Abstract Hasidic yeshivas rose to prominence in Eastern Europe in the interwar period (1918–1939), as a way of keeping orthodox youth in the fold and of shaping the new generations of Hasidim, enabling them to withstand the allures of non-Orthodox cultures. Using the Chabad–Lubavitch yeshiva Tomkhe Temimim as a case study, this article focuses on the educational and formative strategies employed in interwar Hasidic yeshivas. It examines previously unused internal yeshiva sources, such as student lists or teachers’ reports, to show the pedagogical practices of the yeshiva staff and faculty. Effectively, the article provides an egalitarian and down-to-earth perspective on the Hasidic transformation in the interwar years. This perspective goes beyond the theoretical Hasidic concepts preached by the leaders to show how, in practical terms, these concepts were understood by the movement’s secondary intelligentsia and passed on to the next generation in the movement’s formative institutions.
{"title":"Education and Formation in an Interwar Hasidic Yeshiva: The case of <i>Tomkhe Temimim</i> Warsaw","authors":"Wojciech Tworek","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hasidic yeshivas rose to prominence in Eastern Europe in the interwar period (1918–1939), as a way of keeping orthodox youth in the fold and of shaping the new generations of Hasidim, enabling them to withstand the allures of non-Orthodox cultures. Using the Chabad–Lubavitch yeshiva Tomkhe Temimim as a case study, this article focuses on the educational and formative strategies employed in interwar Hasidic yeshivas. It examines previously unused internal yeshiva sources, such as student lists or teachers’ reports, to show the pedagogical practices of the yeshiva staff and faculty. Effectively, the article provides an egalitarian and down-to-earth perspective on the Hasidic transformation in the interwar years. This perspective goes beyond the theoretical Hasidic concepts preached by the leaders to show how, in practical terms, these concepts were understood by the movement’s secondary intelligentsia and passed on to the next generation in the movement’s formative institutions.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135552641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Kathryn Hellerstein, Song Lihong, China and Ashkenazic Jewry: Transcultural Encounters Get access Kathryn Hellerstein and Song Lihong, eds., China and Ashkenazic Jewry: Transcultural Encounters (Oldenbourg, Germany: Walter De Gruyter, 2022). 359 pp., $89.99, ISBN 978-3-11-068377-6 Steve Hochstadt Steve Hochstadt ILLINOIS COLLEGE, USA shochsta@ic.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, kjad011, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad011 Published: 13 September 2023
期刊文章凯瑟琳·赫勒斯坦，宋立红，中国和德系犹太人:跨文化的相遇，《中国与德系犹太人:跨文化相遇》(奥尔登堡，德国:Walter De Gruyter, 2022)。359页，89.99美元，ISBN 978-3-11-068377-6 Steve Hochstadt Steve Hochstadt ILLINOIS COLLEGE, USA shochsta@ic.edu查找作者的其他作品:Oxford Academic谷歌Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, kjad011, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad011出版日期:2023年9月13日
{"title":"Kathryn Hellerstein, Song Lihong, <i>China and Ashkenazic Jewry: Transcultural Encounters</i>","authors":"Steve Hochstadt","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad011","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Kathryn Hellerstein, Song Lihong, China and Ashkenazic Jewry: Transcultural Encounters Get access Kathryn Hellerstein and Song Lihong, eds., China and Ashkenazic Jewry: Transcultural Encounters (Oldenbourg, Germany: Walter De Gruyter, 2022). 359 pp., $89.99, ISBN 978-3-11-068377-6 Steve Hochstadt Steve Hochstadt ILLINOIS COLLEGE, USA shochsta@ic.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, kjad011, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad011 Published: 13 September 2023","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135786526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article explores how the relationship between a victim/survivor in a Shoah testimony and the audience (e.g., the listener, reader, or scholar) is shaped by the account, and inquires how the relationships may evolve when there are no survivors left. I argue that survivor testimonies pass the role of witness to the audience, thus intertwining the processes of witnessing (i.e., experienced by a victim or survivor) and post-witnessing (i.e., experienced through testimonies or other first-person accounts)—especially in the case of scholars. This study uses the survivor Elie Wiesel's work as a case study to demonstrate that the role of a witness can become a transferable legacy. To examine this topic, I draw on current post-witnessing theories, Affect Theory, a hermeneutic approach to Wiesel's testimony, and a particularly evocative passage by Primo Levi that depicts gazing on someone which inflicts shame in the one looking.
