Pub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215
Guodong Shi , Duoxi Yao , Xuekuan Shi
Marine terrestrial transitional sedimentary rocks of Renlou Coal Mine are developed in coal bearing rock formations, which exhibits obvious cyclicity. These sedimentary cycles have a good correspondence with astronomical cycle signals. This paper provides a cyclic stratigraphy analysis of Renlou Coal Mine. First, the period of change of the Earth's orbital parameters from 289 to 293 Ma are determined based on the algorithm of Laskar J and Waltham. The theoretical period ratio of Milankovitch's cycles during this depositional period is also calculated. Second, the GR logging data from the four boreholes of the Renlou Mine (S1–S4) are analysed for cyclothem stratigraphy by Acycle software. Finally, a floating astronomical dating scale was established with S1 borehole 1007.93 m at 293 Ma as an anchor point by using 405 ka long eccentricity for astronomical tuning. The results show that the coal-bearing rock systems of the Permian Upper and Lower Shihezi Formations in Renlou Coal Mine are obviously controlled and driven by Milankovitch cycles. The cycle parameters are close to the Permian astronomical orbital cyclic cycle. The study of the mechanism of the cyclostratigraphy is of great significance for exploring the mechanism and prevention of geological hazards in mines.
任楼煤矿海陆过渡沉积岩发育于含煤岩层中，具有明显的周期性。这些沉积周期与天文周期信号具有良好的对应关系。本文对任楼煤矿地层进行了周期分析。首先，根据 Laskar J 和 Waltham 的算法确定了从 289 Ma 到 293 Ma 的地球轨道参数变化周期。同时还计算了这一沉积时期米兰科维奇周期的理论周期率。其次，利用 Acycle 软件对任楼矿区四个钻孔（S1-S4）的 GR 测井数据进行了旋回地层分析。最后，以 S1 钻孔 1007.93 m 处的 293 Ma 为锚点，利用 405 ka 长偏心率进行天文调谐，建立了浮动天文年代尺度。结果表明，任楼煤矿二叠系上、下石河子地层含煤岩系明显受米兰科维奇周期的控制和驱动。其周期参数与二叠纪天文轨道周期周期接近。旋回地层机理的研究对探索矿井地质灾害的机理和防治具有重要意义。
{"title":"Astronomical cycle driving of coal-bearing rock system rotations in the Permian Shihezi Formation at Renlou Coal Mine","authors":"Guodong Shi , Duoxi Yao , Xuekuan Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine terrestrial transitional sedimentary rocks of Renlou Coal Mine are developed in coal bearing rock formations, which exhibits obvious cyclicity. These sedimentary cycles have a good correspondence with astronomical cycle signals. This paper provides a cyclic stratigraphy analysis of Renlou Coal Mine. First, the period of change of the Earth's orbital parameters from 289 to 293 Ma are determined based on the algorithm of Laskar J and Waltham. The theoretical period ratio of Milankovitch's cycles during this depositional period is also calculated. Second, the GR logging data from the four boreholes of the Renlou Mine (S1–S4) are analysed for cyclothem stratigraphy by Acycle software. Finally, a floating astronomical dating scale was established with S1 borehole 1007.93 m at 293 Ma as an anchor point by using 405 ka long eccentricity for astronomical tuning. The results show that the coal-bearing rock systems of the Permian Upper and Lower Shihezi Formations in Renlou Coal Mine are obviously controlled and driven by Milankovitch cycles. The cycle parameters are close to the Permian astronomical orbital cyclic cycle. The study of the mechanism of the cyclostratigraphy is of great significance for exploring the mechanism and prevention of geological hazards in mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242
Mina Farzaneh , Zahra Maleki , Mehran Arian , Mohammad Ali Ganjavian , Pooria Kianoush
