Medicine, Conflict and Survival最新文献

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Conflict, climate change and the need for safe spaces: the interlocking problems that urgently need joined up solutions. 冲突、气候变化和对安全空间的需求:迫切需要联合解决的连锁问题。

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2216486

Leo van Bergen, Marion Birch

At the time of writing, and with Bakhmut and Khartoum on fire, it was made public by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) that Europe saw its steepest year-on-year increase in military expenditure for at least 30 years and that global military expenditure had reached a new high (SIPRI 2023). There are of course numerous possible explanations for this with the ongoing war in Ukraine being the first and foremost. On a brighter note, Saudi Arabia and Iran have agreed to resume ties after seven years of tension, agreeing to reopen their respective embassies within the next two months (Nereim 2023). This is a much-needed glimmer of hope that will hopefully further the cause of peace in Yemen where Saudi Arabia and Iran support opposing sides. But the fact that rising military expenditures are explainable does not of course make them acceptable. An end to the Ukraine war seems a distant possibility. In spite of all the military expenditure, a military ‘solution’ appears out of sight and proposals for negotiations are not taken seriously. Formerly neutral countries Finland and Sweden have joined NATO or want to join, respectively. The minimal 2% national defence budget NATO demands of its members is rarely discussed anymore, whereas before few countries reached it (House of Commons Library 2022). All these recently manufactured weapons pollute and destroy the earth and its inhabitants literally and psychologically. And when the war is over, the new weapon technology will still be there, and many of the old weapons will remain. Trying to reach an end to the war in Ukraine with military means, which could happen, would set a dangerous precedent in relation to future resolutions. If proposals to resolve the situation peacefully are not taken seriously, militarism will only result in even more militarism, resulting in a growing number of refugees and IDPs and an increased lack of safe spaces: real safe spaces – territorial, physical and psychosocial. The rise in military expenditure, which is happening at the same time as global calls to combat climate change become ever more urgent, is an example of the interlocking problems addressed in this issue, which starts with a letter from the IPPNW-Europe meeting in Hamburg in January this year. Remarkable is that one of the most worrying issues discussed at MEDICINE, CONFLICT AND SURVIVAL 2023, VOL. 39, NO. 2, 111–113 https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2216486

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引用次数: 0

Systematic review of the microbiology of osteomyelitis associated with war injuries in the Middle East and North Africa. 中东和北非与战争伤害相关的骨髓炎微生物学的系统综述。

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2193862

Fadi Ghieh, Abdul Rahman Bizri, Paul Beaineh, Rawad Chalhoub, Ghassan Abu Sittah

Osteomyelitis is a serious complication associated with war-related limb injuries requiring complicated treatment regimens and management. Few reports have been published from the Middle-East and North-Africa regions about the microbial aetiology of osteomyelitis caused by war injuries. The aim of this review is to collect published data about the microbiology of osteomyelitis in war-related injuries in the region and to derive targeted treatment regimens to manage these serious and limb-threatening infections. A thorough literature search was done using six search engines for pertinent articles. Articles with a minimum of five cases of osteomyelitis from war wounds, citation of microbial aetiology and mention of the timing of cultures obtained in relation to injury were included. Nine studies that met the eligibility criteria were included, involving 1644 patients and a total of 2332 cultures. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 1184 cultures, and Gram-positive bacteria were identified from 1148 cultures. Antibiotic coverage should be tailored for Gram-negative organisms in the early stages and Gram-positives in the chronic phase, respectively, with broader coverage reserved for critically ill patients. There is a dire need for further and larger studies about osteomyelitis from war injuries for targeted treatment.

骨髓炎是与战争相关的肢体损伤相关的严重并发症，需要复杂的治疗方案和管理。中东和北非地区关于战伤引起的骨髓炎的微生物病因学报道很少。本综述的目的是收集该地区与战争有关的创伤中骨髓炎微生物学的已发表数据，并得出有针对性的治疗方案来管理这些严重的威胁肢体的感染。通过六个搜索引擎对相关文章进行了彻底的文献检索。包含至少五例战争创伤骨髓炎病例的文章，引用微生物病原学并提及与受伤有关的培养时间。9项符合入选标准的研究被纳入，涉及1644名患者和总共2332个培养。从1184个培养物中分离到革兰氏阴性菌，从1148个培养物中分离到革兰氏阳性菌。应分别针对早期阶段的革兰氏阴性菌和慢性期的革兰氏阳性菌量身定制抗生素覆盖范围，并为重症患者保留更广泛的覆盖范围。迫切需要对战争创伤引起的骨髓炎进行进一步和更大规模的研究，以便有针对性地治疗。