{"title":"Elie Wiesel and a Legacy of (Post-) Witnessing","authors":"Christin Zühlke","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article explores how the relationship between a victim/survivor in a Shoah testimony and the audience (e.g., the listener, reader, or scholar) is shaped by the account, and inquires how the relationships may evolve when there are no survivors left. I argue that survivor testimonies pass the role of witness to the audience, thus intertwining the processes of witnessing (i.e., experienced by a victim or survivor) and post-witnessing (i.e., experienced through testimonies or other first-person accounts)—especially in the case of scholars. This study uses the survivor Elie Wiesel's work as a case study to demonstrate that the role of a witness can become a transferable legacy. To examine this topic, I draw on current post-witnessing theories, Affect Theory, a hermeneutic approach to Wiesel's testimony, and a particularly evocative passage by Primo Levi that depicts gazing on someone which inflicts shame in the one looking.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"17 1","pages":"148 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86947614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The growing power of the USA, of US Jewry, and of the US Zionist movement was a major factor that impacted Zionist policy during the 1940s. During this period, US Zionists sought to bring their influence to bear on the fundamental problems that the Zionist movement confronted during the war and thereafter. The Arab issue featured prominently in these efforts. While engaging with the questions of the relations between the Jews and the Arabs living in Palestine and with ways to make the Jewish state an integral part of the Middle East, the US Zionist leadership actively promoted the Lowdermilk Plan, which addressed the shortage of water in the region. US Zionist engagement with the Arab question signaled a fundamental change in the modes of operation of US Zionists and their desire to take an active and practical role in shaping the Jewish state and the Zionist movement. They were no longer content merely to provide material and political support to the Zionist movement and to the Jewish yishuv in Palestine.
{"title":"Cooperation, Integration, and Assimilation: Abba Hillel Silver, Emanuel Neumann, the Lowdermilk Plan, and the Arab Question in the Forties","authors":"Zohar Segev","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The growing power of the USA, of US Jewry, and of the US Zionist movement was a major factor that impacted Zionist policy during the 1940s. During this period, US Zionists sought to bring their influence to bear on the fundamental problems that the Zionist movement confronted during the war and thereafter. The Arab issue featured prominently in these efforts. While engaging with the questions of the relations between the Jews and the Arabs living in Palestine and with ways to make the Jewish state an integral part of the Middle East, the US Zionist leadership actively promoted the Lowdermilk Plan, which addressed the shortage of water in the region. US Zionist engagement with the Arab question signaled a fundamental change in the modes of operation of US Zionists and their desire to take an active and practical role in shaping the Jewish state and the Zionist movement. They were no longer content merely to provide material and political support to the Zionist movement and to the Jewish yishuv in Palestine.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"1 1","pages":"212 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76518029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Digital media enable new possibilities in Jewish life and lived religion. This "digital Judaism" combines elements of Jewish tradition with the capabilities to create, modify, and transform digital objects in novel ways. It builds on American media history and has been greatly accelerated in response to the exigencies of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021. The Internet as a form of media functions as an amplifier of human capabilities and Jewish possibilities that can be integrated into Jewish life. This creates the contemporary online–offline media ecology to which I apply the theoretical concept of "virtuality." Virtuality extends and builds upon Heidi Campbell's religious-social shaping of technology (RSST), Michael Satlow's "maps" for defining a Judaism, Uzi Rebhun's study of symbolic Judaism, Ananda Mitra and Rae Lynn Schwatrz's concept of online/offline cybernetic space, and Jack Wertheimer's remix concept.
