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IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.1093/mj/kjab015

Dear Readers,

亲爱的读者,

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Contributors 贡献者

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.1093/mj/kjab014

SUZANNE BROOKS is Senior Doctoral Fellow and Initiatives Coordinator at the Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration, Yeshiva University. She is a Ph.D. candidate, completing her dissertation on the fostering and assessment of educator dispositions in students enrolled in face-to-face and asynchronous online courses. Suzanne has over twenty-five years of teaching experience in modern orthodox and Haredi day schools and currently conducts program improvement evaluations. Her research interests include areas related to psycho-social-emotional and spiritual development and well-being.

苏珊娜·布鲁克斯是叶史瓦大学犹太教育与管理阿兹列里研究生院的高级博士研究员和倡议协调员。她是一名博士候选人，正在完成她关于在参加面对面和异步在线课程的学生中培养和评估教育者性格的论文。苏珊娜在现代正统派和正统派日间学校有超过25年的教学经验，目前正在进行项目改进评估。她的研究兴趣包括与心理-社会-情感和精神发展和福祉相关的领域。

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“The Secret of that Herb”: Mystical Smoking from Italian Sabbateanism to Hasidism “那药草的秘密”:从意大利安息日主义到哈西德主义的神秘吸烟

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-09-10 DOI: 10.1093/mj/kjab010

Tzvi Luboshitz

ABSTRACT:

This article is dedicated to the notion of “mystical smoking” in Kabbalah and Hasidism. In spite of the fact that many researchers have dealt with the smoking habits of the Hasidim, the sources and meanings of this behavior have not yet been fully clarified. This paper will reexamine “mystical smoking” by reading some of the writings of R. Moshe David Valle, an eighteenth-century Italian kabbalist. According to Valle, the act of smoking plays a crucial role in the enduring struggle of the righteous person (tsaddik) against the powers of the Evil Side (sitra achra) and the impure husks (qelipot). From several paragraphs of Valle’s writings, it becomes clear that smoking is equated with sacrificing to the sitra achra, and is as necessary and important as the biblical scapegoat in the struggle against the sitra achra. Moreover, the calming, relaxing, or clouding effect that comes naturally with smoking causes the sitra achra within the tsaddik’s soul to be satisfied and to restrain itself from fighting against the Holy Side. In light of “the secret of the pipe,” which Valle discusses at length, Hasidic stories and sermons in which smoking plays an essential role will be reevaluated. Until now, these sources have been subject to ultra-positivist, psychological, or literary explanations, which are unsatisfying and insufficient. In this paper, a new explanation, based on specific kabbalistic ideas, will be suggested, and conjectures regarding the transmission of knowledge from Italy to Eastern Europe will be proposed. Corrigendum

摘要:本文致力于探讨卡巴拉和哈西德派的“神秘吸烟”概念。尽管许多研究人员研究了哈西德派教徒的吸烟习惯，但这种行为的来源和意义尚未得到充分澄清。本文将通过阅读18世纪意大利卡巴拉学家R. Moshe David Valle的一些著作来重新审视“神秘的吸烟”。根据Valle的说法，在正义的人(tsaddik)与邪恶的力量(sitra achra)和不纯净的外壳(qelipot)的持久斗争中，吸烟的行为起着至关重要的作用。从Valle的几段作品中，我们可以清楚地看到，吸烟等同于向真命天女献祭，在与真命天女的斗争中，它就像圣经中的替罪羊一样必要和重要。此外，吸烟所带来的平静、放松或浑浊的自然效果，会使tsaddik灵魂中的sitra achra得到满足，并抑制自己与神圣的一面作斗争。根据Valle详细讨论的“烟斗的秘密”，哈西德派的故事和讲道将重新评估吸烟在其中扮演重要角色。到目前为止，这些来源一直受到极端实证主义、心理学或文学解释的影响，这些解释不令人满意，也不充分。在本文中，一个新的解释，基于具体的卡巴拉思想，将提出，并推测关于知识的传播从意大利到东欧将被提出。应改正的错误

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引用次数: 0

Expansion of Torah Study, Halachic Renewal, and the Religious Zionist Compendium 律法研究的扩展，Halachic的更新，和宗教犹太复国主义者纲要

