Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240
Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy
Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.
{"title":"Assessing aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion and impact of land use changes using GALDIT model in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh","authors":"Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239
Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq
The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km2, low 460 km2, moderate 543 km2, high 355 km2, and very high 90 km2. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km2, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.
{"title":"Geospatial assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and AHP model in flood-affected area, Nowshera, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km<sup>2</sup>, low 460 km<sup>2</sup>, moderate 543 km<sup>2</sup>, high 355 km<sup>2,</sup> and very high 90 km<sup>2</sup>. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km<sup>2</sup>, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241
Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush
This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, folded Zagros Region, SW Iran","authors":"Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229
Zahra Abbasi , Xiaoyong Yang , Hadi Mohammadoost , Ebrahim TaleFazel , Muhammad Hafeez , Ahmed Shah
The Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Assemblage (KCMA) is a key polymetallic producer within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) in western Iran, hosting significant Cu– Mo (Au) porphyry type deposits and their epithermal Au and base metal equivalents. These deposits are formed at least into three primary clusters, i.e., Miduk, Sarcheshmeh, and Daralu, as well as sporadic individual occurences, which are closely associated with magmatic activity from the early Oligocene to the mid-late Miocene. This review synthesizes the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region, integrating extensive published data to explore their sources and genesis. The U–Pb ages of Cu– Mo (Au) ore forming intrusions indicate two major magmatic phases, around ∼32 Ma and 20–10 Ma. The magmatism in the region produced numerous Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization-related intrusions, dominantly by diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite composition. Geochemical evidence suggests that these intrusions originated from a shared source comprising varying proportions of slab-derived melts, metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and minor contributions from lower crustal materials. Notably, the felsic rock shows a greater incorporation of lower crustal materials compared to the more mafic rocks. The ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region were emplaced in a tectonic setting transitioning from subduction to collision and post-collision, reflecting both extensional and compressional regimes. Oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic in origin, with minor contributions from meteoric water during the late stages of mineralization. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides reveals that the ore-forming materials were largely magmatic, with contributions from sedimentary components. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the three principal ore clusters in the Kerman region.
{"title":"Comprehensive geochemical and isotopic constraints on multi-stage magmatism and subsequent Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization in porphyry clusters of Kerman metallogenic belt, Iran: A perspective review","authors":"Zahra Abbasi , Xiaoyong Yang , Hadi Mohammadoost , Ebrahim TaleFazel , Muhammad Hafeez , Ahmed Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Assemblage (KCMA) is a key polymetallic producer within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) in western Iran, hosting significant Cu– Mo (Au) porphyry type deposits and their epithermal Au and base metal equivalents. These deposits are formed at least into three primary clusters, i.e., Miduk, Sarcheshmeh, and Daralu, as well as sporadic individual occurences, which are closely associated with magmatic activity from the early Oligocene to the mid-late Miocene. This review synthesizes the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region, integrating extensive published data to explore their sources and genesis. The U–Pb ages of Cu– Mo (Au) ore forming intrusions indicate two major magmatic phases, around ∼32 Ma and 20–10 Ma. The magmatism in the region produced numerous Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization-related intrusions, dominantly by diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite composition. Geochemical evidence suggests that these intrusions originated from a shared source comprising varying proportions of slab-derived melts, metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and minor contributions from lower crustal materials. Notably, the felsic rock shows a greater incorporation of lower crustal materials compared to the more mafic rocks. The ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region were emplaced in a tectonic setting transitioning from subduction to collision and post-collision, reflecting both extensional and compressional regimes. Oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic in origin, with minor contributions from meteoric water during the late stages of mineralization. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides reveals that the ore-forming materials were largely magmatic, with contributions from sedimentary components. