ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing最新文献_第5页

The Transparency of Automatic Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Design Criteria, State of the Art, and User Perception 自动网页可访问性评估工具的透明度:设计标准、技术状况和用户感知

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1145/3556979

Marco Manca, Vanessa Palumbo, F. Paternò, C. Santoro

Several Web accessibility evaluation tools have been put forward to reduce the burden of identifying accessibility barriers for users, especially those with disabilities. One common issue in using accessibility evaluation tools in practice is that the results provided by different tools are sometimes unclear, and often diverging. Such limitations may confuse the users who may not understand the reasons behind them, and thus hamper the possible adoption of such tools. Hence, there is a need for tools that shed light on their actual functioning, and the success criteria and techniques supported. For this purpose, we must identify what criteria should be adopted in order for such tools to be transparent and to help users better interpret their results. In this paper, we discuss such issues, provide design criteria for obtaining user-centred and transparent accessibility evaluation tools, and analyse how they have been addressed by a representative set of open, license-free, accessibility tools. We also report on the results of a survey with 138 users of such tools, aimed at capturing the perceived usefulness of previously identified transparency requirements. Finally, we performed a user study with 18 users working in the Web design or accessibility fields with the goal of receiving more feedback about the transparency of a selected subset of accessibility tools.

为了减轻用户(尤其是残障用户)识别无障碍障碍的负担，已经提出了几种Web可访问性评估工具。在实践中使用可访问性评估工具的一个常见问题是，不同工具提供的结果有时是不明确的，并且经常是分歧的。这些限制可能会使用户感到困惑，他们可能不理解这些限制背后的原因，从而阻碍了这些工具的可能采用。因此，需要一些工具来阐明它们的实际功能，以及所支持的成功标准和技术。为此目的，我们必须确定应该采用什么标准，以便使这些工具透明并帮助用户更好地解释其结果。在本文中，我们讨论了这些问题，提供了获得以用户为中心和透明的可访问性评估工具的设计标准，并分析了一组具有代表性的开放，免许可的可访问性工具是如何解决这些问题的。我们还报告了对138个此类工具用户的调查结果，旨在捕捉先前确定的透明度要求的感知有用性。最后，我们对18个在网页设计或可访问性领域工作的用户进行了一项用户研究，目的是获得更多关于可访问性工具子集的透明度的反馈。

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引用次数: 2

Impact of Online Learning in the Context of COVID-19 on Undergraduates with Disabilities and Mental Health Concerns COVID-19背景下在线学习对残疾大学生和心理健康问题的影响

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1145/3538514

Han Zhang, Margaret E. Morris, P. Nurius, Kelly Avery Mack, Jennifer Brown, K. Kuehn, Yasaman S. Sefidgar, Xuhai Xu, E. Riskin, A. Dey, Jennifer Mankoff

The COVID-19 pandemic upended college education and the experiences of students due to the rapid and uneven shift to online learning. This study examined the experiences of students with disabilities with online learning, with a consideration of surrounding stressors such as financial pressures. In a mixed method approach, we compared 28 undergraduate students with disabilities (including mental health concerns) to their peers during 2020, to assess differences and similarities in their educational concerns, stress levels, and COVID-19-related adversities. We found that students with disabilities entered the Spring quarter of 2020 with significantly higher concerns about classes going online, and reported more recent negative life events than other students. These differences between the two groups diminished 3 months later with the exception of recent negative life events. For a fuller understanding of students’ experiences, we conducted qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews. We examined both positive and negative experiences with online learning among students with disabilities and mental health concerns. We describe how online learning enabled greater access—e.g., reducing the need for travel to campus—alongside ways in which online learning impeded academic engagement—e.g., reducing interpersonal interaction. We highlight a need for learning systems to meet the diverse and dynamic needs of students with disabilities.

由于迅速而不均衡地转向在线学习，COVID-19大流行颠覆了大学教育和学生的经历。这项研究考察了残疾学生在线学习的经历，并考虑了周围的压力因素，如经济压力。采用混合方法，我们将2020年期间28名残疾本科生(包括心理健康问题)与同龄人进行了比较，以评估他们在教育问题、压力水平和与covid -19相关的逆境方面的差异和相似之处。我们发现，残疾学生在进入2020年春季学期时，对在线课程的担忧程度要高得多，他们报告的近期负面生活事件也比其他学生多。3个月后，除了最近的负面生活事件外，两组之间的差异减弱了。为了更全面地了解学生的经历，我们对开放式访谈进行了定性分析。我们研究了残疾和有心理健康问题的学生在线学习的积极和消极经历。我们描述了在线学习如何使更多的访问成为可能。，减少了去校园的需要，以及在线学习阻碍学术参与的方式。，减少人际交往。我们强调需要学习系统来满足残疾学生多样化和动态的需求。

