Pub Date : 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100254
Muhammad Jawad Zeb , Mehboob ur Rashid , Ihtisham Islam , Salman Ahmed Khattak , Waqas Ahmed
The Michni area within the Warsak complex that is part of the Peshawar plain alkaline igneous province (PPAIP) in NW Pakistan, hosts a diverse suite of alkaline and carbonatitic rocks whose origin and evolution remain poorly constrained. This study focuses on this locality due to its complex lithological assemblage and the first discovery of carbonatite intrusions in the area, which fills a significant gap in the regional petrogenetic framework. Detailed fieldwork, petrographic analysis, and whole-rock geochemistry (XRF-based major and trace elements) were employed to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these rocks. The intrusive suite includes pyroxenite, melteigite, ijolite, urtite, nepheline syenite, fenite, and both calcio- and ferro-carbonatites. Geochemical data reveal strong silica undersaturation and systematic fractionation trends, indicating magmatic differentiation from a shared parental magma. Pervasive fenitization and secondary phases such as cancrinite, phlogopite, and carbonate suggest metasomatic alteration driven by late-stage carbonatitic fluids. While petrographic and geochemical coherence supports a potential genetic link between silicate and carbonatite suites. This study enhances understanding of the magmatic and metasomatic evolution in PPAIP and recommends future high-resolution isotopic and mineral chemical analyses to further constrain magma source characteristics and alteration processes.
{"title":"Petrography and geochemistry of alkaline rocks from Michni (Warsak) area, NW Himalayas, Pakistan: Insights into petrogenesis and tectonic setting","authors":"Muhammad Jawad Zeb , Mehboob ur Rashid , Ihtisham Islam , Salman Ahmed Khattak , Waqas Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Michni area within the Warsak complex that is part of the Peshawar plain alkaline igneous province (PPAIP) in NW Pakistan, hosts a diverse suite of alkaline and carbonatitic rocks whose origin and evolution remain poorly constrained. This study focuses on this locality due to its complex lithological assemblage and the first discovery of carbonatite intrusions in the area, which fills a significant gap in the regional petrogenetic framework. Detailed fieldwork, petrographic analysis, and whole-rock geochemistry (XRF-based major and trace elements) were employed to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these rocks. The intrusive suite includes pyroxenite, melteigite, ijolite, urtite, nepheline syenite, fenite, and both calcio- and ferro-carbonatites. Geochemical data reveal strong silica undersaturation and systematic fractionation trends, indicating magmatic differentiation from a shared parental magma. Pervasive fenitization and secondary phases such as cancrinite, phlogopite, and carbonate suggest metasomatic alteration driven by late-stage carbonatitic fluids. While petrographic and geochemical coherence supports a potential genetic link between silicate and carbonatite suites. This study enhances understanding of the magmatic and metasomatic evolution in PPAIP and recommends future high-resolution isotopic and mineral chemical analyses to further constrain magma source characteristics and alteration processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100252
Afroz Jahan , Sukhen Goswami , Md. Jakir Hossain , Sujan Mallik , Mehedi Hasan Ovi , Mahfuzur Rahman , Mahmud Al Noor Tushar , Sarmin Sultana , Dhiman Kumer Roy
The coastal regions of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to saline water intrusion due to excessive groundwater abstraction, rising sea levels, and frequent tropical disasters. Among these, Amtali Upazila in Barguna District faces significant challenges in maintaining groundwater quality, necessitating a comprehensive assessment. This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation. To achieve this, groundwater samples collected from a deep aquifer (260–350 m) across 23 locations were analyzed using hydrogeochemical, geospatial, and statistical methods. The major ionic composition follows the order Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Ca2+ and HCO3– > Cl− > SO42− > NO3– for cations and anions, respectively. Piper and Gibbs diagrams classify the groundwater (GW) as Na–HCO3 type, with ion exchange and rock–water interactions being the dominant geochemical processes. Water quality indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium Concentration (SC), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), indicate that 73.9 % of the samples are suitable for drinking, whereas most samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Multivariate statistical analysis (correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis) confirms that geogenic processes primarily influence groundwater quality. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers and local authorities in formulating sustainable groundwater management strategies, ensuring safe drinking water, and mitigating irrigation challenges in the region.