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the three principal ore clusters in the Kerman region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The Kapsiki Plateau represents the northernmost extension of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in West Africa. Unlike other regions of the CVL, this area is characterised by a higher prevalence of felsic and intermediate rocks compared to basaltic ones. Detailed investigations into the petrogenetic evolution of these rocks are currently limited. For this reason, Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas from the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi) were studied to enhance comprehension of their crystallisation process, genetic evolution of the magma, and insights into its petrogenesis and source mineralogy. The examined lavas are comparable to the mafic lavas that span the whole range of the CVL and demonstrate major and trace element characteristics similar to those seen in ocean island basalts (OIB). The major and trace element compositions suggest fractional crystallisation mainly including olivine, clinopyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide with evidence of crustal contamination. The multi-element diagrams reveal consistency with those reported from other CVL volcanoes, displaying depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of light rare elements (LREE), indicating an enriched source and the existence of garnet. The studied lavas have high large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Sr = 812–1065 ppm, Ba = 394–467 ppm) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) (Sr/Zr = 3.97–4.94; average OIB = ∼1 Ba/La = 9.42–11.72; average OIB = 9.4). They also have Zr/Sm ratios (26.93–29.88) that are similar to the average OIB (Zr/Sm = 28). Moreover, the studied lavas exhibit elevated levels of incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb, Pr, U, and Th), as well as higher Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios compared to normal OIB values, associated with a notable fluctuation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. The correlations between Th, La, U, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, coupled with the trend of the samples on Nb/Y <em>vs.</em> Rb/Y diagrams, indicate the influence of crustal contamination on the lavas' composition. The source of these lavas was a heterogeneous source with less than 4 % garnet that underwent partial melting of less than 2 %. The presence of a Pb depletion (Ce/Pb > 30) also implies that these magmas belong to the high μ (HIMU)-OIB type, attributed to lithospheric mantle metasomatism. The formation of these magmas involved partial melting of a mantle source evolving chemically and mineralogically over time with a HIMU composition at very low temperatures. Hydrous minerals, such as phlogopite or amphibole, may indicate modal metasomatism, supported by high Rb/Sr ratios or K<sub>2</sub>O high levels. Sr/Zr ratios (3.97–4.94) above OIB values (0.8–1.5) suggest Sr and Ba-rich fluid influence. Elevated Zr/Sm ratios (>28) and variations in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios point to metasomatic fluids or melts altering the mantle's composition. Therefore, the Moukoulvi lavas, like many CVL alkaline lavas, likely erupted from a metasomatized mantle source that was enriched in incomp
{"title":"Crystallisation and petrogenesis of Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas on the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi, Far-North Cameroon): Unveiling the mantle's heterogeneity and HIMU signature","authors":"Diddi Hamadjoda Djamilatou , Merlin Gountié Dedzo , Nils Lenhardt , Désiré Tsozué , Elvis Asaah Asobo Nkengmatia , Moussa Klamadji Ngarena","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kapsiki Plateau represents the northernmost extension of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in West Africa. Unlike other regions of the CVL, this area is characterised by a higher prevalence of felsic and intermediate rocks compared to basaltic ones. Detailed investigations into the petrogenetic evolution of these rocks are currently limited. For this reason, Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas from the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi) were studied to enhance comprehension of their crystallisation process, genetic evolution of the magma, and insights into its petrogenesis and source mineralogy. The examined lavas are comparable to the mafic lavas that span the whole range of the CVL and demonstrate major and trace element characteristics similar to those seen in ocean island basalts (OIB). The major and trace element compositions suggest fractional crystallisation mainly including olivine, clinopyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide with evidence of crustal contamination. The multi-element diagrams reveal consistency with those reported from other CVL volcanoes, displaying depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of light rare elements (LREE), indicating an enriched source and the existence of garnet. The studied lavas have high large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Sr = 812–1065 ppm, Ba = 394–467 ppm) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) (Sr/Zr = 3.97–4.94; average OIB = ∼1 Ba/La = 9.42–11.72; average OIB = 9.4). They also have Zr/Sm ratios (26.93–29.88) that are similar to the average OIB (Zr/Sm = 28). Moreover, the studied lavas exhibit elevated levels of incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb, Pr, U, and Th), as well as higher Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios compared to normal OIB values, associated with a notable fluctuation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. The correlations between Th, La, U, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, coupled with the trend of the samples on Nb/Y <em>vs.</em> Rb/Y diagrams, indicate the influence of crustal contamination on the lavas' composition. The source of these lavas was a heterogeneous source with less than 4 % garnet that underwent partial melting of less than 2 %. The presence of a Pb depletion (Ce/Pb > 30) also implies that these magmas belong to the high μ (HIMU)-OIB type, attributed to lithospheric mantle metasomatism. The formation of these magmas involved partial melting of a mantle source evolving chemically and mineralogically over time with a HIMU composition at very low temperatures. Hydrous minerals, such as phlogopite or amphibole, may indicate modal metasomatism, supported by high Rb/Sr ratios or K<sub>2</sub>O high levels. Sr/Zr ratios (3.97–4.94) above OIB values (0.8–1.5) suggest Sr and Ba-rich fluid influence. Elevated Zr/Sm ratios (>28) and variations in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios point to metasomatic fluids or melts altering the mantle's composition. Therefore, the Moukoulvi lavas, like many CVL alkaline lavas, likely erupted from a metasomatized mantle source that was enriched in incomp","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232