{"title":"Virtuality: A Theory of Digital Judaism(s)","authors":"Peter Margolis","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Digital media enable new possibilities in Jewish life and lived religion. This \"digital Judaism\" combines elements of Jewish tradition with the capabilities to create, modify, and transform digital objects in novel ways. It builds on American media history and has been greatly accelerated in response to the exigencies of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021. The Internet as a form of media functions as an amplifier of human capabilities and Jewish possibilities that can be integrated into Jewish life. This creates the contemporary online–offline media ecology to which I apply the theoretical concept of \"virtuality.\" Virtuality extends and builds upon Heidi Campbell's religious-social shaping of technology (RSST), Michael Satlow's \"maps\" for defining a Judaism, Uzi Rebhun's study of symbolic Judaism, Ananda Mitra and Rae Lynn Schwatrz's concept of online/offline cybernetic space, and Jack Wertheimer's remix concept.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"16 1","pages":"187 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74909378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Meyer Schapiro was among a handful of New York's most prominent Jewish thinkers writing about modern art during the post-Second World War period, just as the international center of new art had shifted there from Paris. Unlike his contemporaries Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg, however, Schapiro is thought to have "seldom" or only "subliminally" addressed questions of Jewish identity, suggesting that he avoided or suppressed the matter. Yet his nearly four-decade-long relationship with the Jewish Museum of New York tells a different story. Schapiro's unpublished correspondence, memoranda, and addresses reveal his role in transforming the Jewish Museum into a venue for avant-garde art and his urging Jewish acceptance of modern art, including works that were not visibly Jewish or that were created by non-Jews. These efforts reflect the ways his kinship with the Jewish community prompted his articulation of universal values of humanitarianism and social justice that he associated with Judaism, values that coincided with his social activism. The archival materials also show how Schapiro engaged with questions of Jewish identity as he drew on his scholarly knowledge and his affinity with the Jewish community to further the appreciation of modern art for the benefit of Jewish and non-Jewish artists and audiences.
摘要:二战后，新艺术的国际中心从巴黎转移到纽约，迈尔·夏皮罗是纽约为数不多的研究现代艺术的杰出犹太思想家之一。然而，与同时代的克莱门特·格林伯格(Clement Greenberg)和哈罗德·罗森伯格(Harold Rosenberg)不同，夏皮罗被认为“很少”或只是“下意识地”处理犹太人身份的问题，这表明他回避或压抑了这个问题。然而，他与纽约犹太博物馆(Jewish Museum of New York)近40年的合作关系却讲述了一个不同的故事。夏皮罗未公开的信件、备忘录和演讲揭示了他在将犹太博物馆转变为前卫艺术场所的过程中所扮演的角色，以及他敦促犹太人接受现代艺术，包括那些不明显是犹太人或非犹太人创作的作品。这些努力反映了他与犹太社区的亲缘关系促使他表达了人道主义和社会正义的普世价值观，他将这些价值观与犹太教联系在一起，这些价值观与他的社会行动主义相吻合。档案材料还显示了夏皮罗如何利用他的学术知识和他与犹太社区的亲密关系来进一步欣赏现代艺术，以造福犹太和非犹太艺术家和观众。
{"title":"Meyer Schapiro, the Jewish Museum, and Living Artists: A Scholar's Overlooked Activism","authors":"J. Abt","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Meyer Schapiro was among a handful of New York's most prominent Jewish thinkers writing about modern art during the post-Second World War period, just as the international center of new art had shifted there from Paris. Unlike his contemporaries Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg, however, Schapiro is thought to have \"seldom\" or only \"subliminally\" addressed questions of Jewish identity, suggesting that he avoided or suppressed the matter. Yet his nearly four-decade-long relationship with the Jewish Museum of New York tells a different story. Schapiro's unpublished correspondence, memoranda, and addresses reveal his role in transforming the Jewish Museum into a venue for avant-garde art and his urging Jewish acceptance of modern art, including works that were not visibly Jewish or that were created by non-Jews. These efforts reflect the ways his kinship with the Jewish community prompted his articulation of universal values of humanitarianism and social justice that he associated with Judaism, values that coincided with his social activism. The archival materials also show how Schapiro engaged with questions of Jewish identity as he drew on his scholarly knowledge and his affinity with the Jewish community to further the appreciation of modern art for the benefit of Jewish and non-Jewish artists and audiences.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"32 1","pages":"127 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74411688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:In the years between 1967 and 1973, the younger generation of Diaspora Jewry in the West was torn between its sympathy for the State of Israel and its identification with New Left politics and ideology. In response, Israel conducted a wide-ranging campaign of Hasbara—the Hebrew word for explaining the justice of the Israeli and Zionist cause—to this cohort in order to gain its support. Until now, scholarship on Israeli hasbara has not given any attention to how Israel grappled with the New Left in general and with its Jewish supporters in particular; similarly, studies of the encounter between Jews and the New Left lack any discussion of the role played by Israeli hasbara. This article connects the two, revealing the unknown history of the relationship between Israel, Diaspora Jewry, and the New Left. But it is of more than mere historical interest, as in the last decade Israel has been deeply concerned about leftists and liberals in the West (who today largely term themselves "progressives"), many of them are young Jews who have allied with pro-Palestinian forces, first and foremost the BDS movement. This article offers a possible model that could be used to mobilize these progressive Jews in support of Israel.
