Solid Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of petroleum systems and hydrocarbon migration in the Dahomey Basin: Insights from basin modeling, machine learning and geochemical analysis","authors":"G.O. Aigbadon ,&nbsp;B. Overare ,&nbsp;O.C. Akakuru ,&nbsp;A.I. Obasi ,&nbsp;A. Ocheli ,&nbsp;E.O. Akudo ,&nbsp;S.O. Onyekuru ,&nbsp;E.O. Avwenagha ,&nbsp;A.N. Odoma ,&nbsp;J.B. Ahmed II ,&nbsp;A.O. Usman ,&nbsp;A. Ogbamikhumi ,&nbsp;N.S. Igbinigie ,&nbsp;G.E. Maju-Oyovwikowhe ,&nbsp;A.U. Okoro ,&nbsp;E.O. Akpunonu ,&nbsp;S.D. Christopher ,&nbsp;D.J. Koffa ,&nbsp;M. Baba Aminu ,&nbsp;J.O. Odia-Oseghale","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integrated geochemical, machine learning (ML) and 3-D basin modeling investigation was carried-out on the petroleum system evolution of the frontier Dahomey Basin, Nigeria, West Africa. The poor understanding of the basin's petroleum system and its complex tectono-stratigraphic evolution has hindered effective exploration of the hydrocarbons and the evaluation of the resources within the basin. This study aims to provide a detailed evaluation of the basin's hydrocarbon potential by integration geochemical techniques, ML algorithms, and 3-D basin modeling. A total of 237 source rock samples from 18 wells within a 450 km onshore-offshore transect across Cretaceous to Paleogene Formations were analyzed by using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), quantitative biomarker methods, and ML based maturation modeling. The source rocks data revealed that the Maastrichtian-Paleocene Araromi Formation have a mean Total organic carbon (TOC) of 4.12 wt% and a hydrogen index (HI) of 245–675 mg HC/g, and the Paleocene Ewekoro Formation has a mean TOC of 2.31 wt% and HI of 45–634 mg HC/g as prime sources of petroleum in the basin. The CSIA values of (δ¹³C −25.2 to −28.1 %) and the biomarkers distribution suggest Type II marine organic matter deposited in an anoxic-suboxic conditions. Three hydrocarbon kitchens with the highest generation occurring in Oligocene-Miocene thermal peaks, which were preferentially migrating along the Paleocene unconformities and the Cretaceous fault networks. The diachronous thermal maturation modeling presents a peak oil window of 20-15 Ma eastern kitchens and 15-8 Ma western kitchens, respectively. The total oil volume of 2.1–4.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent (P50: 3.2 BBOE) with 60 % confidence intervals is concentrated in three large kitchen-fairway systems. The Eastern Kitchen (1.4 BBOE) is the most prospective due to source rock maturity (VRo 0.75–0.95 %) and effective migration in the networks of Paleocene faults. The contribution of Central and Western Kitchens is 1.1 and 0.7 BBOE, respectively. The ML algorithm has successfully predicted the quality of source rock with 89 % validation accuracy and mapping of resources basin-wide in spite of sparse well control which remains a persistent challenge of frontier exploration. The integration of ML, high-resolution geochemistry and 3-D modelling has overcome challenges of data scarcity constraints, define the petroleum prospectivity of the Dahomey Basin, and provides a conceptual framework to assess unexploited passive margins in other parts of the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 4","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does amphibole-biotite transformation facilitate the formation of apatite in a magma mixing scenario?","authors":"Bibhuti Gogoi,&nbsp;Tribujjal Prakash","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The work focuses on the underlying mechanisms of apatite crystallization in a magma mixing scenario. The study is based primarily on the porphyritic andesite of the Ghansura Rhyolite Dome (GRD) and the diorites of the Borjuri Diorite Pluton (BDP). The GRD represents a fossilized subvolcanic magma chamber exposed in Ghansura village near Bathani, eastern India. Interaction between mafic and felsic magmas is distinctly evident in the GRD along with three categories of rock types (mafic, felsic, and hybrid). The BDP is a diorite pluton exposed within the Shillong Basin of the Mikir Massif, Northeast India. Inferences based on petrographical, mineralogical, and textural evidence highlight the physico-chemical conditions associated with magma mixing that led to apatite formation in the studied rocks. Magma mixing facilitates the increase in SiO₂ content in the mafic domain. In addition to the rise of silica, diffusion of K₂O takes place from the felsic to the mafic melt during magma mixing. The diffusion of K₂O triggers the breakdown of Ca-rich phase to Ca-poor phase (amphibole to biotite), which increases the overall CaO activity in the mixed system. The increase in CaO activity coupled with the