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引用次数: 6

Implementing Ability-Based Design: A Systematic Approach to Conceptual User Modeling 实现基于能力的设计:概念用户建模的系统方法

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1145/3551646

Amelie Nolte, J. Wobbrock, Torben Volkmann, Nicole Jochems

The notion of Ability-Based Design, put forth by Wobbrock et al. [80, 82] as a solution to the challenge of creating accessible technology, has been discussed in human-computer interaction research now for over a decade. However, despite being cited as influential on various projects, the concept still lacks a general characterization of how to implement its required focus on abilities. In particular, it lacks a formulation of how to perceive and model users within an articulated design process. To address this shortcoming, we rely on conceptual user modeling to examine Ability-Based Design and propose a characterization of it that is not dependent upon a specific project or research effort but that enables the ability-based design of new technologies in a systematic manner. Our findings show that Ability-Based Design’s focus on abilities requires important changes in typical user modeling approaches that cannot be met with current techniques. Based on the challenges identified through our analysis, we propose a first modification not only of current user modeling but also of current requirements analysis approaches to address abilities and their intertwined dependencies with tasks and contexts as core elements of conceptual models in Ability-Based Design. We thereby demonstrate not only the complexity of modeling users’ abilities, but also draw out promising ideas and perspectives for future research, emphasizing the need for future evaluative work on our approach.

由Wobbrock等人[80,82]提出的基于能力的设计(Ability-Based Design)概念，作为创造无障碍技术挑战的解决方案，已经在人机交互研究中讨论了十多年。然而，尽管被认为对各种项目都有影响，这个概念仍然缺乏一个关于如何实现其对能力的必要关注的一般特征。特别是，它缺乏如何在一个明确的设计过程中感知和建模用户的公式。为了解决这个缺点，我们依靠概念用户建模来检查基于能力的设计，并提出一个不依赖于特定项目或研究工作的特征，但能够以系统的方式实现基于能力的新技术设计。我们的研究结果表明，基于能力的设计对能力的关注需要对典型的用户建模方法进行重要的改变，这是当前技术无法满足的。基于我们通过分析确定的挑战，我们提出了第一个修改，不仅对当前的用户建模，而且对当前的需求分析方法进行修改，以解决能力及其与任务和上下文的相互交织的依赖关系，作为基于能力的设计概念模型的核心元素。因此，我们不仅展示了建模用户能力的复杂性，而且还为未来的研究提出了有希望的想法和观点，强调了对我们的方法进行未来评估工作的必要性。

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引用次数: 4

Author Reflections on Creating Accessible Academic Papers 作者对创建无障碍学术论文的思考

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.1145/3546195

R. Menzies, Garreth W. Tigwell, Mike Crabb

Academic papers demonstrate inaccessibility despite accessible writing resources made available by SIGACCESS and others. The move from accessibility guidance to accessibility implementation is challenging for authors. Our work focuses on understanding what challenges authors of academic papers face in creating content elements (e.g., tables, charts, images) to better understand how to improve accessibility. We classified 3,866 content elements from 330 papers covering a 10-year sample of academic work from ASSETS to understand the variety used. We also reflected on the design choices that make the content elements inaccessible. We then conducted interviews with 13 academic authors from PhD student through to Professor Emeritus that publish within top-tier accessibility and HCI venues to understand the challenges faced in creating accessible content. We found critical issues in how academics understand and implement accessibility while also balancing the visual design of the paper. We provide recommendations for improving accessibility in the academic paper-writing process and focus on steps that can be taken by authors, publishers, researchers, and universities.