{"title":"Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resources in Amtali Upazila, Barguna: A study of coastal Bangladesh","authors":"Afroz Jahan , Sukhen Goswami , Md. Jakir Hossain , Sujan Mallik , Mehedi Hasan Ovi , Mahfuzur Rahman , Mahmud Al Noor Tushar , Sarmin Sultana , Dhiman Kumer Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastal regions of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to saline water intrusion due to excessive groundwater abstraction, rising sea levels, and frequent tropical disasters. Among these, Amtali Upazila in Barguna District faces significant challenges in maintaining groundwater quality, necessitating a comprehensive assessment. This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation. To achieve this, groundwater samples collected from a deep aquifer (260–350 m) across 23 locations were analyzed using hydrogeochemical, geospatial, and statistical methods. The major ionic composition follows the order Na<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> > Cl<sup>−</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> > NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> for cations and anions, respectively. Piper and Gibbs diagrams classify the groundwater (GW) as Na–HCO<sub>3</sub> type, with ion exchange and rock–water interactions being the dominant geochemical processes. Water quality indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium Concentration (SC), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), indicate that 73.9 % of the samples are suitable for drinking, whereas most samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Multivariate statistical analysis (correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis) confirms that geogenic processes primarily influence groundwater quality. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers and local authorities in formulating sustainable groundwater management strategies, ensuring safe drinking water, and mitigating irrigation challenges in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-20DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100253
Ningxin Weng, Lei Fan, Cheng Chen
Existing studies on predicting reservoir landslide displacements primarily focus on rainfall and reservoir water level (RWL) as the main factors influencing landslide movement. However, these studies overlook the potential role of crack width, even though landslide cracks are critical indicators of landslide formation and movement. Currently, no predictive models in this domain have integrated crack width alongside rainfall and RWL. In response to this gap, this study investigates the predicative performance of models that combines crack width, rainfall and RWL as the set of input factors for predicting temporal variations in the displacements of the Daping landslide within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) method is used to determine optimal time lags between the combined input factors (i.e., rainfall, RWL and/or crack width) and the output (i.e., displacement). The raw data of these input factors within these time lags are integrated as the inputs to displacement prediction models during both training and prediction phases. Commonly used deep learning models, such as the deep neural network, gated recurrent unit, bidirectional long short-term memory and transformer architectures, are adopted in our experiment. Experimental results show that incorporating crack width data improves the accuracy of transient landslide displacement predictions compared to models that exclude crack width data, for the adopted prediction models.