Johnson C. Ibuot, Daniel N. Obiora, Emmanuel A. Igwe, Ngozi M. Ugwu
Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, is essential for identifying at-risk areas, guiding protective measures, and ensuring sustainable water management due to the region's reliance on groundwater. This study presents an integrated assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution utilizing geoelectrical and hydrogeological indices. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted to delineate subsurface lithological variations, while hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were determined to understand groundwater flow dynamics. The VES results revealed four to five geoelectric layers with varying resistivities, thicknesses, and depths, highlighting the complexity of the subsurface. These layers were classified as lateritic sand, medium-coarse brownish sand, coarse sand, and fine-medium coarse-grained sand. The low resistivity observed in parts of the study area suggests the influence of geological structures such as faults and fractures. Groundwater vulnerability indices including Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI), GOD index, and GLSI indexes were computed to assess susceptibility to pollution. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were estimated and their values ranged from 27.04 % to 30.21 %, 0.14 m/s to 0.15 m/s, 1.98 to 2.20, and 93.07 to 665.89 respectively. The AVI classified the study area into high and moderate vulnerability classes, with regions of shallow water table exhibiting higher vulnerability. The GOD and GLSI models categorized the study area into low and moderate vulnerability classes. The study offers key insights for enhancing groundwater management in the Nsukka Sedimentary Basin by identifying high-vulnerability zones and recommending protective measures, sustainable land-use, and improved wastewater management.
{"title":"Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability using index-based model approach within parts of Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Johnson C. Ibuot, Daniel N. Obiora, Emmanuel A. Igwe, Ngozi M. Ugwu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, is essential for identifying at-risk areas, guiding protective measures, and ensuring sustainable water management due to the region's reliance on groundwater. This study presents an integrated assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution utilizing geoelectrical and hydrogeological indices. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted to delineate subsurface lithological variations, while hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were determined to understand groundwater flow dynamics. The VES results revealed four to five geoelectric layers with varying resistivities, thicknesses, and depths, highlighting the complexity of the subsurface. These layers were classified as lateritic sand, medium-coarse brownish sand, coarse sand, and fine-medium coarse-grained sand. The low resistivity observed in parts of the study area suggests the influence of geological structures such as faults and fractures. Groundwater vulnerability indices including Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI), GOD index, and GLSI indexes were computed to assess susceptibility to pollution. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were estimated and their values ranged from 27.04 % to 30.21 %, 0.14 m/s to 0.15 m/s, 1.98 to 2.20, and 93.07 to 665.89 respectively. The AVI classified the study area into high and moderate vulnerability classes, with regions of shallow water table exhibiting higher vulnerability. The GOD and GLSI models categorized the study area into low and moderate vulnerability classes. The study offers key insights for enhancing groundwater management in the Nsukka Sedimentary Basin by identifying high-vulnerability zones and recommending protective measures, sustainable land-use, and improved wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179
Yan Guo , Zhuowu Li , Fujiang Liu , Weihua Lin , Hongchen Liu , Quansen Shao , Dexiong Zhang , Weichao Liang , Junshun Su , Qiankai Gao
Traditional methods of lithological classification often rely on the expertise of appraisers and the use of sophisticated measuring instruments. These methods are susceptible to staff experience and are time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored the use of rock images and intelligent algorithms to automatically identify rocks. However, models developed for automatic rock properties identification often require high-performance equipment that cannot be readily deployed on lightweight edge devices. To address this problem, we significantly extend our previous research and propose a method for automatic rock properties identification called SBR-EfficientViT. The method is based on an efficient vision converter and builds on our previous training framework. We also developed a training and application flow framework for the method, which can run with memory requirements of less than 720 MB and graphics memory of 1.6 GB. Furthermore, the proposed SBR-EfficientViT-M1 method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.75%.