尽管SIGACCESS和其他机构提供了可访问的写作资源，但学术论文仍然无法访问。从易访问性指导到易访问性实现的转变对作者来说是一个挑战。我们的工作重点是了解学术论文的作者在创建内容元素(如表格、图表、图像)时面临的挑战，以更好地了解如何提高可访问性。我们对来自ASSETS的330篇论文中的3866个内容元素进行了分类，这些论文涵盖了10年的学术工作样本，以了解所使用的种类。我们还考虑了使内容元素不可访问的设计选择。然后，我们采访了13位学术作者，从博士生到名誉教授，他们在顶级无障碍和HCI场所发表文章，以了解创建无障碍内容所面临的挑战。我们发现了学者如何理解和实现可访问性的关键问题，同时也平衡了论文的视觉设计。我们为提高学术论文写作过程中的可访问性提供了建议，并重点介绍了作者、出版商、研究人员和大学可以采取的步骤。

引用次数: 0

Ally: Understanding Text Messaging to Build a Better Onscreen Keyboard for Blind People 艾丽:理解短信，为盲人打造更好的屏幕键盘

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1145/3533707

Danielle M Lottridge, Chris Yoon, Darren Burton, Chester Wang, Jofish Kaye

Millions of people worldwide use smartphones every day, but the standard issue QWERTY keyboard is poorly optimized for non-sighted input. In this article, we document the variety of methods blind people use to enter text into their smartphones, and focus on one particular need: sending text messages. We analyze two modern corpora of text messages and contrast them with an older text message corpus, as well as other corpora gathered from news articles, chat rooms, and books. We present a virtual keyboard for blind people optimized for sending text messages called Ally. To evaluate Ally, we conducted two user studies with blind participants. Our first study found increasing speeds and our second study found that half of participants reached comparable speeds to QWERTY, suggesting it may be a viable replacement. We conclude with a discussion of future work for non-sighted text-entry of text messages.

全世界每天都有数百万人使用智能手机，但标准的QWERTY键盘在盲人输入方面优化得很差。在这篇文章中，我们记录了盲人在智能手机上输入文本的各种方法，并专注于一个特殊的需求:发送短信。我们分析了两个现代的文本信息语料库，并将它们与旧的文本信息语料库以及从新闻文章、聊天室和书籍中收集的其他语料库进行了对比。我们为盲人提供了一种虚拟键盘，它被称为Ally，用于发送短信。为了评估Ally，我们对盲人参与者进行了两次用户研究。我们的第一项研究发现速度在增加，第二项研究发现一半的参与者达到了与QWERTY相当的速度，这表明它可能是一个可行的替代品。最后，我们讨论了盲人文本信息输入的未来工作。

引用次数: 1

“I’m Just Overwhelmed”: Investigating Physical Therapy Accessibility and Technology Interventions for People with Disabilities and/or Chronic Conditions “我只是不知所措”:调查残疾人和/或慢性病患者的物理治疗可及性和技术干预

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1145/3563396

Momona Yamagami, Kelly Avery Mack, Jennifer Mankoff, K. Steele

Many individuals with disabilities and/or chronic conditions (da/cc) experience symptoms that may require intermittent or on-going medical care. However, healthcare is an often-overlooked domain for accessibility work, where access needs associated with temporary and long-term disability must be addressed to increase the utility of physical and digital interactions with healthcare workers and spaces. Our work focuses on a specific domain of healthcare often used by individuals with da/cc: physical therapy (PT). Through a 12-person interview study, we examined how people’s access to PT for their da/cc is hampered by social (e.g., physically visiting a PT clinic) and physiological (e.g., chronic pain) barriers, and how technology could improve PT access. In-person PT is often inaccessible to our participants due to lack of transportation and insufficient insurance coverage. As such, many of our participants relied on at-home PT to manage their da/cc symptoms and work towards PT goals. Participants felt that PT barriers, such as having particularly bad symptoms or feeling short on time, could be addressed with well-designed technology that flexibly adapts to the person’s dynamically changing needs while supporting their PT goals. We introduce core design principles (adaptability, movement tracking, community building) and tensions (insurance) to consider when developing technology to support PT access. Rethinking da/cc access to PT from a lens that includes social and physiological barriers presents opportunities to integrate accessibility and adaptability into PT technology.

许多残疾人和/或慢性病患者(da/cc)的症状可能需要间歇性或持续的医疗护理。然而，在无障碍工作中，医疗保健是一个经常被忽视的领域，必须解决与临时和长期残疾相关的访问需求，以增加与卫生保健工作者和空间的物理和数字互动的效用。我们的工作重点是da/cc患者经常使用的特定医疗保健领域:物理治疗(PT)。通过一项12人的访谈研究，我们研究了人们如何通过社会障碍(例如，物理访问PT诊所)和生理障碍(例如，慢性疼痛)阻碍了他们为自己的数据/cc进行PT的机会，以及技术如何改善PT的机会。由于缺乏交通工具和保险范围不足，我们的参与者通常无法亲自进行PT。因此，我们的许多参与者依靠家庭PT来管理他们的da/cc症状并朝着PT目标努力。参与者认为，PT障碍，如有特别糟糕的症状或感觉时间紧迫，可以通过精心设计的技术来解决，这些技术可以灵活地适应个人动态变化的需求，同时支持他们的PT目标。在开发支持PT访问的技术时，我们引入了核心设计原则(适应性、运动跟踪、社区建设)和张力(保险)来考虑。从包括社会和生理障碍的角度重新考虑da/cc对PT的访问，为将可访问性和适应性整合到PT技术中提供了机会。