{"title":"Hasbara Revisited: Israel, the New left, and Diaspora Jewry, 1967–1973","authors":"Tal Elmaliach","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In the years between 1967 and 1973, the younger generation of Diaspora Jewry in the West was torn between its sympathy for the State of Israel and its identification with New Left politics and ideology. In response, Israel conducted a wide-ranging campaign of Hasbara—the Hebrew word for explaining the justice of the Israeli and Zionist cause—to this cohort in order to gain its support. Until now, scholarship on Israeli hasbara has not given any attention to how Israel grappled with the New Left in general and with its Jewish supporters in particular; similarly, studies of the encounter between Jews and the New Left lack any discussion of the role played by Israeli hasbara. This article connects the two, revealing the unknown history of the relationship between Israel, Diaspora Jewry, and the New Left. But it is of more than mere historical interest, as in the last decade Israel has been deeply concerned about leftists and liberals in the West (who today largely term themselves \"progressives\"), many of them are young Jews who have allied with pro-Palestinian forces, first and foremost the BDS movement. This article offers a possible model that could be used to mobilize these progressive Jews in support of Israel.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"99 1","pages":"164 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85921371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Monty Noam Penkower, After the HolocaustMonty Noam Penkower, Israel: As a Phoenix Ascending Get access Monty Noam Penkower, After the Holocaust (New York: Touro University Press, 2021), Index, 230 pp., $29.95. ISBN978-1-64469-679-8 Monty Noam Penkower, Israel: As a Phoenix Ascending (New York: Touro University Press, 2021), Index, 306 pp., $35.00 ISBN 978-1-64469-675-0 Rafael Medoff Rafael Medoff The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, USA rafaelmedoff@aol.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, kjad004, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad004 Published: 03 June 2023
{"title":"Monty Noam Penkower, After the HolocaustMonty Noam Penkower, Israel: As a Phoenix Ascending","authors":"Rafael Medoff","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad004","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Monty Noam Penkower, After the HolocaustMonty Noam Penkower, Israel: As a Phoenix Ascending Get access Monty Noam Penkower, After the Holocaust (New York: Touro University Press, 2021), Index, 230 pp., $29.95. ISBN978-1-64469-679-8 Monty Noam Penkower, Israel: As a Phoenix Ascending (New York: Touro University Press, 2021), Index, 306 pp., $35.00 ISBN 978-1-64469-675-0 Rafael Medoff Rafael Medoff The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, USA rafaelmedoff@aol.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, kjad004, https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad004 Published: 03 June 2023","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Heinrich Graetz (1817–1891), the famous historian and biblical exegete, penned his commentary to the Song of Songs in 1871 to counter rising antisemitism fueled by racialized fantasies of Jewish gender and sexuality. Graetz contested antisemitic tropes of Jewish masculinity and femininity by reconfiguring the Song of Songs, this most blatantly erotic book of scripture, as a testament to and celebration of Jewish chastity. Against the lascivious femme fatal, Graetz introduced the tender Sulamit, whose paradigmatic chastity renders romantic ardor into asexual, sisterly affection. In contrast to the effeminate Jew, Graetz introduced the Friend, a brawny adventurer whose masculine attempt at chastity only reveals his sexual potency. Graetz leverages the co-constitutive relationships among gender, class, and race to bestow on these figures not only the bourgeois virtues connoted by their chastity, but also associations of whiteness and middle-class belonging. Graetz’s exegetical construction of new models of Jewish femininity and masculinity was no mere theoretical exercise, but a response to matters of life and death as the rise of sexually transmitted diseases coalesced into a public health crisis. With the specter of syphilis in the background, Graetz’s commentary to the Song of Songs proffered German Jews—and German Christians—a Semitic path to redemption from the immorality crippling fin-de-siècle Germany.