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引用次数: 0

Hugs, intensive discussions, exchange of experiences and activism. That's what an IPPNW meeting is about. 拥抱、深入讨论、经验交流和行动主义。这就是IPPNW会议的目的。

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2188675

Kati Juva

IPPNW (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War) is a worldwide organization of physicians and medical students with national a!liates in over 30 countries. It was founded over 40 years ago and is one of the few international NGOs with active members in all the original nuclear weapons states including Russia. IPPNW’s European region had an intensive and successful meeting in Hamburg on 20–22 January 2023 organized by the German a!liate. We were over 40 people from around Europe representing 11 di"erent countries. It was also possible to attend some sessions virtually. Discussion was mainly about the rising threat of nuclear war due to the current war in Ukraine. The Russian government has raised the possibility of using nuclear weapons in Ukraine and the risk of a nuclear war is now greater than it has been for decades. A great worry is also that the largest nuclear power plant in Europe, Zaporižžja, is occupied by Russian forces and there is constant $ghting around that area. This situation could result in a nuclear accident even without use of nuclear warheads. We also discussed the causes of the war in Ukraine and were unanimous about the Russian government’s sole guilt for the unlawful invasion of Ukraine. There was somewhat more variation in opinion as to whether the ‘west’ has some responsibility for not understanding the security worries of Russia, and whether, with some more diplomatic or careful actions during the last decade the escalation could have been avoided. These discussions were very interesting, and the atmosphere was all the time respectful with people listening to each other. We did not publish any statement on this. As most countries represented in Hamburg were NATO countries, or applicants as Finland and Sweden are, there was much discussion about nuclear weapons and nuclear sharing in European NATO countries. NATO de$nes itself as a Nuclear Alliance and bases its doctrine on deterrence. For us

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引用次数: 0

Mental health status of internally displaced persons in the Garmian region of Kurdistan, Iraq: a cross-sectional survey. 伊拉克库尔德斯坦加尔米安地区境内流离失所者的心理健康状况:一项横断面调查。

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2188384

Pegah Ali-Mardan Seidi, Dilshad Jaff, Nazdar Qudrat Abas, Esther O Chung, Michael W Wilson, Hannah Potter, Aunchalee E L Palmquist

There are an estimated 4 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Iraq, mainly settled in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and yet few studies have documented the mental health of IDPs in the region. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of mental health disorders and trauma experiences amongst IDPs and (2) to explore associations between prior displacement and years living in the camp and mental health disorders. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with adults (N = 100) from March - July 2018. Structured surveys were used to collect sociodemographic information, and adapted measures included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory (PTSD-8), Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and the Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist (PMLD). The average number of traumatic events experienced was 4.43 (SD = 2.63). The most commonly reported traumatic events included oppression due to ethnicity, religion or sect (92%) and exposure to combat situations (83%). Nearly half of the participants had experienced ill health without access to medical care, 44% lack of shelter and 43% lack of food or clean water. Thirty-two percent of respondents witnessed someone being murdered. There is a critical need for quality mental health services for IDPs in KR.

伊拉克境内估计有400万境内流离失所者，主要定居在伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区，但很少有研究记录该地区境内流离失所者的心理健康状况。本研究的目的是(1)评估国内流离失所者中心理健康障碍和创伤经历的患病率;(2)探索流离失所和在难民营生活的年限与心理健康障碍之间的关系。2018年3月至7月，对100名成年人进行了横断面调查。采用结构化调查收集社会人口学信息，并采用哈佛创伤问卷(HTQ)、创伤后应激障碍量表(PTSD-8)、霍普金斯症状清单-25 (HSCL-25)和移民后生活困难清单(PMLD)。经历创伤事件的平均次数为4.43次(SD = 2.63)。最常见的创伤性事件包括种族、宗教或教派压迫(92%)和暴露于战斗环境(83%)。近一半的参与者健康状况不佳，无法获得医疗服务，44%的人缺乏住所，43%的人缺乏食物或清洁水。32%的受访者目睹有人被谋杀。KR境内流离失所者迫切需要高质量的心理健康服务。

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引用次数: 0

Conflict, environmental destruction and climate change: a tragedy in Iraq that demands action. 冲突、环境破坏和气候变化:伊拉克的悲剧需要采取行动。