increase in SiO₂ concentration due to magma mixing thus fulfills the necessary conditions for apatite saturation. A sequence of crystallization of minerals from clinopyroxene to apatite is established in accordance with calculated and predicted crystallization temperatures. Apatite crystallization in the mixed rocks of our study area is estimated to occur during amphibole-biotite transformation, and the temperature is likely to range approximately between 550 °C and 650 °C. Although the abundance of apatite in mafic magmatic enclaves and mixed rocks is widely discussed, the underlying processes governing its formation in a mixed system remain insufficiently discussed. This study for the first time sheds light on the mechanisms of apatite formation in hybrid rocks in a magma mixing environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 4","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistage Neoproterozoic granitic magmatism and formation of Yidong tin deposit in northern Guangxi, China","authors":"Weikang Liang ,&nbsp;Jing Wu ,&nbsp;Wenting Huang ,&nbsp;Zehao Yang ,&nbsp;Yukun Zhao ,&nbsp;Feiyue Ren ,&nbsp;Huaying Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Neoproterozoic tin ore cluster, which is rare for South China, has been discovered in northern Guangxi. The Neoproterozoic granite pluton was formed through multistage magmatism. Previous work suggested that the tin mineralization in this region is genetically related to early-stage granitic activity, which is inconsistent with the classical understanding that tin mineralization is mainly linked to late-stage magmatic activity. The relationship between the formation and evolution of Neoproterozoic granite pluton and tin mineralization in northern Guangxi remains unclear. The Pingying granite pluton, associated with the large-scale Yidong tin deposit, is divided into coarse-grained, medium-grained, and medium-fine-grained granites from the center to the margin. Notably, an intrusive contact relationship exists between coarse-grained and medium-fine-grained granites, which provides an excellent window to reveal the relationship between Neoproterozoic pluton evolution and tin mineralization. Here, we present zircon and cassiterite U–Pb ages, whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions, and zircon Hf isotopic data for the pluton. Zircon U–Pb ages are 835.5 ± 3.0 Ma for the coarse-grained granite and 814.6 ± 7.9 Ma for the medium-fine-grained granite. Cassiterite yields a U–Pb age of 815.2 ± 8.2 Ma, consistent with that of the medium-fine-grained granite. The coarse-grained and medium-fined-grained granites have similar zircon ε_Hf(t) values and T_DM2 ages, ranging from −8.1 to −1.1 and 1.78 to 2.24 Ga, respectively. The Granites are plotted in the domains of melts derived from partial melting of metapelitic rocks on the Al₂O₃/TiO₂ vs. CaO/Na₂O, Rb/Sr vs. Rb/Ba, and C/MF vs. A/MF diagrams, suggesting the pluton formed by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic metapelite and underwent high fractional crystallization. Geochemical data indicate strong K-feldspar fractional crystallization from the early stage to late stage, resulting in a higher fractionation and magmatic evolution in late-stage granites compared to early-stage granite. These features demonstrate a genetic link between tin mineralization and late-stage magmatism. Tin deposits in northern Guangxi predominantly formed in association with late-stage magmatic activities during the Neoproterozoic. Exploration should target late-stage highly fractionated granites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 4","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated approaches to map groundwater potential zones using AHP, GIS, and remote sensing in semi-arid region of Morocco: Case study from Khouribga area","authors":"Abdelmoula Seqqam ,&nbsp;Meryam Touirsi ,&nbsp;Saliha Najib ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fadili ,&nbsp;Khalid Mehdi ,&nbsp;Tarik Tagma","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing water scarcity, driven by climate change, population growth, and expanding human activities, poses a critical challenge to arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In Morocco, the Khouribga region illustrates this stress, where limited recharge, recurrent droughts, and intensive groundwater abstraction threaten long-term water security. To address these pressures, this study applied an integrated framework combining remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZ). Eight hydrogeological parameters, namely rainfall, lithology, slope, lineament density, drainage density, land use and land cover, distance to rivers, and potential evapotranspiration, were weighted through AHP and integrated using the