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB005

Asaf Yedidya

ABSTRACT:As part of the cultural revival that accompanied the Zionist revolution, important literary projects were created, providing ideological support for the Zionist project, enriching the newly revived Hebrew culture and redefining the Jewish bookshelf. Within this diverse cultural work, the project of the anthologies was formed. These projects were led at the beginning by disciples of Ahad Ha’am—the founder of the cultural stream in Zionism. Religious Zionism, which during the British Mandate in Palestine had struggled for its place among the pioneers, also sought to initiate its own literary projects. However, its scholars came to compile anthologies individually rather than through the Movement. Their interest was sparked by a combination of modern Jewish scientific research, an aspiration to enrich Jewish literature, and the theoretical and practical challenge presented by national revival. The two most prominent efforts of this sort during the Mandate period: Otzar HaGeonim (by Benjamin Menashe Levin), and Seder Kiddushin ve-Nissu’in Aharei Hatimat ha-Talmud (by Abraham Chaim Freimann), reflected two different trends in religious Zionism. The first, expanding the study of Torah, touched on the theoretical side of the Talmud in Jewish literature and enjoyed Orthodox consensus. The second, concerned with the renewal of halacha, touched on the practical side of religious law throughout the ages and sought to locate, collect, and analyze judgments and rabbinic rulings from Jewish consortiums in the post-Talmudic period, in order to formulate legal precedents that could resolve halachic problems that might arise in the future in Eretz Israel, where the Jewish People were about to establish an independent national state.

摘要:作为伴随犹太复国主义革命而来的文化复兴的一部分，重要的文学项目被创造出来，为犹太复国主义提供了思想上的支持，丰富了新近复兴的希伯来文化，重新定义了犹太书架。在这种多元化的文化工作中，形成了选集项目。这些计划一开始是由阿哈德·哈哈姆的门徒领导的，他是犹太复国主义文化潮流的创始人。宗教犹太复国主义，在英国在巴勒斯坦的托管期间，一直在先驱中争取自己的地位，也试图发起自己的文学项目。然而，它的学者们开始单独编纂选集，而不是通过运动。他们的兴趣是由现代犹太科学研究、丰富犹太文学的愿望以及民族复兴所带来的理论和实践挑战相结合而激发的。托管期间这类最突出的两项努力:Otzar HaGeonim (Benjamin Menashe Levin)和Seder Kiddushin ve-Nissu 'in Aharei Hatimat ha-Talmud (Abraham Chaim Freimann)，反映了宗教犹太复国主义的两种不同趋势。第一，扩展了对《托拉》的研究，触及了犹太文学中《塔木德》的理论方面，并获得了东正教的共识。第二部分涉及哈拉卡的更新，涉及历代宗教法的实践方面，并试图找到、收集和分析后塔木德时期犹太联盟的判决和拉比裁决，以便制定法律先例，解决未来在以色列土地上可能出现的哈拉卡问题，犹太人民即将建立一个独立的民族国家。

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引用次数: 1

The Moment of Worldwide Renewal: Hillel Zeitlin and the Theosophical Activity in Warsaw 1917–1924 世界复兴的时刻:希勒尔·蔡特林与华沙的神智学活动(1917-1924)

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB004

Oz Bluman

ABSTRACT:This article examines the idiosyncratic conduct of the philosopher, journalist and mystic, Hillel Zeitlin (1871–1942). Both Zeitlin’s writings and activities are unique or even strange when viewed against the backdrop of the Jewish streets of Warsaw during those years, even when considering other “neo-Hasidic” projects. He published poem-prayers and a personal-mystical diary, founded journals, called for religious and spiritual awakening and tried to start mystical study and prayer groups. Zeitlin’s work had a messianic fervor that was lacking in the activity of other Jewish figures. Despite an expansion of scholarly interest in Zeitlin’s writings and activities, no satisfactory explanation of his behavior has yet been proposed. This article contextualizes Zeitlin’s writing and activities in light of those of various spiritual and esoteric movements that flourished in early twentieth century Poland, Russia and Germany, in particular, those of the Theosophical Societies in Warsaw. He was aware and deeply sympathetic to the various movements of spiritual awakening, and these affected his work profoundly.