{"title":"Enhancing reservoir landslide displacement prediction with crack width data integration: A case study of the Daping landslide","authors":"Ningxin Weng, Lei Fan, Cheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing studies on predicting reservoir landslide displacements primarily focus on rainfall and reservoir water level (RWL) as the main factors influencing landslide movement. However, these studies overlook the potential role of crack width, even though landslide cracks are critical indicators of landslide formation and movement. Currently, no predictive models in this domain have integrated crack width alongside rainfall and RWL. In response to this gap, this study investigates the predicative performance of models that combines crack width, rainfall and RWL as the set of input factors for predicting temporal variations in the displacements of the Daping landslide within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) method is used to determine optimal time lags between the combined input factors (i.e., rainfall, RWL and/or crack width) and the output (i.e., displacement). The raw data of these input factors within these time lags are integrated as the inputs to displacement prediction models during both training and prediction phases. Commonly used deep learning models, such as the deep neural network, gated recurrent unit, bidirectional long short-term memory and transformer architectures, are adopted in our experiment. Experimental results show that incorporating crack width data improves the accuracy of transient landslide displacement predictions compared to models that exclude crack width data, for the adopted prediction models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-28DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100243
Jewel E. Thomas, Ndifreke I. Udosen, Aniekan M. Ekanem, Nyakno J. George
This study employed geo-electrostratigraphic and hydrogeological information to model and assess subsurface structure and hydrogeological properties within a major coastal environment in Nigeria's Niger Delta region, offering a high-resolution approach to groundwater resource management. The selection of the study area was predicated on its critical residential, agricultural, and economic significance, as well as its susceptibility to hydrogeological challenges arising from rapid urbanization and industrial activities. Unlike previous studies that utilized these methods independently, this research combined different geoelectrical technologies to enhance the accuracy of subsurface characterization. The results delineated four distinct geo-layers characterized by specific resistivity values, thicknesses, and depths, providing crucial insights into groundwater infiltration, storage potential, and contamination risks. The first geo-layer (motley topsoil) had resistivity values ranging from 95.2 to 1463.7 Ωm. The second layer (sandy clay) exhibited resistivity values ranging from 8.8 to 2485.1 Ωm. The third layer, identified as fine sand, exhibited resistivity values ranging from 72.5 to 1332.7 Ωm. The fourth layer comprised coarse sands and it exhibited a mean resistivity of 525.98 Ωm, indicating a well-drained permeable formation that could serve as an additional aquifer unit. A key innovation of this study was the quantitative assessment of hydrogeological parameters, including anisotropic coefficient, transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, and groundwater yield potential index. The anisotropic coefficient ranged from 1.0 to 1.78 (mean: 1.17), revealing minimal sediment invasion and confirming the dominance of arenaceous sediments in the Benin Formation. The groundwater yield potential index varied from 3.14 × 102 to 8.1465 × 104 Ωm2, highlighting areas of significant aquifer potential. The longitudinal conductance analysis revealed that 69 % of the study area has low aquifer protectivity, underscoring the region's vulnerability to contamination. Another novel contribution was the evaluation of soil corrosivity, which has direct implications for infrastructure longevity. Results indicate that 86 % of the study area is non-corrosive, making it suitable for long-term pipeline installation, a factor rarely integrated into groundwater assessments. The study alsoadvances understanding of the Benin Formation by linking resistivity variations to arenaceous-argillitic intercalations, and this significantly influences groundwater movement and contaminant transport. By synthesizing resistivity models, hydrogeological parameters, and contamination risk assessments, this research provides a more holistic framework for sustainable groundwater management. Furthermore, this research offers a robust framework for similar hydrogeophysical assessments in other regions with comparable geological and hydrological s