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引用次数: 1

Mathematical Content Browsing for Print-disabled Readers Based on Virtual-world Exploration and Audio-visual Sensory Substitution 基于虚拟世界探索和视听感官替代的阅读障碍读者数学内容浏览

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-02-03 DOI: 10.1145/3584365

Rynhardt Kruger, Febe de Wet, T. Niesler

Documents containing mathematical content remain largely inaccessible to blind and visually impaired readers because they are predominantly published as untagged PDFs, which do not include the semantic data necessary for effective accessibility. Equations in such documents consist of text interlaced with lines and other graphical elements and cannot be interpreted using a screen reader. We present a browsing approach for print-disabled readers specifically aimed at such mathematical content. This approach draws on the navigational mechanisms often used to explore the virtual worlds of text adventure games with audio-visual sensory substitution for graphical content. The relative spatial placement of the elements of an equation are represented as a virtual world so the reader can navigate between elements. Text elements are announced conventionally using synthesised speech, while graphical elements, such as roots and fraction lines, are rendered using a modification of the vOICe algorithm. The virtual world allows the reader to interactively discover the spatial structure of the equation, while the rendition of graphical elements as sound allows the shape and identity of elements that cannot be synthesised as speech to be discovered and recognised. The browsing approach was evaluated by 11 blind and 14 sighted participants in a user trial that included identifying twelve equations extracted from PDF documents. Overall, equations were identified completely correctly in 78% of cases (74% and 83%, respectively, for blind and sighted subjects). If partial correctness is considered, then the performance is substantially higher. Feedback from the blind subjects indicated that the technique allows spatial information and graphical detail to be discovered. We conclude that the integration of a spatial model represented as a virtual world in conjunction with audio-visual sensory substitution for non-textual elements can be an effective way for blind and visually impaired readers to read currently inaccessible mathematical content in PDF documents.

包含数学内容的文档在很大程度上仍然无法被盲人和视力受损的读者访问，因为它们主要以未标记的pdf形式发布，不包括有效可访问性所需的语义数据。这类文档中的方程式由文本与线条和其他图形元素交错组成，无法使用屏幕阅读器进行解释。我们提出了一种浏览方法为印刷残疾读者专门针对这样的数学内容。这种方法借鉴了通常用于探索文本冒险游戏的虚拟世界的导航机制，使用视听感官代替图像内容。方程元素的相对空间位置表现为一个虚拟世界，因此读者可以在元素之间导航。文本元素通常使用合成语音宣布，而图形元素，如根和分数线，则使用vOICe算法的修改来呈现。虚拟世界允许读者以互动的方式发现方程的空间结构，而图形元素作为声音的再现允许发现和识别不能合成为语音的元素的形状和身份。在一项用户试验中，11名盲人和14名视力正常的参与者对浏览方法进行了评估，其中包括识别从PDF文档中提取的12个方程。总的来说，方程在78%的情况下被完全正确地识别出来(盲人和视力正常的受试者分别为74%和83%)。如果考虑了部分正确性，那么性能会大大提高。来自盲人受试者的反馈表明，该技术可以发现空间信息和图形细节。我们得出的结论是，将空间模型表示为虚拟世界，并结合视听感官替代非文本元素，可以为盲人和视障读者提供阅读PDF文档中当前无法访问的数学内容的有效方法。

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引用次数: 1

Understanding How Sensory Changes Experienced by Individuals with a Range of Age-Related Cognitive Changes Can Effect Technology Use. 了解与年龄有关的认知变化如何影响技术的使用。

IF 2.5 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3511906

Emma Dixon, Jesse Anderson, Amanda Lazar

Clinical researchers have identified sensory changes people with age-related cognitive changes, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment, experience that are different from typical age-related sensory changes. Technology designers and researchers do not yet have an understanding of how these unique sensory changes affect technology use. This work begins to bridge the gap between the clinical knowledge of sensory changes and technology research and design through interviews with people with mild to moderate dementia, mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive decline, and healthcare professionals. This extended version of our ASSETS conference paper includes people with a range of age-related cognitive changes describing changes in vision, hearing, speech, dexterity, proprioception, and smell. We discuss each of these sensory changes and ways to leverage optimal modes of sensory interaction for accessible technology use with existing and emerging technologies. Finally, we discuss how accessible sensory stimulation may change across the spectrum of age-related cognitive changes.