{"title":"Fast and lightweight automatic lithology recognition based on efficient vision transformer network","authors":"Yan Guo , Zhuowu Li , Fujiang Liu , Weihua Lin , Hongchen Liu , Quansen Shao , Dexiong Zhang , Weichao Liang , Junshun Su , Qiankai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional methods of lithological classification often rely on the expertise of appraisers and the use of sophisticated measuring instruments. These methods are susceptible to staff experience and are time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored the use of rock images and intelligent algorithms to automatically identify rocks. However, models developed for automatic rock properties identification often require high-performance equipment that cannot be readily deployed on lightweight edge devices. To address this problem, we significantly extend our previous research and propose a method for automatic rock properties identification called SBR-EfficientViT. The method is based on an efficient vision converter and builds on our previous training framework. We also developed a training and application flow framework for the method, which can run with memory requirements of less than 720 MB and graphics memory of 1.6 GB. Furthermore, the proposed SBR-EfficientViT-M1 method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.75%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials (RMs) measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS independently. These RMs include nine igneous rocks, six sedimentary rocks, two metamorphic rocks, and one fluvial sediment. Among the RMs, eight Nd isotopic ratios and three Sr isotopic ratios of them are first reported. Our results showed that the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of these RMs measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS are consistent within the error range. We also observed that Rb interference can be dramatically reduced using filament burning technique during TIMS measurement, which is significant to achieve accurate Sr isotopic data especially for samples with high Rb content. To evaluate the homogeneity of RMs, Sr and Nd isotopic data reported from various laboratories were clustered together for comparative analysis. Overall, these RMs from various laboratories yielded relatively consistent ratios, except for some anomalies. We concluded that isobaric interference could be probably the main factor that induced the isotopic inconsistency. Therefore, we propose that these RMs are reliable candidates for Sr and Nd isotope analyses. The datasets will play a fundamental role in quality assurance and comparison for radiogenic Sr and Nd isotopic systems.