The Middle East serves as a vital center for global energy production, largely attributable to its vast hydrocarbon reserves, especially within the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (ZFTB). This study specifically investigates the influence of the Nezamabad Fault on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation within the external Fars region. Advanced methodologies— including isopach maps and basin modeling—were employed to examine the spatial distribution of source rocks, reservoir rocks, and cap rocks around the Nezamabad Fault. Notably, the findings reveal that the Nezamabad Fault functions as a significant basement fault, actively controlling hydrocarbon distribution during geological epochs. The isopach maps show significant differences in formation thickness, which reflect variations in regional stress patterns. This differential stress has been fundamental in forming fractures, folds, and structural traps, critical for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The analyses indicate that areas adjacent to the Nezamabad Fault demonstrate potential for successful drilling efforts, especially within the Fahliyan and Sarvak Formations, which have shown consistent thickness patterns, suggesting stable sedimentation conditions. Conversely, the Ilam and Gurpi Formations exhibited significant thickness variations influenced by tectonic activity, indicating a more complex sedimentological environment. The integration of isopach data with geomechanical modeling and geological insights has enhanced the understanding of the complex relationships between stress dynamics and hydrocarbon potential in the ZFTB. These findings have significant implications, providing a foundation for refining exploration and production strategies to optimize hydrocarbon extraction in this energy-rich region. Additionally, the critical role of basement faults in hydrocarbon systems has been highlighted, paving the way for future research aimed at improving resource utilization in the Middle East.
{"title":"Investigating hydrocarbon potential utilizing isopach maps in the paleo-environment of the external Fars region, Zagros fold-thrust belt","authors":"Mina Farzaneh , Zahra Maleki , Mehran Arian , Mohammad Ali Ganjavian , Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle East serves as a vital center for global energy production, largely attributable to its vast hydrocarbon reserves, especially within the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (ZFTB). This study specifically investigates the influence of the Nezamabad Fault on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation within the external Fars region. Advanced methodologies— including isopach maps and basin modeling—were employed to examine the spatial distribution of source rocks, reservoir rocks, and cap rocks around the Nezamabad Fault. Notably, the findings reveal that the Nezamabad Fault functions as a significant basement fault, actively controlling hydrocarbon distribution during geological epochs. The isopach maps show significant differences in formation thickness, which reflect variations in regional stress patterns. This differential stress has been fundamental in forming fractures, folds, and structural traps, critical for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The analyses indicate that areas adjacent to the Nezamabad Fault demonstrate potential for successful drilling efforts, especially within the Fahliyan and Sarvak Formations, which have shown consistent thickness patterns, suggesting stable sedimentation conditions. Conversely, the Ilam and Gurpi Formations exhibited significant thickness variations influenced by tectonic activity, indicating a more complex sedimentological environment. The integration of isopach data with geomechanical modeling and geological insights has enhanced the understanding of the complex relationships between stress dynamics and hydrocarbon potential in the ZFTB. These findings have significant implications, providing a foundation for refining exploration and production strategies to optimize hydrocarbon extraction in this energy-rich region. Additionally, the critical role of basement faults in hydrocarbon systems has been highlighted, paving the way for future research aimed at improving resource utilization in the Middle East.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240
Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy
Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.