摘要:本文考察了哲学家、新闻记者和神秘主义者希勒尔·蔡特林(1871-1942)的独特行为。Zeitlin的作品和活动都是独特的，甚至是奇怪的，如果放在那些年华沙犹太人街道的背景下看，即使考虑到其他“新哈西德派”项目。他出版了祈祷诗和个人神秘日记，创办了期刊，呼吁宗教和精神觉醒，并试图开始神秘主义研究和祈祷团体。Zeitlin的作品有一种弥赛亚的热情，这是其他犹太人物所缺乏的。尽管学术界对泽特林的著作和活动的兴趣越来越大，但对他的行为却没有令人满意的解释。这篇文章将蔡特林的写作和活动置于20世纪初波兰、俄罗斯和德国蓬勃发展的各种精神和深奥运动的背景下，特别是华沙的神智学会。他意识到并深切同情各种精神觉醒运动，这些运动深刻地影响了他的作品。

引用次数: 0

The Nation as Imperative: Cooperative Nationalism and the Idea of the State in Martin Buber and Hermann Cohen 势在必行的民族:马丁·布伯和赫尔曼·科恩的合作民族主义和国家观念

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB006

A. Biemann

Imperatives, as Immanuel Kant observed, differ from laws. Laws set limits through coercion, whereas imperatives imagine infinity through freedom. What does it mean for the nation to be an imperative? Starting with the famous 1916 controversy on Zionism between the neo-Kantian philosopher Hermann Cohen and the philosopher of dialogue Martin Buber, this essay explores how Buber developed Cohen’s dialectic of Machtstaat (power-state) and Kulturstaat (culture-state) into a model of cultural cooperation. Unlike Cohen, whose understanding of nation and nationality relied on Herder and Fichte, and who feared that Zionism would always be exclusionary, Buber believed that Zionism could be the inclusive self-realization of the Jewish people. Yet Buber’s Zionism of meta-national cooperation also deeply echoed Cohen’s own understanding of the German State as transcending itself in cooperative federalism. In the end, both believed that human culture offered ways of solidarity and community that the state per se could not provide and which, in fact, functioned as a corrective to the state’s “omnipotence.” For Buber, the pragmatic acceptance of the State of Israel was but the beginning of a meta-political imperative articulated by the prophets, and anticipated a time when the state, as Cohen believed, would be “displaced by messianism.”

正如伊曼努尔·康德所言，命令不同于法律。法律通过强制设定界限，而命令通过自由想象无限。国家成为当务之急意味着什么?本文从1916年新康德主义哲学家赫尔曼·科恩(Hermann Cohen)与对话哲学家马丁·布伯(Martin Buber)之间关于犹太复国主义的著名争论开始，探讨布伯如何将科恩的权力国家(Machtstaat)和文化国家(Kulturstaat)辩证法发展成为一种文化合作模式。Cohen对民族和国籍的理解依赖于Herder和Fichte，他担心犹太复国主义永远是排他性的，而Buber则认为犹太复国主义可以是犹太人包容性的自我实现。然而，布伯的跨国家合作的犹太复国主义也深深呼应了科恩自己对德国国家在合作联邦制中超越自身的理解。最后，两人都相信人类文化提供了国家本身无法提供的团结和社区方式，事实上，这是对国家“无所不能”的一种纠正。对布伯来说，对以色列国的务实接受只是先知们明确表达的元政治命令的开始，并预示着一个时代的到来，正如科恩所相信的那样，这个国家将“被弥赛亚主义取代”。

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引用次数: 0

Contributors 贡献者

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-06-05 DOI: 10.1093/mj/kjab007

GOLDA AKHIEZER is an Associate Professor in the Department of Jewish History at Ariel University. Her research interests include: currents and movements in Judaism, Jewish intellectual history and historical thought, and the Haskalah movement. Her most recent book is Historical Consciousness, Haskalah, and Nationalism among the Karaites of Eastern Europe (2018).