{"title":"Hydrogeological and electrostratigraphic modeling of coastal aquifers: Investigating systemic vulnerability, hydraulic yield potential, and corrosivity pathways","authors":"Jewel E. Thomas, Ndifreke I. Udosen, Aniekan M. Ekanem, Nyakno J. George","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed geo-electrostratigraphic and hydrogeological information to model and assess subsurface structure and hydrogeological properties within a major coastal environment in Nigeria's Niger Delta region, offering a high-resolution approach to groundwater resource management. The selection of the study area was predicated on its critical residential, agricultural, and economic significance, as well as its susceptibility to hydrogeological challenges arising from rapid urbanization and industrial activities. Unlike previous studies that utilized these methods independently, this research combined different geoelectrical technologies to enhance the accuracy of subsurface characterization. The results delineated four distinct geo-layers characterized by specific resistivity values, thicknesses, and depths, providing crucial insights into groundwater infiltration, storage potential, and contamination risks. The first geo-layer (motley topsoil) had resistivity values ranging from 95.2 to 1463.7 Ωm. The second layer (sandy clay) exhibited resistivity values ranging from 8.8 to 2485.1 Ωm. The third layer, identified as fine sand, exhibited resistivity values ranging from 72.5 to 1332.7 Ωm. The fourth layer comprised coarse sands and it exhibited a mean resistivity of 525.98 Ωm, indicating a well-drained permeable formation that could serve as an additional aquifer unit. A key innovation of this study was the quantitative assessment of hydrogeological parameters, including anisotropic coefficient, transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, and groundwater yield potential index. The anisotropic coefficient ranged from 1.0 to 1.78 (mean: 1.17), revealing minimal sediment invasion and confirming the dominance of arenaceous sediments in the Benin Formation. The groundwater yield potential index varied from 3.14 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 8.1465 × 10<sup>4</sup> Ωm<sup>2</sup>, highlighting areas of significant aquifer potential. The longitudinal conductance analysis revealed that 69 % of the study area has low aquifer protectivity, underscoring the region's vulnerability to contamination. Another novel contribution was the evaluation of soil corrosivity, which has direct implications for infrastructure longevity. Results indicate that 86 % of the study area is non-corrosive, making it suitable for long-term pipeline installation, a factor rarely integrated into groundwater assessments. The study alsoadvances understanding of the Benin Formation by linking resistivity variations to arenaceous-argillitic intercalations, and this significantly influences groundwater movement and contaminant transport. By synthesizing resistivity models, hydrogeological parameters, and contamination risk assessments, this research provides a more holistic framework for sustainable groundwater management. Furthermore, this research offers a robust framework for similar hydrogeophysical assessments in other regions with comparable geological and hydrological s","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100244
Azubuike S. Ekwere, Ledisi P. Baadom, Ebenezer A. Kudamnya
This study offers insights into the geochemistry and quality status of groundwater in Port Harcourt, situated in the sedimentary Niger Delta region in southern Nigeria. Groundwater was gathered at sampling sites in the city's residential, commercial, industrial, and remote areas that crossed over important land-use zones. Chemical analyses of the samples show that the waters vary in nutrient amounts and have traces of salt water intrusion. The waters are slightly acidic; chemical parameters and nutrient within limits of potable water. Cations and anions, respectively, are dominated by Ca > Mg > K > Na and Cl > HCO3>SO4>NO3. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Cd, revealed concentrations generally above acceptable limits, with the industrial areas reporting the highest concentration levels. Principal component analysis and correlation indicate presence of interrelationships among chemical species, linked to salinity, silicate weathering, and anthropogenic controls, and primarily responsible for the chemistry of water. Groundwater in the research area is classified as Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4 type by the hydrochemical facies plot. Water quality index (WQI) calculations show that different land-use zones have varied degrees of poor water quality. According to Pollution Index (PI) assessments, anthropogenic activities in and around the city are the reason for the high level of pollution in the groundwater.