{"title":"Assessing aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion and impact of land use changes using GALDIT model in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh","authors":"Mohidar Hossain , Abu Jafor Mia , Md Jakir Hossain , Rina Akter , Dhiman Kumer Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater, the main drinking water source for coastal populations, is increasingly threatened by seawater intrusion in southwestern coastal districts of Bangladesh due to low elevation, sea proximity, cyclones, rising sea levels, coastal flooding and excessive shrimp farming. The aim of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal districts and evaluate the impact of land use changes on seawater intrusion. This study used the GALDIT method to map the vulnerability of southwest coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion, classifying the area into low (0.5 %), moderate (58.66 %), and high (40.84 %) vulnerability zones. The GALDIT vulnerability map shows that Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, and Satkhira Sadar in Satkhira district are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, while the other areas are moderately vulnerable. In Khulna district, most of the Upazilas are moderately vulnerable. In Bagerhat district, most of the Upazilas are classified as moderately vulnerable, while Sarankhola, Mongla and Morrelganj are identified as highly vulnerable. The most extensive irrigation development was observed in Satkhira district, particularly in Satkhira Sadar, Kolaroa, Assasuni, and Tala upazilas, classified as moderately vulnerable. The Dumuria upazila of Khulna district is highly vulnerable due to overexploitation of water for irrigation purposes. In Bagerhat district, where irrigation has recently expanded in Fakirhat and Mollahat, both are in the intermediate susceptibility zone. The LULC analysis shows a decline in agricultural and vegetative areas, alongside a rise in built-up regions and shrimp farming, primarily indicating the increasing of salinity levels in the study area. The dominance of brackish water shrimp farming across the study area suggests shallow groundwater aquifers may be at risk of seawater intrusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239
Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq
The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km2, low 460 km2, moderate 543 km2, high 355 km2, and very high 90 km2. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km2, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.
{"title":"Geospatial assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and AHP model in flood-affected area, Nowshera, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Aqil Tariq , Zahid Ali , Saad Ashfaq","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency and intensity of disastrous floods are increasing globally due to climate change. Floodwaters can infiltrate open-dug wells, boreholes, and aquifers, contaminating groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industrial processes significantly contribute to groundwater pollution. District Nowshera, located downstream in the Kabul River Basin, faced severe impacts from catastrophic floods in 2010 and 2022, highlighting the serious threat to groundwater vulnerability in the region. The current research is attributed to assessing the aquifer vulnerability to pollution using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models in Nowshera. Several parameters, such as depth to groundwater, Net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, and conductivity of the aquifer, have been evaluated. Weights and rating analysis for these parameters have been done using the standard methodology of the DRASTIC and AHP approach. The final vulnerability maps produced for the study area were divided into five groundwater-vulnerable zones. The DRASTIC results categorized the study area as very low, which covers an area of 278 km<sup>2</sup>, low 460 km<sup>2</sup>, moderate 543 km<sup>2</sup>, high 355 km<sup>2,</sup> and very high 90 km<sup>2</sup>. In AHP results, a very highly vulnerable zone covers an area of 233 km<sup>2</sup>, more than the DRASTIC results. The results have been validated with the concentration of nitrate, sulfate, and total dissolved solvent water quality parameters. This study presents a straightforward method to assess groundwater pollution vulnerability, provides valuable insights for policy and decision-makers in managing groundwater pollution, and identifies suitable sites for landfill disposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241
Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush