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2200346

Dilshad Jaff

According to the United Nations (UN), climate change refers to ‘long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural and human activities’ (UN 2022b). Countries in conflict have neither the capacity nor the political will to deal with climate change and its consequences. Iraq, one of the most vulnerable states to suffer the effects of climate change is a case in point. Decades of conflict, political upheavals and weak governance have destroyed the country’s infrastructure and environment. Security and political challenges are more urgent priorities for local authorities than dealing with the risks and consequences from environment destruction and climate change in the longer term. The recent call by the United States (US) top diplomat to the Iraqi government for swift actions by the government while disregarding the inability and lack of political will to address climate change is worthy of note (Shafaq News 2022). Based on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-Gain) Index, which explores countries’ vulnerability to climate change and their resilience, Iraq has a high vulnerability score and low resiliency that increases the likelihood/risk for more future conflict and instability (Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative 2022). According to the sixth Global Environment Outlook, GEO-6, published by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Iraq is classified as the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to suffer decreased water and food availability and extreme temperatures; these factors will negatively influence food and water security, and social and health security in Iraq (UN Environment 2019). In a recent report, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) indicated that without preparation and planning to mitigate the effects of climate change, Iraqis may be forced to relocate in order to survive (IOM) 2022).

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引用次数: 0

The weaponisation of everything – a field guide to the new way of war 万物武器化——新战争方式的实地指南

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-04-23 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2203993

I. Abuelaish

who brought attention to the psychological needs of camp survivors and those subjected to extreme trauma (recognized today as cases of complex PTSD) but who also alienated the medical profession and parliamentarians, not persuaded by his radical methods. Detailed endnotes and a comprehensive bibliography are provided, together with an index of persons. As the book contains much detailed information and analysis, a full index would greatly aid searching. Perhaps one could be added if a paperback version is issued. However, this new study by Leo van Bergen reveals a largely unknown but important episode in the search for effective treatments in the face of a critical profession and suspicious legislature.

他引起了人们对集中营幸存者和那些遭受极端创伤的人(今天被认为是复杂的创伤后应激障碍病例)的心理需求的关注，但他也疏远了医学界和议员，因为他们不相信他激进的方法。提供了详细的尾注和全面的参考书目，以及人员索引。由于这本书包含了很多详细的信息和分析，一个完整的索引将极大地帮助搜索。如果发行平装本，也许可以添加一个。然而，利奥·范·卑尔根的这项新研究揭示了在面对批评性职业和多疑的立法机构寻求有效治疗的过程中，一个基本上不为人知但重要的情节。

引用次数: 0

Diagnosing dissent, hysterics, deserters, and conscientious objectors in Germany during World War One 诊断第一次世界大战期间德国的异议、歇斯底里、逃兵和出于良心拒服兵役者

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2197164

L. van Bergen

causes including climate change. Recommendations include a ‘fundamental rethinking of the beliefs that have led to such high emissions’ (234) while building on the reductions, innovations and increased efficiency of the US military to date. The arguments for continuing to protect oil supplies in the Persian Gulf are effectively challenged. The positive spin-offs from a significant reduction in emissions carried out with the objective of mitigation are detailed. To help with the complexity of the subject, each chapter has a helpful introduction and concluding summary. An extensive use of quotes gives voice to some of the many actors involved. After such an impressive read, the final chapter feels a little rushed, with a bit less clarity and in a few places a little less of the objectivity that has made the presentation of evidence so convincing. This is a minor criticism given the overall importance and strengths of this book’s analysis and recommendations. Whether you want to understand the detail of emissions calculations, efforts not to report them despite parallel actions to reduce them, the ongoing mindset of the US military and government in relation to their national security, the negative behavioural loops they have got into in relation to climate change and what they should do differently – this is an essential book. Hopefully, the generals and politicians will read it too.

包括气候变化在内的原因。建议包括“从根本上重新思考导致如此高排放的信念”（234），同时建立在迄今为止美国军队的削减、创新和提高效率的基础上。继续保护波斯湾石油供应的论点实际上受到了挑战。详细介绍了以缓解为目标大幅减少排放带来的积极影响。为了帮助解决这个主题的复杂性，每一章都有一个有用的引言和总结。引用语的广泛使用为众多参与者中的一些人发声。经过如此令人印象深刻的阅读，最后一章感觉有点仓促，不那么清晰，在一些地方也不那么客观，这使得证据的陈述如此令人信服。鉴于本书分析和建议的整体重要性和优势，这只是一个小小的批评。无论你想了解排放计算的细节，尽管采取了平行的行动来减少排放，但仍努力不报告排放，美国军队和政府在国家安全方面的持续心态，他们在气候变化方面陷入的负面行为循环，以及他们应该做些什么，这都是一本重要的书。希望将军们和政治家们也能读到。