{"title":"Strontium–Neodymium isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS","authors":"Wenke Wang, Jiaojiao Wu, Fang Liu, Xin Li, Yajun An, Zhaofeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials (RMs) measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS independently. These RMs include nine igneous rocks, six sedimentary rocks, two metamorphic rocks, and one fluvial sediment. Among the RMs, eight Nd isotopic ratios and three Sr isotopic ratios of them are first reported. Our results showed that the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of these RMs measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS are consistent within the error range. We also observed that Rb interference can be dramatically reduced using filament burning technique during TIMS measurement, which is significant to achieve accurate Sr isotopic data especially for samples with high Rb content. To evaluate the homogeneity of RMs, Sr and Nd isotopic data reported from various laboratories were clustered together for comparative analysis. Overall, these RMs from various laboratories yielded relatively consistent ratios, except for some anomalies. We concluded that isobaric interference could be probably the main factor that induced the isotopic inconsistency. Therefore, we propose that these RMs are reliable candidates for Sr and Nd isotope analyses. The datasets will play a fundamental role in quality assurance and comparison for radiogenic Sr and Nd isotopic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Makassar Strait, located in central Indonesia, serves as a divider between Western and Eastern Indonesia and remains a subject of ongoing debate regarding its formation. Two primary theories have been proposed: (1) the Makassar Strait opening established a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) and led to a double subduction, and (2) it was formed through intracontinental rifting accompanied by mantle-plume magmatism. In this study, we present findings on the Adang Volcanic Complexes in Western Sulawesi, situated on the eastern side of the Makassar Strait, which have exposures of the Middle to Late Miocene age interspersed with crystalline limestone and carbonate rocks, indicating a correlation with a marine environment. The rocks investigated in this study are predominantly low-silica mafic rock, mainly composed of leucite/pseudoleucite-bearing trachytic tuff, agglomerate volcanic breccia, lavas, peralkaline dykes, and multiple mafic and leucitic intrusions. Geochemical analysis of the 12 drill core samples of leucite-bearing Adang Volcanics reveals their alkaline nature, characterized by high TiO2 relative to Al2O3 [TiO2 > (−1.1610 + 0.1935 × Al2O3)]. The samples also display geochemical signatures of Nb/Zr > 0.0627, Th/Nb > 0.67, a high ratio of Nb/Y (>0.6561) with an enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE; La/Yb > 20), low Nb/La <0.6, and a low negative Tantalum anomaly (δTa 0.36–0.41), suggesting the magmatism was generated from the tectonics of continental extension stretching rather than subduction arc-related or mature continental rifts, where the magmatism was triggered by decompression melting during the extensional processes. Furthermore, the magmatism is thought to originate from partial melting of enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is uncorrelated with the source of asthenospheric mantle. We propose that the formation process of the Adang Volcano is a product of the tectonic processes of the Makassar Strait opening in Central Indonesia during the Paleogene to the Early Neogene era.
{"title":"Geochemistry of the Adang Volcanics in Western Sulawesi: Unveiling the tectonic evolution of the opening of the Makassar Strait","authors":"Shaban Godang , Sugeng Purwo Saputro , Huan Li , Awang Harun Satyana , Weerapan Srichan","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Makassar Strait, located in central Indonesia, serves as a divider between Western and Eastern Indonesia and remains a subject of ongoing debate regarding its formation. Two primary theories have been proposed: (1) the Makassar Strait opening established a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) and led to a double subduction, and (2) it was formed through intracontinental rifting accompanied by mantle-plume magmatism. In this study, we present findings on the Adang Volcanic Complexes in Western Sulawesi, situated on the eastern side of the Makassar Strait, which have exposures of the Middle to Late Miocene age interspersed with crystalline limestone and carbonate rocks, indicating a correlation with a marine environment. The rocks investigated in this study are predominantly low-silica mafic rock, mainly composed of leucite/pseudoleucite-bearing trachytic tuff, agglomerate volcanic breccia, lavas, peralkaline dykes, and multiple mafic and leucitic intrusions. Geochemical analysis of the 12 drill core samples of leucite-bearing Adang Volcanics reveals their alkaline nature, characterized by high TiO<sub>2</sub> relative to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> [TiO<sub>2</sub> > (−1.1610 + 0.1935 × Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)]. The samples also display geochemical signatures of Nb/Zr > 0.0627, Th/Nb > 0.67, a high ratio of Nb/Y (>0.6561) with an enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE; La/Yb > 20), low Nb/La <0.6, and a low negative Tantalum anomaly (δTa 0.36–0.41), suggesting the magmatism was generated from the tectonics of continental extension stretching rather than subduction arc-related or mature continental rifts, where the magmatism was triggered by decompression melting during the extensional processes. Furthermore, the magmatism is thought to originate from partial melting of enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is uncorrelated with the source of asthenospheric mantle. We propose that the formation process of the Adang Volcano is a product of the tectonic processes of the Makassar Strait opening in Central Indonesia during the Paleogene to the Early Neogene era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100210