This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, folded Zagros Region, SW Iran","authors":"Samaneh Yazdanpanah , Vahid Ahmadi , Mehran Arian , Zahra Maleki , Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive biostratigraphic analysis of the Jahrum Formation in the interior Fars Province, SW Iran. The formation dates from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, and is characterized by four biozones and seven depositional environment groups. A thorough methodology combining biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis was employed to examine 495 thin sections and identify biozones. The results indicate that the sedimentary basin of the Jahrum Formation is of an internal ramp type, conforming to the Sachun Formation at its lower boundary and exhibiting an erosional unconformity with the Asmari Formation at its upper frontier. This study concentrates on understanding the geological history of this region and its hydrocarbon potential. The depositional environment of the Jahrum Formation is a combination of shallow marine and continental facies documented by biozones and fossils. Geochemical analyses, including cathodoluminescence and electron probe microanalysis, reveal high calcite content (up to 50 wt %) and dolomite content (up to 12 wt %), respectively, indicating favorable conditions for hydrocarbon reservoir potential. This research is built upon detailed biostratigraphic analysis and clarification of the Jahrum Formation's depositional setting and geological age. The insights provided into the geological history and potential resources of this region are crucial for understanding the hydrocarbon prospects of the Zagros Region. Our innovative approach integrates biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis, utilizing satellite data and geological maps to select suitable sections and optical microscopy for samples analysis. The biostratigraphic analysis enhances understanding of the region's hydrocarbon potential by providing a framework for correlating the geological formations and identifying critical depositional environments. This study interrogates the paleoenvironments conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation, such as shallow marine and lagoonal settings within the Jahrum Formation, through the detailed documentation of biozones and microfacies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229
Zahra Abbasi , Xiaoyong Yang , Hadi Mohammadoost , Ebrahim TaleFazel , Muhammad Hafeez , Ahmed Shah
The Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Assemblage (KCMA) is a key polymetallic producer within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) in western Iran, hosting significant Cu– Mo (Au) porphyry type deposits and their epithermal Au and base metal equivalents. These deposits are formed at least into three primary clusters, i.e., Miduk, Sarcheshmeh, and Daralu, as well as sporadic individual occurences, which are closely associated with magmatic activity from the early Oligocene to the mid-late Miocene. This review synthesizes the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region, integrating extensive published data to explore their sources and genesis. The U–Pb ages of Cu– Mo (Au) ore forming intrusions indicate two major magmatic phases, around ∼32 Ma and 20–10 Ma. The magmatism in the region produced numerous Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization-related intrusions, dominantly by diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite composition. Geochemical evidence suggests that these intrusions originated from a shared source comprising varying proportions of slab-derived melts, metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and minor contributions from lower crustal materials. Notably, the felsic rock shows a greater incorporation of lower crustal materials compared to the more mafic rocks. The ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region were emplaced in a tectonic setting transitioning from subduction to collision and post-collision, reflecting both extensional and compressional regimes. Oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic in origin, with minor contributions from meteoric water during the late stages of mineralization. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides reveals that the ore-forming materials were largely magmatic, with contributions from sedimentary components. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the three principal ore clusters in the Kerman region.
Kerman新生代岩浆组合（KCMA）是伊朗西部乌鲁木齐-多克塔尔岩浆带（UDMB）内一个重要的多金属产地，具有重要的铜钼（Au）斑岩型矿床及其浅成热液型金和贱金属当量。这些矿床至少形成了Miduk、Sarcheshmeh和Daralu三个主要群，以及零星的个别出现，与早渐新世至中新世中晚期的岩浆活动密切相关。本文综合评述了Kerman地区与矿有关的岩体的地质和地球化学特征，结合大量已发表的资料，探讨了它们的来源和成因。Cu - Mo （Au）成矿侵入体的U-Pb年龄反映了2个主要岩浆阶段，约为~ 32 Ma和20 ~ 10 Ma。区内岩浆活动形成大量与铜钼（金）矿化有关的侵入体，主要由闪长岩、二黄长岩、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩组成。地球化学证据表明，这些侵入岩来自一个共同的来源，包括不同比例的板块衍生熔体、交代岩石圈地幔和少量来自下地壳物质的贡献。值得注意的是，与基性岩石相比，长英质岩石显示出更多的下地壳物质的结合。Kerman地区与矿有关的侵入体发育在从俯冲到碰撞和碰撞后过渡的构造环境中，反映了伸展和挤压两种作用机制。氧同位素资料表明，成矿流体主要为岩浆流体，成矿后期大气降水的贡献较小。硫化物硫同位素分析表明，成矿物质以岩浆为主，并有沉积成分的贡献。本文对克尔曼地区3个主要矿群的岩浆演化和成矿演化进行了全面概述。