摘要:著名历史学家、圣经注释家海因里希·格莱茨(Heinrich Graetz, 1817-1891)于1871年对《雅歌》(Song of Songs)进行了注释，以应对犹太人性别和性取向的种族化幻想所引发的反犹主义。格雷茨通过重新配置《雅歌》(这是圣经中最明目张心的情色书籍)，对犹太人的男性气质和女性气质的反犹主义比喻进行了挑战，将其作为对犹太人贞洁的见证和庆祝。格莱茨介绍了温柔的苏拉米特(Sulamit)来对抗淫荡的致命女性，她的典型贞洁将浪漫的热情转化为无性的姐妹之情。与柔弱的犹太人形成对比的是，格雷茨介绍了朋友，一个强壮的冒险家，他对贞操的男性尝试只显示了他的性能力。Graetz利用性别、阶级和种族之间的共同构成关系，赋予这些人物贞洁所蕴含的资产阶级美德，以及白人和中产阶级归属的联系。Graetz对犹太女性气质和男性气质新模式的训诂构建不仅仅是理论实践，而是对性传播疾病的上升合并为公共卫生危机时生死问题的回应。在梅毒幽灵的背景下，格莱茨对《雅歌》的评论为德国犹太人和德国基督徒提供了一条犹太主义的救赎之路，使他们摆脱了道德败坏的德国。
{"title":"Chastening Germany: Graetz’s Lusty Jew aAnd Asexual Jewess As Semitic Saviors","authors":"A. Zirkle","doi":"10.1093/mj/kjac022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjac022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Heinrich Graetz (1817–1891), the famous historian and biblical exegete, penned his commentary to the Song of Songs in 1871 to counter rising antisemitism fueled by racialized fantasies of Jewish gender and sexuality. Graetz contested antisemitic tropes of Jewish masculinity and femininity by reconfiguring the Song of Songs, this most blatantly erotic book of scripture, as a testament to and celebration of Jewish chastity. Against the lascivious femme fatal, Graetz introduced the tender Sulamit, whose paradigmatic chastity renders romantic ardor into asexual, sisterly affection. In contrast to the effeminate Jew, Graetz introduced the Friend, a brawny adventurer whose masculine attempt at chastity only reveals his sexual potency. Graetz leverages the co-constitutive relationships among gender, class, and race to bestow on these figures not only the bourgeois virtues connoted by their chastity, but also associations of whiteness and middle-class belonging. Graetz’s exegetical construction of new models of Jewish femininity and masculinity was no mere theoretical exercise, but a response to matters of life and death as the rise of sexually transmitted diseases coalesced into a public health crisis. With the specter of syphilis in the background, Graetz’s commentary to the Song of Songs proffered German Jews—and German Christians—a Semitic path to redemption from the immorality crippling fin-de-siècle Germany.","PeriodicalId":54089,"journal":{"name":"MODERN JUDAISM","volume":"46 1","pages":"123 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81531059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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