临床研究人员已经发现，老年痴呆症和轻度认知障碍等老年性认知障碍患者的感官变化不同于典型的老年性感官变化。技术设计者和研究人员尚未了解这些独特的感官变化如何影响技术的使用。这项工作通过对轻度至中度痴呆症患者、轻度认知障碍患者、主观认知能力下降患者以及医疗保健专业人员进行访谈，开始弥补感官变化临床知识与技术研究和设计之间的差距。我们的 ASSETS 会议论文的这一扩展版本包含了一系列与年龄相关的认知变化，描述了视觉、听觉、言语、灵活性、本体感觉和嗅觉的变化。我们将逐一讨论这些感官变化，以及如何利用现有和新兴技术的最佳感官互动模式来实现无障碍技术的使用。最后，我们还讨论了无障碍感官刺激在与年龄相关的认知变化中可能发生的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating Best Practices for Remote Summative Usability Testing with People with Mild to Moderate Dementia. 研究对轻度至中度痴呆症患者进行远程总结性可用性测试的最佳实践。

IF 2.5 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3460942

Rachel Wood, Emma Dixon, Salma Elsayed-Ali, Etka Shokeen, Amanda Lazar, Jonathan Lazar

People with dementia may miss out on the benefits of using technology, because they often find it difficult to use. Usability testing is one method to identify barriers and areas for improvement in technology. Unfortunately, usability testing is often not conducted with people with dementia, independent of their caregivers. Difficulty recruiting local participants with dementia who regularly use technology further compounds the problem. Remote methods have been proposed as one approach to recruiting hard-to-reach populations. Currently, it is unclear how to effectively conduct remote summative usability testing with people with dementia. We recruited 15 participants. Five took part in the pilot study and 10 participated in the main study. We identify best practices and make suggestions for remote summative usability tests with people who have mild to moderate dementia, independent of caregivers. We discuss our findings in three sections: (1) logistics for planning remote summative usability testing, (2) approaches for conducting remote summative usability testing, including modifications of research methods, and (3) considerations when evaluating findings from remote summative usability sessions. We also present modified usability testing methods we developed to meet the unique needs of users with mild to moderate dementia, and summarize lessons learned and new directions for research on this topic.

痴呆症患者可能会错过使用技术的好处，因为他们经常发现技术难以使用。可用性测试是确定技术障碍和需要改进之处的一种方法。遗憾的是，可用性测试通常不在痴呆症患者的照顾者之外进行。很难在当地招募到经常使用技术的痴呆症患者，这进一步加剧了问题的严重性。有人提出了远程方法作为招募难以接触人群的一种方法。目前，还不清楚如何有效地对痴呆症患者进行远程总结性可用性测试。我们招募了 15 名参与者。其中 5 人参加了试点研究，10 人参加了主要研究。我们为轻度至中度痴呆症患者的远程总结性可用性测试确定了最佳实践并提出了建议，这些测试是在没有护理人员的情况下进行的。我们将分三部分讨论我们的发现：（1）规划远程总结性可用性测试的后勤工作，（2）进行远程总结性可用性测试的方法，包括研究方法的修改，以及（3）评估远程总结性可用性测试结果时的注意事项。我们还介绍了为满足轻度至中度痴呆症用户的独特需求而开发的经过修改的可用性测试方法，并总结了在这一课题上的经验教训和新的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Design Guidelines for an Interactive 3D Model as a Supporting Tool for Exploring a Cultural Site by Visually Impaired and Sighted People 视障人士和有视力人士探索文化场所的辅助工具交互式3D模型设计指南

IF 2.4 Q2 Computer Science

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1145/3399679

LeporiniBarbara, RossettiValentina, FurfariFrancesco, PelagattiSusanna, QuartaAndrea

Being able to explore and familiarise themselves with the structure and details of a cultural site before actually visiting it is fundamental for orienting visually impaired people during the visit...

在真正参观之前，能够探索和熟悉文化遗址的结构和细节，这对于在参观过程中为视障人士定向是至关重要的……

引用次数: 5