{"title":"Comprehensive geochemical and isotopic constraints on multi-stage magmatism and subsequent Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization in porphyry clusters of Kerman metallogenic belt, Iran: A perspective review","authors":"Zahra Abbasi , Xiaoyong Yang , Hadi Mohammadoost , Ebrahim TaleFazel , Muhammad Hafeez , Ahmed Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Assemblage (KCMA) is a key polymetallic producer within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) in western Iran, hosting significant Cu– Mo (Au) porphyry type deposits and their epithermal Au and base metal equivalents. These deposits are formed at least into three primary clusters, i.e., Miduk, Sarcheshmeh, and Daralu, as well as sporadic individual occurences, which are closely associated with magmatic activity from the early Oligocene to the mid-late Miocene. This review synthesizes the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region, integrating extensive published data to explore their sources and genesis. The U–Pb ages of Cu– Mo (Au) ore forming intrusions indicate two major magmatic phases, around ∼32 Ma and 20–10 Ma. The magmatism in the region produced numerous Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization-related intrusions, dominantly by diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite composition. Geochemical evidence suggests that these intrusions originated from a shared source comprising varying proportions of slab-derived melts, metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and minor contributions from lower crustal materials. Notably, the felsic rock shows a greater incorporation of lower crustal materials compared to the more mafic rocks. The ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region were emplaced in a tectonic setting transitioning from subduction to collision and post-collision, reflecting both extensional and compressional regimes. Oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic in origin, with minor contributions from meteoric water during the late stages of mineralization. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides reveals that the ore-forming materials were largely magmatic, with contributions from sedimentary components. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the three principal ore clusters in the Kerman region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The Kapsiki Plateau represents the northernmost extension of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in West Africa. Unlike other regions of the CVL, this area is characterised by a higher prevalence of felsic and intermediate rocks compared to basaltic ones. Detailed investigations into the petrogenetic evolution of these rocks are currently limited. For this reason, Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas from the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi) were studied to enhance comprehension of their crystallisation process, genetic evolution of the magma, and insights into its petrogenesis and source mineralogy. The examined lavas are comparable to the mafic lavas that span the whole range of the CVL and demonstrate major and trace element characteristics similar to those seen in ocean island basalts (OIB). The major and trace element compositions suggest fractional crystallisation mainly including olivine, clinopyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide with evidence of crustal contamination. The multi-element diagrams reveal consistency with those reported from other CVL volcanoes, displaying depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of light rare elements (LREE), indicating an enriched source and the existence of garnet. The studied lavas have high large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Sr = 812–1065 ppm, Ba = 394–467 ppm) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) (Sr/Zr = 3.97–4.94; average OIB = ∼1 Ba/La = 9.42–11.72; average OIB = 9.4). They also have Zr/Sm ratios (26.93–29.88) that are similar to the average OIB (Zr/Sm = 28). Moreover, the studied lavas exhibit elevated levels of incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb, Pr, U, and Th), as well as higher Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios compared to normal OIB values, associated with a notable fluctuation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. The correlations between Th, La, U, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, coupled with the trend of the samples on Nb/Y <em>vs.</em> Rb/Y diagrams, indicate the influence of crustal contamination on the lavas' composition. The source of these lavas was a heterogeneous source with less than 4 % garnet that underwent partial melting of less than 2 %. The presence of a Pb depletion (Ce/Pb > 30) also implies that these magmas belong to the high μ (HIMU)-OIB type, attributed to lithospheric mantle metasomatism. The formation of these magmas involved partial melting of a mantle source evolving chemically and mineralogically over time with a HIMU composition at very low temperatures. Hydrous minerals, such as phlogopite or amphibole, may indicate modal metasomatism, supported by high Rb/Sr ratios or K<sub>2</sub>O high levels. Sr/Zr ratios (3.97–4.94) above OIB values (0.8–1.5) suggest Sr and Ba-rich fluid influence. Elevated Zr/Sm ratios (>28) and variations in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios point to metasomatic fluids or melts altering the mantle's composition. Therefore, the Moukoulvi lavas, like many CVL alkaline lavas, likely erupted from a metasomatized mantle source that was enriched in incomp