GOLDA AKHIEZER是Ariel大学犹太历史系的副教授。她的研究兴趣包括:犹太教的潮流和运动，犹太思想史和历史思想，以及哈斯卡拉运动。她最近的著作是《东欧卡拉派的历史意识、哈斯卡拉和民族主义》(2018)。

引用次数: 0

Bnei Noah: History, Theory, and Practice 内·诺亚:历史、理论和实践

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB002

Pinchas Polonsky, Golda Akhiezer

ABSTRACT:

The concept of Bnei Noah originated in ancient times. Throughout history it has remained purely theoretical, however, in recent times, we are witnessing tentative steps towards its practical implementation. The Bnei Noah is an emerging movement in a variety of countries. As such, Noahism now has practical halakhic and social implications. Our research focuses on changes in perception of Bnei Noah in the context of modern Judaism and the state of Israel. This is a first attempt to explore the characteristics, tendencies, and motivations of the contemporary Noahide movement. Erratum

摘要:诺亚的概念起源于古代。在整个历史上，它仍然是纯粹的理论，然而，最近我们正在看到朝向其实际执行的试探性步骤。Bnei Noah在许多国家都是一个新兴的运动。因此，诺亚主义现在具有实际的伊斯兰教和社会意义。我们的研究重点是在现代犹太教和以色列国的背景下对Bnei Noah的看法的变化。这是第一次尝试探讨当代诺亚海德运动的特点、倾向和动机。勘误表

引用次数: 0

Stephen J. Whitfield, Learning on the Left: Political Profiles of Brandeis University 斯蒂芬·j·惠特菲尔德:《左派的学习:布兰代斯大学的政治概况》

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB003

David G. Dalin

引用次数: 0

Between Ancestry and Belief: “Judaism” and “Hinduism” in the Nineteenth Century 祖先与信仰之间:19世纪的“犹太教”与“印度教”

IF 0.3 3区社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

MODERN JUDAISM

Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/MJ/KJAB001

Leora Batnitzky

ABSTRACT:This article argues that thinking about disputed conceptions of religious conversion helps us understand the emergence of both Jewish and Indian nationalism in the nineteenth century. In today’s world, Hindu nationalism and Zionism are most often understood to be in conflict with various forms of Islamism, yet the ideological formations of both developed in the context of Christian colonialism and, from the perspectives of Jewish and Indian reformers and nationalists, the remaking of Hinduism and Judaism in the image of Christianity. Even as they internalized some aspects of Protestant criticisms of “Judaism” and “Hinduism,” nineteenth century Jewish and Hindu reformers opposed definitions of “Judaism” and “Hinduism” based upon what they regarded as a one-sided emphasis on individual belief at the expense of ancestry and national identity. In making arguments about what constituted “Judaism” and “Hinduism” respectively, Jewish and Hindu reformers also rejected what they claimed was the false universalism of Christianity, as epitomized by Christian missionizing. For Jewish and Hindu reformers of the nineteenth century, “Jewish” and “Hindu” ties to ancestry marked not a parochial intolerance of others, as many Christians had long maintained, but a true universalism that, unlike Christian mission-izing, allowed, promoted and embraced human difference. In these ways, contested characterizations of “Judaism” and “Hinduism” in the nineteenth century set in motion a series of arguments about conversion that became central to Jewish and Indian nationalism, some of which remain relevant for understanding conversion controversies in Israel and India today.

摘要:本文认为，思考有争议的宗教皈依概念有助于我们理解19世纪犹太民族主义和印度民族主义的兴起。在当今世界，印度教民族主义和犹太复国主义通常被理解为与各种形式的伊斯兰主义相冲突，然而，两者的意识形态形成都是在基督教殖民主义的背景下发展起来的，从犹太和印度改革者和民族主义者的角度来看，印度教和犹太教在基督教的形象中被重塑。即使他们内化了新教对“犹太教”和“印度教”批评的某些方面，19世纪的犹太教和印度教改革者也反对对“犹太教”和“印度教”的定义，他们认为这种定义是片面地强调个人信仰，而牺牲了祖先和民族认同。在争论“犹太教”和“印度教”的分别构成时，犹太教和印度教的改革者也拒绝了他们所声称的基督教的虚假普遍主义，这是基督教传教的缩影。对于19世纪的犹太教和印度教改革家来说，“犹太人”和“印度教”与祖先的联系并不像许多基督徒长期以来所坚持的那样，标志着对他人的狭隘不宽容，而是一种真正的普世主义，与基督教的传教不同，它允许、促进和接受人类的差异。在这些方面，19世纪对“犹太教”和“印度教”的有争议的定性引发了一系列关于皈依的争论，这些争论成为犹太和印度民族主义的核心，其中一些仍然与理解今天以色列和印度的皈依争议有关。

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