Weighted Linear Combination method. The resulting map shows low (24.97 %), moderate (49.94 %), high (24.81 %) and very high (0.25 %) potential areas. Validation with 72 wells and boreholes achieved 83.33 % concordance and R² = 0.75, confirming model reliability. High-potential sectors in the north and northeast of Boujaad reflect favorable geological structures, fracture networks, and precipitation patterns. The results offer a practical basis for targeting drilling, designing artificial recharge systems, and protecting infiltration areas. Future work should incorporate higher-resolution hydrogeological data, extended climate series, and machine learning approaches to improve predictive performance and adaptability in other semi-arid contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 4","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrography and U/Th dating of travertine deposits in Bongongo (Cameroon volcanic line): Implication for paleoclimate, hydrothermalism and tectonism","authors":"Bisse Salomon Bertrant ,&nbsp;Bokanda Ekoko Eric ,&nbsp;Florence Njinto Kwankam ,&nbsp;Ashukem Ethel Nkongho ,&nbsp;Nfor Ngwakfu Shannon ,&nbsp;Adama Amaya ,&nbsp;Ekomane Emile","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The studied travertine deposits have been analysed using sedimentology, petrography and geochronology to evaluate their resurgence variation, Neotectonic reconstruction, hydrothermal/paleohydrology, and tectonic influence for their precipitation. These deposits display a dome structure with milimetric layers containing some dicotyledonous leaf prints mainly of angiospermic plants class and animal traces. Traces of gastropods fossil and imprinted plant leaves are seen scattered all over the samples. Microscopically, the travertine reveal laminae characterising a long spike-like dendritic millimetric crystals. The spike-like structure composed of crystals calcite enclosing putative microbial filaments which are longitudinal within some places, micrite partially filling inter-crystalline voids. The petrographic characteristics of the travertine corroborated with isotopic analyses, reveals processes such temperature variation, degassing variation, fluctuations of the physico-chemical fluid and dissolution as controlling factors to the formation of the different carbonates textures. Four units representing different sample points discloses ages of 19.839 ± 4.8 ka, 50.3645 ± 9.4 ka b2k, 2.00 ± 1.8ka b2k and 5.77 ± 1.7ka b2k. Conclusions drew from the study suggest that, (1) a forest vegetation type testifying to a humid climate prevailed at the time of the travertine precipitation, (2) there were repeated reactivation of fault systems as well as episodic high hydraulic head in the aquifers underlined by U-series dating that showthe presence of different spring systems generations in the travertine deposits (3) three phases of travertinization were disclose: first phase (Upper Pleistocene, ca 50 ka b2k), marked by significant and regular rainfall leading precipitation of massive travertine deposits, second phase (Between 50 ka b2k and 19 ka b2k), marked periodicity of rainfall forming laminated travertine, third phase (beginning of the Holocene between 5.77 ± 1.7ka b2k and 2.00 ± 1.8ka b2k), marked by obstruction of the main canal of circulation inducing a possible change of exsurgence forming new deposits recorded at the base of the dome (4) the travertine precipitation was influence by hydrothermal system and recent extensional tectonic activities owing to the presence of saline springs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of extremely low porosity on geothermal gradient and fluid migration in gas hydrate-bearing layers: A case study of South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula","authors":"Doğa Düşünür Doğan ,&nbsp;Selvican Türkdoğan ,&nbsp;Neslihan Ocakoğlu ,&nbsp;Umberta Tinivella ,&nbsp;Michela Giustiniani ,&nbsp;Zehra Altan ,&nbsp;Sinan Arık","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical fluid flow models were employed for the first time to study gas hydrates in South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. The complexity of its geology, added to the remote and environmentally sensitive characteristics, makes it a very unique natural laboratory, where studying processes that could influence gas hydrate stabilityremains highly challenging. Based on seismic data, a marine subsurface model was created and fluid flow simulations carried out with ANSYS Fluent. Key inputs like sediment thickness, in-situ faults, and fractures, and water column dimensions were obtained from seismic sections. The same value of thermal and physical rock properties was assumed for each geological unit; the mesh structure was developed using triangular