{"title":"Crystallisation and petrogenesis of Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas on the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi, Far-North Cameroon): Unveiling the mantle's heterogeneity and HIMU signature","authors":"Diddi Hamadjoda Djamilatou , Merlin Gountié Dedzo , Nils Lenhardt , Désiré Tsozué , Elvis Asaah Asobo Nkengmatia , Moussa Klamadji Ngarena","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kapsiki Plateau represents the northernmost extension of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in West Africa. Unlike other regions of the CVL, this area is characterised by a higher prevalence of felsic and intermediate rocks compared to basaltic ones. Detailed investigations into the petrogenetic evolution of these rocks are currently limited. For this reason, Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas from the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi) were studied to enhance comprehension of their crystallisation process, genetic evolution of the magma, and insights into its petrogenesis and source mineralogy. The examined lavas are comparable to the mafic lavas that span the whole range of the CVL and demonstrate major and trace element characteristics similar to those seen in ocean island basalts (OIB). The major and trace element compositions suggest fractional crystallisation mainly including olivine, clinopyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide with evidence of crustal contamination. The multi-element diagrams reveal consistency with those reported from other CVL volcanoes, displaying depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of light rare elements (LREE), indicating an enriched source and the existence of garnet. The studied lavas have high large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Sr = 812–1065 ppm, Ba = 394–467 ppm) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) (Sr/Zr = 3.97–4.94; average OIB = ∼1 Ba/La = 9.42–11.72; average OIB = 9.4). They also have Zr/Sm ratios (26.93–29.88) that are similar to the average OIB (Zr/Sm = 28). Moreover, the studied lavas exhibit elevated levels of incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb, Pr, U, and Th), as well as higher Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios compared to normal OIB values, associated with a notable fluctuation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. The correlations between Th, La, U, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, coupled with the trend of the samples on Nb/Y <em>vs.</em> Rb/Y diagrams, indicate the influence of crustal contamination on the lavas' composition. The source of these lavas was a heterogeneous source with less than 4 % garnet that underwent partial melting of less than 2 %. The presence of a Pb depletion (Ce/Pb > 30) also implies that these magmas belong to the high μ (HIMU)-OIB type, attributed to lithospheric mantle metasomatism. The formation of these magmas involved partial melting of a mantle source evolving chemically and mineralogically over time with a HIMU composition at very low temperatures. Hydrous minerals, such as phlogopite or amphibole, may indicate modal metasomatism, supported by high Rb/Sr ratios or K<sub>2</sub>O high levels. Sr/Zr ratios (3.97–4.94) above OIB values (0.8–1.5) suggest Sr and Ba-rich fluid influence. Elevated Zr/Sm ratios (>28) and variations in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios point to metasomatic fluids or melts altering the mantle's composition. Therefore, the Moukoulvi lavas, like many CVL alkaline lavas, likely erupted from a metasomatized mantle source that was enriched in incomp","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232
Johnson C. Ibuot, Daniel N. Obiora, Emmanuel A. Igwe, Ngozi M. Ugwu
Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, is essential for identifying at-risk areas, guiding protective measures, and ensuring sustainable water management due to the region's reliance on groundwater. This study presents an integrated assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution utilizing geoelectrical and hydrogeological indices. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted to delineate subsurface lithological variations, while hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were determined to understand groundwater flow dynamics. The VES results revealed four to five geoelectric layers with varying resistivities, thicknesses, and depths, highlighting the complexity of the subsurface. These layers were classified as lateritic sand, medium-coarse brownish sand, coarse sand, and fine-medium coarse-grained sand. The low resistivity observed in parts of the study area suggests the influence of geological structures such as faults and fractures. Groundwater vulnerability indices including Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI), GOD index, and GLSI indexes were computed to assess susceptibility to pollution. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were estimated and their values ranged from 27.04 % to 30.21 %, 0.14 m/s to 0.15 m/s, 1.98 to 2.20, and 93.07 to 665.89 respectively. The AVI classified the study area into high and moderate vulnerability classes, with regions of shallow water table exhibiting higher vulnerability. The GOD and GLSI models categorized the study area into low and moderate vulnerability classes. The study offers key insights for enhancing groundwater management in the Nsukka Sedimentary Basin by identifying high-vulnerability zones and recommending protective measures, sustainable land-use, and improved wastewater management.