Ngong Roger Ngia , Elie Fosso Menkem , Christopher Fuanya , Christopher M. Agyingi
The formation and preservation conditions of organic matter-rich mudrocks in the Edki-Mabonji and Mbalangi-Bombe area of the Northwestern section of Douala sub-basin, Cameroon, can play an important role in the accumulation of hydrocarbon. This study integrated detailed geochemical techniques such as total organic carbon content (TOC), Total sulfur (TS), stable isotopes (δ13Corg. and δ34S), elemental geochemistry, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reconstruct marine paleoredox conditions, paleoweathering conditions and primary productivity thereby, promoting the understanding of the sedimentary model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment in mudrocks in the study areas. Elemental compositions and their ratios suggest that the mudrocks were dominantly derived from a source area mainly consisting of felsic igneous rock with more silica (granitic rock) than an average granodiorite. Paleoweathering proxies suggest that during sediment production, the source area experienced mostly moderate chemical weathering as a result of variation in climate and sea-level changes. The proxies to reconstruct paleoredox conditions demonstrates fluctuating redox variations from mildly suboxic-to dominantly anoxic, most probably sulphidic benthic conditions, which describes anoxic organicmudrocks sandwiched between the oxygenated sandstone/claystone strata. Paleoproductivity parameters like biogenic barium (Babio), TOC, Porg/Al, Cu/Al and S/13Corg ratios, and δ34Spy, δ34SOS, δ13Corg suggest that the deposition of the mudrocks was with a high primary productivity. Consequently, the conceptual model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment reveals that moderate-to high primary productivity, suboxic-to dominantly anoxic sulphidic bottom water, organo–mineral complexes, bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and deposition of claystone capping bed isolating the benthic sediments influenced the accumulation and preservation of organic matter at shortened exposure duration in dominantly anoxic deeper water setting.
{"title":"Multiproxy analysis of paleoredox conditions, paleoproductivity and organic matter enrichment in Cretaceous mudrocks of Bombe-Ediki and environs in the Douala sub-basin","authors":"Ngong Roger Ngia , Elie Fosso Menkem , Christopher Fuanya , Christopher M. Agyingi","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation and preservation conditions of organic matter-rich mudrocks in the Edki-Mabonji and Mbalangi-Bombe area of the Northwestern section of Douala sub-basin, Cameroon, can play an important role in the accumulation of hydrocarbon. This study integrated detailed geochemical techniques such as total organic carbon content (TOC), Total sulfur (TS), stable isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org.</sub> and δ<sup>34</sup>S), elemental geochemistry, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reconstruct marine paleoredox conditions, paleoweathering conditions and primary productivity thereby, promoting the understanding of the sedimentary model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment in mudrocks in the study areas. Elemental compositions and their ratios suggest that the mudrocks were dominantly derived from a source area mainly consisting of felsic igneous rock with more silica (granitic rock) than an average granodiorite. Paleoweathering proxies suggest that during sediment production, the source area experienced mostly moderate chemical weathering as a result of variation in climate and sea-level changes. The proxies to reconstruct paleoredox conditions demonstrates fluctuating redox variations from mildly suboxic-to dominantly anoxic, most probably sulphidic benthic conditions, which describes anoxic organicmudrocks sandwiched between the oxygenated sandstone/claystone strata. Paleoproductivity parameters like biogenic barium (Ba<sub>bio</sub>), TOC, P<sub>org</sub>/Al, Cu/Al and S/<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> ratios, and δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>py</sub>, δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>OS</sub>, δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> suggest that the deposition of the mudrocks was with a high primary productivity. Consequently, the conceptual model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment reveals that moderate-to high primary productivity, suboxic-to dominantly anoxic sulphidic bottom water, organo–mineral complexes, bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and deposition of claystone capping bed isolating the benthic sediments influenced the accumulation and preservation of organic matter at shortened exposure duration in dominantly anoxic deeper water setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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