discretization. Four numerical models were constructed to investigate how variations in porosity, particularly under extremely low-porosity conditions, might affect thermal and fluid flow behavior within hydrate-bearing sediments. Porosity values of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 were systematically applied to represent the low-porosity regimes. The results highlight that, especially at extremely low porosity, porosity together with fault density and seafloor bathymetry can strongly shape the distribution of heat transfer and fluid migration patterns. While the models do not directly simulate gas hydrate dissolution, the findings suggest that localized thermal anomalies and structural complexities could potentially create conditions favorable to destabilization processes. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the geophysical and hydrodynamic factors that may influence gas hydrate systems in complex and sensitive geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of machine learning in python for temporal groundwater level prediction","authors":"Tade Mule Asrade","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is a critical resource for sustaining agricultural, domestic, and ecological needs in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia, where rapid population growth and climate variability have intensified water stress. The Temecha River Catchment, part of this basin, faces recurrent droughts and declining groundwater levels, underscoring the need for effective groundwater management strategies. One promising approach is Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), whose success relies heavily on accurate groundwater level monitoring and forecasting. Although MAR decisions are influenced by hydrogeological and land use factors, hydraulic head data are essential for determining recharge timing and suitability. This study evaluates the performance of five machine learning models—Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Linear Regression (LR)—for predicting groundwater level fluctuations in the Temecha River Catchment from 1995 to 2023. Rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration were used as predictive variables. Among the models, GBR showed superior performance, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.07 m, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.7934 m, Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.7856, and Percent Bias (PBIAS) of −2.408 %. The results demonstrate GBR's effectiveness in groundwater level forecasting and support its application in data-scarce regions to inform sustainable water resource management. However, adaptation to other regions must consider local hydrogeological and climatic conditions.</div><div>One sentence summary: This study explores the use of machine learning techniques in Python to predict temporal groundwater levels in the Temecha River Catchment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying CO2 in apatite by multiple unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses","authors":"Zhide Pu ,&nbsp;Zhuoran Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinjian Bao ,&nbsp;Weiran Li ,&nbsp;Xi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ is a key volatile component in various fluids and magmas, and apatite is an ideal mineral for constraining the abundance, distribution and behavior of CO₂ in different materials of the Solar System. In sharp contrast to water, CO₂ in apatites has not been routinely investigated mainly due to lacking user-friendly analytical technique. Here we have developed a user-friendly analytical technique. By a Durango apatite crystal with a CO₂ content of ∼277 (44) wt ppm, we performed 17 successful unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses on its randomly-selected fragments with unknown orientations. These analyses well reproduced the CO₂ content, attaining a relative difference of ∼9 % only. Simple calculations carried out with this dataset suggest that as the number of the analyses increases from one, the accuracy of the result nonlinearly increases, being very fast at the first few analyses and much slower afterwards. Consequently, there are different minimum numbers of the analyses to meet different degrees of accuracy which may be required by different studies: it is highly unlikely to reach a result of any good by conducting one analysis only, but generally possible to arrive at a result with acceptable accuracy by performing two or three analyses, and almost certain to obtain a good result with high accuracy by collecting four or five analyses. If 10 or more analyses are possible, the accuracy of the result can be exceedingly high, with an absolute relative difference of &lt; ∼10 %. With this