{"title":"Assessment of land-use impacts on groundwater quality in parts of Port-Harcourt city, SE-Nigeria","authors":"Azubuike S. Ekwere, Ledisi P. Baadom, Ebenezer A. Kudamnya","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study offers insights into the geochemistry and quality status of groundwater in Port Harcourt, situated in the sedimentary Niger Delta region in southern Nigeria. Groundwater was gathered at sampling sites in the city's residential, commercial, industrial, and remote areas that crossed over important land-use zones. Chemical analyses of the samples show that the waters vary in nutrient amounts and have traces of salt water intrusion. The waters are slightly acidic; chemical parameters and nutrient within limits of potable water. Cations and anions, respectively, are dominated by Ca > Mg > K > Na and Cl > HCO<sub>3</sub>>SO<sub>4</sub>>NO<sub>3</sub>. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Cd, revealed concentrations generally above acceptable limits, with the industrial areas reporting the highest concentration levels. Principal component analysis and correlation indicate presence of interrelationships among chemical species, linked to salinity, silicate weathering, and anthropogenic controls, and primarily responsible for the chemistry of water. Groundwater in the research area is classified as Ca–Mg–Cl–SO<sub>4</sub> type by the hydrochemical facies plot. Water quality index (WQI) calculations show that different land-use zones have varied degrees of poor water quality. According to Pollution Index (PI) assessments, anthropogenic activities in and around the city are the reason for the high level of pollution in the groundwater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215
Guodong Shi , Duoxi Yao , Xuekuan Shi
Marine terrestrial transitional sedimentary rocks of Renlou Coal Mine are developed in coal bearing rock formations, which exhibits obvious cyclicity. These sedimentary cycles have a good correspondence with astronomical cycle signals. This paper provides a cyclic stratigraphy analysis of Renlou Coal Mine. First, the period of change of the Earth's orbital parameters from 289 to 293 Ma are determined based on the algorithm of Laskar J and Waltham. The theoretical period ratio of Milankovitch's cycles during this depositional period is also calculated. Second, the GR logging data from the four boreholes of the Renlou Mine (S1–S4) are analysed for cyclothem stratigraphy by Acycle software. Finally, a floating astronomical dating scale was established with S1 borehole 1007.93 m at 293 Ma as an anchor point by using 405 ka long eccentricity for astronomical tuning. The results show that the coal-bearing rock systems of the Permian Upper and Lower Shihezi Formations in Renlou Coal Mine are obviously controlled and driven by Milankovitch cycles. The cycle parameters are close to the Permian astronomical orbital cyclic cycle. The study of the mechanism of the cyclostratigraphy is of great significance for exploring the mechanism and prevention of geological hazards in mines.
任楼煤矿海陆过渡沉积岩发育于含煤岩层中，具有明显的周期性。这些沉积周期与天文周期信号具有良好的对应关系。本文对任楼煤矿地层进行了周期分析。首先，根据 Laskar J 和 Waltham 的算法确定了从 289 Ma 到 293 Ma 的地球轨道参数变化周期。同时还计算了这一沉积时期米兰科维奇周期的理论周期率。其次，利用 Acycle 软件对任楼矿区四个钻孔（S1-S4）的 GR 测井数据进行了旋回地层分析。最后，以 S1 钻孔 1007.93 m 处的 293 Ma 为锚点，利用 405 ka 长偏心率进行天文调谐，建立了浮动天文年代尺度。结果表明，任楼煤矿二叠系上、下石河子地层含煤岩系明显受米兰科维奇周期的控制和驱动。其周期参数与二叠纪天文轨道周期周期接近。旋回地层机理的研究对探索矿井地质灾害的机理和防治具有重要意义。
{"title":"Astronomical cycle driving of coal-bearing rock system rotations in the Permian Shihezi Formation at Renlou Coal Mine","authors":"Guodong Shi , Duoxi Yao , Xuekuan Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine terrestrial transitional sedimentary rocks of Renlou Coal Mine are developed in coal bearing rock formations, which exhibits obvious cyclicity. These sedimentary cycles have a good correspondence with astronomical cycle signals. This paper provides a cyclic stratigraphy analysis of Renlou Coal Mine. First, the period of change of the Earth's orbital parameters from 289 to 293 Ma are determined based on the algorithm of Laskar J and Waltham. The theoretical period ratio of Milankovitch's cycles during this depositional period is also calculated. Second, the GR logging data from the four boreholes of the Renlou Mine (S1–S4) are analysed for cyclothem stratigraphy by Acycle software. Finally, a floating astronomical dating scale was established with S1 borehole 1007.93 m at 293 Ma as an anchor point by using 405 ka long eccentricity for astronomical tuning. The results show that the coal-bearing rock systems of the Permian Upper and Lower Shihezi Formations in Renlou Coal Mine are obviously controlled and driven by Milankovitch cycles. The cycle parameters are close to the Permian astronomical orbital cyclic cycle. The study of the mechanism of the cyclostratigraphy is of great significance for exploring the mechanism and prevention of geological hazards in mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242
Mina Farzaneh , Zahra Maleki , Mehran Arian , Mohammad Ali Ganjavian , Pooria Kianoush
