Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172X.2022.2146562
William D. Shannon
Salt making by the method known as ‘sleeching’ was practised extensively along the coasts of North-West England and southern Scotland, from earliest times until it came to a sudden end in the eighteenth century with the widespread availability of cheap rock salt from Cheshire. The method involved the gathering of salt-enriched sand from below the high-tide mark, and washing the same in troughs to produce a concentrated brine, which was then evaporated in lead pans. The region from Solway to Mersey was one of only four parts of Britain where the necessary conditions for sleeching could be found, namely a considerable tidal range, extensive sandy shores backed up by flat land above the spring tide line, and easy access to plentiful supplies of fuel, generally peat. Physical, cartographic, place-name and documentary evidence show that, at its height, more than one hundred locations along the coast were engaged in the manufacture of salt, largely as a seasonal by-employment, and generally for local consumption.
{"title":"Sleech Salt Making from the Solway to the Mersey in the Medieval and Early-Modern Period","authors":"William D. Shannon","doi":"10.1080/0078172X.2022.2146562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172X.2022.2146562","url":null,"abstract":"Salt making by the method known as ‘sleeching’ was practised extensively along the coasts of North-West England and southern Scotland, from earliest times until it came to a sudden end in the eighteenth century with the widespread availability of cheap rock salt from Cheshire. The method involved the gathering of salt-enriched sand from below the high-tide mark, and washing the same in troughs to produce a concentrated brine, which was then evaporated in lead pans. The region from Solway to Mersey was one of only four parts of Britain where the necessary conditions for sleeching could be found, namely a considerable tidal range, extensive sandy shores backed up by flat land above the spring tide line, and easy access to plentiful supplies of fuel, generally peat. Physical, cartographic, place-name and documentary evidence show that, at its height, more than one hundred locations along the coast were engaged in the manufacture of salt, largely as a seasonal by-employment, and generally for local consumption.","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"28 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47987982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2023.2179182
W. Aird
{"title":"CHARLES C. ROZIER, Writing History in the Community of St Cuthbert c. 700–1130: From Bede to Symeon of Durham","authors":"W. Aird","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2023.2179182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2023.2179182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"118 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42490084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2023.2177578
A. Woolf
{"title":"W. TRENT FOLEY, Bede and the Beginnings of English Racism","authors":"A. Woolf","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2023.2177578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2023.2177578","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"120 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47406163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2023.2175292
R. Hoyle
{"title":"BRIAN BARBER, Transcripts and Observations Touching the Manor of Wakefield in the County of York and Wakefield Manorial Records: A Short Guide","authors":"R. Hoyle","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2023.2175292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2023.2175292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"128 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41943482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2023.2169219
T. Pickles
{"title":"ANDREW BREEZE, British Battles 493–937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh","authors":"T. Pickles","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2023.2169219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2023.2169219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"117 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41619967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0078172X.2023.2166744
B. Doyle
This article explores the local mixed economy of healthcare in two of England’s largest cities – Leeds and Sheffield – between the late Edwardian period and the outbreak of the Second World War. It examines the level of service provision across the period to identify areas of strength and weakness and considers the extent to which these were determined by local political priorities. It examines indicators of success, such as falling death and infant mortality rates, increased access to treatment in hospitals and clinics and improved outcomes for those treated. Finally, it assesses the degree to which the mixed economy was able to develop a coordinated approach despite limited and ineffective central state direction. In particular, it looks at how local authorities and voluntary providers worked together in areas like Infant and Child Welfare, Maternity provision and general acute treatment to build the healthy city. Overall it suggests that this mixed economy, operating within a policy environment shaped by local urban cultures and needs, was able to deliver extensive health care improvements which belie the conventional pessimistic assessments of the period.