user-friendly new method employing multiple unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses on randomly oriented crystals, quantifying CO₂ in tiny apatite grains in different terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials can be readily actualized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance, diagenesis, and paleoclimate of Albian-Lower Turonian deposits in the Douala sub-basin, Cameroon: Sedimentological, mineralogical, and petrographical approaches","authors":"Christel Sobdjou-Kemteu ,&nbsp;Milan Stafford Tchouatcha ,&nbsp;Wael Fathi Galal ,&nbsp;Soureiyatou Fadil-Djenabou ,&nbsp;Usman Abubakar ,&nbsp;Francis Thierry Togozo ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Ndjeng","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sedimentological, mineralogical, and petrographic compositions of the Albian - Lower Turonian deposits at four sites in the northern part of the Douala sub-basin located in the heart of the Guinea Gulf were investigated to determine their provenance, paleoclimate, and diagenetic effects from thirty-eight (38) samples. Several lithologies are identified, ranging from clays/shales to silty clays, poor consolidated fine-to coarse-grained sandstones, and conglomerates to conglomeratic sandstones. The deposits are made up of successive positive sequences in the eastern part of the Mungo River and cyclic deposits in the western part. The sandstones are primarily arkose wacke, secondarily arkose, subarkose, sublith-arenite, and rare lithic arenite and wacke derived from the Neoproterozoic basement formed during the Pan-African orogenesis. The presence of heavy minerals such as tourmaline, kyanite and sillimanite indicates that the deposits originate from plutonic and metamorphic sources. The rarity of these latest in the sediments suggest the intense chemical weathering that has affected the source rocks. These deposits are mainly proximal. Additionally, the association of polycrystalline quartz with undulatory extinction and monocrystalline quartz with non-undulatory extinction suggests a mixed source. The various microstructures and morphologies of zircon grains including prismatic, sub-angular and sub-prismatic shapes further support a mixed provenance. The dominance of prismatic shape and non-undulatory monocrystalline quartz grains indicates a predominance of plutonic sources. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral found in clayey facies, though its moderate to low quantity indicates a more humid climate during the Albian-Cenomanian and a less humid climate during the Cenomanian. Physical alteration processes have mainly affected the studied deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of non-traditional stable isotopes reference values for geological reference materials","authors":"Ji Mao ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Lin ,&nbsp;Wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhaochu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The homogeneity of reference materials and the precision of their reference values are fundamental prerequisites for ensuring the accuracy of non-traditional stable isotope analysis. Nevertheless, the field currently suffers from a significant methodological gap in robust homogeneity assessment and reference value estimation protocols. To address this gap, we implemented an analytical framework that integrates data acquisition from the Geological and Environmental Reference Materials database (GeoReM) with rigorous quality control measures based on ISO (International Organization for Standardization) guidelines and the IAG Certification Protocol. This approach enabled us to systematically report the isotopic compositions of 14 non-traditional stable isotope systems along with 63 isotopic compositions. The statistical results show that most of reference materials are homogeneous. However, our investigation revealed notable difference in the δ⁷Li_LSVEC values of AGV-1 and AGV-2, indicating potential limitations in their reliability as Li isotope reference materials. Furthermore, the Mg isotopic composition of NIST SRM 980 exhibited substantial heterogeneity, corroborating previous research findings and raising concerns about its suitability for high-precision isotopic measurements. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive set of reference values for widely used materials and establishing a rigorous, standardized protocol for their estimation. Beyond these methodological advancements, the study provides actionable recommendations for the selection of reference materials, underscoring the critical role of material homogeneity and measurement precision in ensuring the reliability of isotopic analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}