The Middle East serves as a vital center for global energy production, largely attributable to its vast hydrocarbon reserves, especially within the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (ZFTB). This study specifically investigates the influence of the Nezamabad Fault on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation within the external Fars region. Advanced methodologies— including isopach maps and basin modeling—were employed to examine the spatial distribution of source rocks, reservoir rocks, and cap rocks around the Nezamabad Fault. Notably, the findings reveal that the Nezamabad Fault functions as a significant basement fault, actively controlling hydrocarbon distribution during geological epochs. The isopach maps show significant differences in formation thickness, which reflect variations in regional stress patterns. This differential stress has been fundamental in forming fractures, folds, and structural traps, critical for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The analyses indicate that areas adjacent to the Nezamabad Fault demonstrate potential for successful drilling efforts, especially within the Fahliyan and Sarvak Formations, which have shown consistent thickness patterns, suggesting stable sedimentation conditions. Conversely, the Ilam and Gurpi Formations exhibited significant thickness variations influenced by tectonic activity, indicating a more complex sedimentological environment. The integration of isopach data with geomechanical modeling and geological insights has enhanced the understanding of the complex relationships between stress dynamics and hydrocarbon potential in the ZFTB. These findings have significant implications, providing a foundation for refining exploration and production strategies to optimize hydrocarbon extraction in this energy-rich region. Additionally, the critical role of basement faults in hydrocarbon systems has been highlighted, paving the way for future research aimed at improving resource utilization in the Middle East.
{"title":"Investigating hydrocarbon potential utilizing isopach maps in the paleo-environment of the external Fars region, Zagros fold-thrust belt","authors":"Mina Farzaneh , Zahra Maleki , Mehran Arian , Mohammad Ali Ganjavian , Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle East serves as a vital center for global energy production, largely attributable to its vast hydrocarbon reserves, especially within the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (ZFTB). This study specifically investigates the influence of the Nezamabad Fault on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation within the external Fars region. Advanced methodologies— including isopach maps and basin modeling—were employed to examine the spatial distribution of source rocks, reservoir rocks, and cap rocks around the Nezamabad Fault. Notably, the findings reveal that the Nezamabad Fault functions as a significant basement fault, actively controlling hydrocarbon distribution during geological epochs. The isopach maps show significant differences in formation thickness, which reflect variations in regional stress patterns. This differential stress has been fundamental in forming fractures, folds, and structural traps, critical for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The analyses indicate that areas adjacent to the Nezamabad Fault demonstrate potential for successful drilling efforts, especially within the Fahliyan and Sarvak Formations, which have shown consistent thickness patterns, suggesting stable sedimentation conditions. Conversely, the Ilam and Gurpi Formations exhibited significant thickness variations influenced by tectonic activity, indicating a more complex sedimentological environment. The integration of isopach data with geomechanical modeling and geological insights has enhanced the understanding of the complex relationships between stress dynamics and hydrocarbon potential in the ZFTB. These findings have significant implications, providing a foundation for refining exploration and production strategies to optimize hydrocarbon extraction in this energy-rich region. Additionally, the critical role of basement faults in hydrocarbon systems has been highlighted, paving the way for future research aimed at improving resource utilization in the Middle East.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240
Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy
Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.
{"title":"Assessing aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion and impact of land use changes using GALDIT model in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh","authors":"Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239
Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq
The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km2, low 460 km2, moderate 543 km2, high 355 km2, and very high 90 km2. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km2, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.
{"title":"Geospatial assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and AHP model in flood-affected area, Nowshera, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km<sup>2</sup>, low 460 km<sup>2</sup>, moderate 543 km<sup>2</sup>, high 355 km<sup>2,</sup> and very high 90 km<sup>2</sup>. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km<sup>2</sup>, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241
Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush
This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, folded Zagros Region, SW Iran","authors":"Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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