{"title":"Sick or Healthy? The Urban North Between the Wars","authors":"B. Doyle","doi":"10.1080/0078172X.2023.2166744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172X.2023.2166744","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the local mixed economy of healthcare in two of England’s largest cities – Leeds and Sheffield – between the late Edwardian period and the outbreak of the Second World War. It examines the level of service provision across the period to identify areas of strength and weakness and considers the extent to which these were determined by local political priorities. It examines indicators of success, such as falling death and infant mortality rates, increased access to treatment in hospitals and clinics and improved outcomes for those treated. Finally, it assesses the degree to which the mixed economy was able to develop a coordinated approach despite limited and ineffective central state direction. In particular, it looks at how local authorities and voluntary providers worked together in areas like Infant and Child Welfare, Maternity provision and general acute treatment to build the healthy city. Overall it suggests that this mixed economy, operating within a policy environment shaped by local urban cultures and needs, was able to deliver extensive health care improvements which belie the conventional pessimistic assessments of the period.","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"94 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58901080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2022.2153099
A. Pollard
Anne Sutton, who died on 18 June 2022, epitomised the aims of the Richard III Society to ‘research into the life and times of Richard III and to secure a reassessment of the material relating to this period and of the role in history of this monarch’. She was not only convinced that the traditional accounts of the last Yorkist king were untenable, but she also devoted herself to advancing knowledge as the editor of The Ricardian from 1977 (which she developed into a respected academic journal), as a trustee of the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust publishing fifteenth-century texts from its formation in 1987, and by a stream of books, articles and essays based on her own impeccable research. It is thus fitting that her last work, one of the most ambitious she undertook, was published by the Trust not long before she died. The kernel of the book is the role of Richard III, both as duke of Gloucester and as king, as Warden of the West March. The second, and far longer, part combines detailed studies of the government and society of Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham, and the north-east of Yorkshire with a gazetteer of the places in the marches and near the northern coasts. These places, who held them and how they fitted into a network of defence in depth, were critical for the protection of the border. Sutton systematically catalogues how ‘the king’s work’ of defending the realm against the Scots (from the Solway Firth round to the Humber estuary) was organised, who the principal agents were and how they worked with Richard, duke of Gloucester, Edward IV’s brother and principal deputy in the region from 1471 to 1483, and then for two years as king himself. Sutton set herself a gargantuan task of both analysing and describing the organisation of the late-fifteenth-century defensive network as well as revisiting the political narrative over the fifteenth-year period. She leaves few documents unexamined, be they acts of parliament, international treaties, royal commands, or private records. All are analysed in detail, often clause by clause. This includes, inter alia, an invaluably thorough discusiion of all the surviving records relating to the dispute over the ‘Debateable Lands’ between England and Scotland on the West March. Her most important insight is that the focal point of Richard III’s presence in the north was the Wardenship of this March, focussed on Carlisle, not, as many have assumed, possession of the lordship and castle of Middleham and other estates in County Durham, Westmorland and the North Riding of Yorkshire acquired in 1471 and thereafter. This was the office that the Nevilles of Middleham had occupied for most of the fifteenth century and the lordships had always provided the basis for defence in depth throughout the region, providing what one might describe as a military reserve through licensed indentures of retainer and less formal links with the local gentry. Through these men, and their connections, who were dominant in
{"title":"ANNE F. SUTTON, The King’s Work: The Defence of the North under the Yorkist Kings, 1471-85 (Donington: Richard III and Yorkist History Trust in association with Shaun Tyas, 2021. £30. 540 pages. ISBN: 9781907730924).","authors":"A. Pollard","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2022.2153099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2022.2153099","url":null,"abstract":"Anne Sutton, who died on 18 June 2022, epitomised the aims of the Richard III Society to ‘research into the life and times of Richard III and to secure a reassessment of the material relating to this period and of the role in history of this monarch’. She was not only convinced that the traditional accounts of the last Yorkist king were untenable, but she also devoted herself to advancing knowledge as the editor of The Ricardian from 1977 (which she developed into a respected academic journal), as a trustee of the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust publishing fifteenth-century texts from its formation in 1987, and by a stream of books, articles and essays based on her own impeccable research. It is thus fitting that her last work, one of the most ambitious she undertook, was published by the Trust not long before she died. The kernel of the book is the role of Richard III, both as duke of Gloucester and as king, as Warden of the West March. The second, and far longer, part combines detailed studies of the government and society of Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham, and the north-east of Yorkshire with a gazetteer of the places in the marches and near the northern coasts. These places, who held them and how they fitted into a network of defence in depth, were critical for the protection of the border. Sutton systematically catalogues how ‘the king’s work’ of defending the realm against the Scots (from the Solway Firth round to the Humber estuary) was organised, who the principal agents were and how they worked with Richard, duke of Gloucester, Edward IV’s brother and principal deputy in the region from 1471 to 1483, and then for two years as king himself. Sutton set herself a gargantuan task of both analysing and describing the organisation of the late-fifteenth-century defensive network as well as revisiting the political narrative over the fifteenth-year period. She leaves few documents unexamined, be they acts of parliament, international treaties, royal commands, or private records. All are analysed in detail, often clause by clause. This includes, inter alia, an invaluably thorough discusiion of all the surviving records relating to the dispute over the ‘Debateable Lands’ between England and Scotland on the West March. Her most important insight is that the focal point of Richard III’s presence in the north was the Wardenship of this March, focussed on Carlisle, not, as many have assumed, possession of the lordship and castle of Middleham and other estates in County Durham, Westmorland and the North Riding of Yorkshire acquired in 1471 and thereafter. This was the office that the Nevilles of Middleham had occupied for most of the fifteenth century and the lordships had always provided the basis for defence in depth throughout the region, providing what one might describe as a military reserve through licensed indentures of retainer and less formal links with the local gentry. Through these men, and their connections, who were dominant in ","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"123 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42094745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/0078172X.2022.2154436
M. Meadowcroft
{"title":"DAVID M. GEORGE, The Radical Campaigns of John Baxter Langley: A Keen and Courageous Reformer (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2021. £75. 368 pages. ISBN: 978-1-905816-47-7).","authors":"M. Meadowcroft","doi":"10.1080/0078172X.2022.2154436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172X.2022.2154436","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"133 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42980148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.1080/0078172x.2022.2145257
Angus J. L. Winchester
{"title":"JOANNA E. TAYLOR and IAN N. GREGORY, Deep Mapping the Literary Lake District: A Geographical Text Analysis","authors":"Angus J. L. Winchester","doi":"10.1080/0078172x.2022.2145257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2022.2145257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53945,"journal":{"name":"Northern History","volume":"60 1","pages":"131 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47315859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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