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引用次数: 0

War and remembrance: recollecting and representing war 战争与记忆:回忆与再现战争

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2198100

Janne L. Punski-Hoogervorst

引用次数: 0

The Pentagon, climate change, and war, charting the rise and fall of U.S. military emissions 五角大楼，气候变化和战争，绘制了美国军事排放的起起落落

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2201987

M. Birch

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2023. “A Time of Unprecedented Danger: It is 90 Seconds to Midnight.” Chicago, January 24. Accessed 14 Feb 2023. https://thebulletin.org/doomsdayclock/current-time Dalton, T. 2019. “Much Ado About India’s No-First-Use Nuke Policy.” India Global Business, September. Accessed 14Feb 2023. www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/igb-archive/much-adoabout-indias-no-first-use-nuke-policy ”Foundations of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Area of Nuclear Deterrence, Moscow, 2020, Cited in Nikolai Sokov, Russia Clarifies Its Nuclear Deterrence Policy.” 2020. Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, June 3. Accessed 14February2023. https://vcdnp.org/russia-clarifies-its-nuclear-deterrence-policy US Department of Defense. 2022. 2022 Nuclear Posture Review, 8. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Xia, Lili, Alan Robock, Kim Scherrer, C S. Harrison, B L. Bodirsky, I. Weindl, J. Jägermeyr, C G. Bardeen, O B. Toon, and R. Heneghan. 2022. “Global Food Insecurity and Famine from Reduced Crop, Marine Fishery and Livestock Production Due to Climate Disruption from Nuclear War Soot Injection.” Nature Food 3 (8): 586–596, AugustFeb. accessed 14 2023 https:// www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00573-0.

原子科学家公报。2023.《前所未有的危险时刻：距离午夜还有90秒》，芝加哥，1月24日。访问日期：2023年2月14日。https://thebulletin.org/doomsdayclock/current-time道尔顿，T.2019。《关于印度不首先使用核武器政策的许多争论》，《印度全球商业》，9月。访问日期：2023年2月14日。www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/igb-archive/much-adoabout-indias-no-firstuse-nuke-policy“俄罗斯联邦在核威慑领域的国家政策基础，莫斯科，2020，引用于尼古拉·索科夫，俄罗斯阐明其核威慑政策。”2020年，维也纳裁军与不扩散中心，6月3日。访问日期：2023年2月14日。https://vcdnp.org/russia-clarifies-its-nuclear-deterrence-policy美国国防部。2022年《核态势评估》，8。华盛顿特区：美国国防部。夏、莉莉、Alan Robock、Kim Scherrer、C S.Harrison、B L.Bodirsky、I.Weindl、J.Jägermeyr、C G.Bardeen、O B.Toon和R.Heneghan。2022年。《全球粮食不安全和饥荒——因核战争烟灰注入造成的气候破坏导致作物、海洋渔业和畜牧业生产减少》。《自然食品》3（8）：586–596，August-Feb。访问14 2023 https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00573-0。

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引用次数: 0

Henry Dunant, The Man of the Red Cross 亨利·杜南特，红十字会的人

Q3 Medicine

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2023.2194047

L. van Bergen

This new, highly readable English translation broadens the audience for Corinne Chaponnière’s 2010 French-language biography of Henry Dunant, the visionary behind the Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross. The book tells the improbable story of how an ordinary Swiss citizen, without official backing from any government, brought the leaders of fractious mid-nineteenth-century European states to the table to agree upon rules and methods for limiting the human impact of war. It then details Dunant’s precipitous decline into poverty and disrepute and his long efforts to rehabilitate himself, culminating with his sharing of the inaugural Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.

这本新的、可读性强的英文译本扩大了科琳娜·查蓬尼（Corinne Chaponnière）2010年出版的亨利·杜南特（Henry Dunant）法语传记的受众范围，杜南特是日内瓦公约和红十字会背后的梦想家。这本书告诉了一个不可思议的故事，一个普通的瑞士公民如何在没有任何政府官方支持的情况下，将19世纪中期脾气暴躁的欧洲国家的领导人带到谈判桌上，就限制战争对人类影响的规则和方法达成一致。然后，它详细描述了杜南突然陷入贫困和名誉扫地，以及他为恢复健康所做的长期努力，最终于1901年获得首届诺贝尔和平奖。

引用次数: 0

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