous literature has narrated the historical background of this event referring to the British colonial officer’s account and thus far failed to reassess the colonial perspective of such narrative. While the colonial narrative has explained that the Karen’ claim of nation as the testimony of British’ good governance and development, this article reassesses the events through the viewpoint of the Karen side. The documents written by the KNA founders provide concrete clues to investigate the Karen Baptist intellectuals’ intention as to why they formed a political association, claiming nation in the early 1880s. According to historical sources, the Karen Baptist intellectuals recalled three particular events which took place in 1880 and 1881: 1, the audience with the Viceroy of India at Rangoon; 2, the organization of the KNA; and 3, the 1881 census-taking. Analyzing how they correlated the organization of their association with the British colonial activities, this paper argues that the Karen Baptist intellectuals came to notice the politics of numbers at work under the British administration. Then, the Karen Baptist intellectuals demonstrated their aim of representing Karen as a collective body, using such expression; pwākanyaw dawkalụ (the Karen nation).This paper finally points out that proclaiming their nationhood in the early 1880s was chiefly to attract more attention from the British authority and make the Karen population recognized properly as a member people of British Burma.
摘要:本文考察了克伦中士的文献,并分析了克伦民族协会(KNA)形成的历史背景。KNA于1881年在英属缅甸成立。以往的文献都引用了这位英国殖民官员的叙述来叙述这一事件的历史背景,但迄今为止未能重新评估这种叙述的殖民视角。虽然殖民叙事解释了克伦民族的主张是英国善政和发展的见证,但本文从克伦一方的角度重新审视了这一事件。KNA创始人撰写的文件为调查克伦浸礼会知识分子的意图提供了具体线索,即他们为什么在19世纪80年代初成立了一个政治协会,声称自己是国家。根据历史资料,克伦浸礼会知识分子回忆起1880年和1881年发生的三件特殊事件:1,在仰光与印度总督会面;2、KNA的组织;1881年人口普查。本文分析了他们如何将结社组织与英国殖民活动联系起来,认为克伦浸礼会知识分子在英国政府的统治下开始注意到了数字政治。然后,克伦浸信会的知识分子用这样的表达方式表明了他们作为一个集体来代表克伦的目的;pwākanyaw-dawkalụ 本文最后指出,在19世纪80年代初宣布他们的国家地位,主要是为了引起英国当局的更多关注,并使克伦人被正式承认为英属缅甸的一员。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Burma Studies
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