{"title":"Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability using index-based model approach within parts of Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Johnson C. Ibuot, Daniel N. Obiora, Emmanuel A. Igwe, Ngozi M. Ugwu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, is essential for identifying at-risk areas, guiding protective measures, and ensuring sustainable water management due to the region's reliance on groundwater. This study presents an integrated assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution utilizing geoelectrical and hydrogeological indices. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted to delineate subsurface lithological variations, while hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were determined to understand groundwater flow dynamics. The VES results revealed four to five geoelectric layers with varying resistivities, thicknesses, and depths, highlighting the complexity of the subsurface. These layers were classified as lateritic sand, medium-coarse brownish sand, coarse sand, and fine-medium coarse-grained sand. The low resistivity observed in parts of the study area suggests the influence of geological structures such as faults and fractures. Groundwater vulnerability indices including Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI), GOD index, and GLSI indexes were computed to assess susceptibility to pollution. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were estimated and their values ranged from 27.04 % to 30.21 %, 0.14 m/s to 0.15 m/s, 1.98 to 2.20, and 93.07 to 665.89 respectively. The AVI classified the study area into high and moderate vulnerability classes, with regions of shallow water table exhibiting higher vulnerability. The GOD and GLSI models categorized the study area into low and moderate vulnerability classes. The study offers key insights for enhancing groundwater management in the Nsukka Sedimentary Basin by identifying high-vulnerability zones and recommending protective measures, sustainable land-use, and improved wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179
Yan Guo , Zhuowu Li , Fujiang Liu , Weihua Lin , Hongchen Liu , Quansen Shao , Dexiong Zhang , Weichao Liang , Junshun Su , Qiankai Gao
Traditional methods of lithological classification often rely on the expertise of appraisers and the use of sophisticated measuring instruments. These methods are susceptible to staff experience and are time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored the use of rock images and intelligent algorithms to automatically identify rocks. However, models developed for automatic rock properties identification often require high-performance equipment that cannot be readily deployed on lightweight edge devices. To address this problem, we significantly extend our previous research and propose a method for automatic rock properties identification called SBR-EfficientViT. The method is based on an efficient vision converter and builds on our previous training framework. We also developed a training and application flow framework for the method, which can run with memory requirements of less than 720 MB and graphics memory of 1.6 GB. Furthermore, the proposed SBR-EfficientViT-M1 method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.75%.
{"title":"Fast and lightweight automatic lithology recognition based on efficient vision transformer network","authors":"Yan Guo , Zhuowu Li , Fujiang Liu , Weihua Lin , Hongchen Liu , Quansen Shao , Dexiong Zhang , Weichao Liang , Junshun Su , Qiankai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional methods of lithological classification often rely on the expertise of appraisers and the use of sophisticated measuring instruments. These methods are susceptible to staff experience and are time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored the use of rock images and intelligent algorithms to automatically identify rocks. However, models developed for automatic rock properties identification often require high-performance equipment that cannot be readily deployed on lightweight edge devices. To address this problem, we significantly extend our previous research and propose a method for automatic rock properties identification called SBR-EfficientViT. The method is based on an efficient vision converter and builds on our previous training framework. We also developed a training and application flow framework for the method, which can run with memory requirements of less than 720 MB and graphics memory of 1.6 GB. Furthermore, the proposed SBR-EfficientViT-M1 method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.75%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials (RMs) measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS independently. These RMs include nine igneous rocks, six sedimentary rocks, two metamorphic rocks, and one fluvial sediment. Among the RMs, eight Nd isotopic ratios and three Sr isotopic ratios of them are first reported. Our results showed that the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of these RMs measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS are consistent within the error range. We also observed that Rb interference can be dramatically reduced using filament burning technique during TIMS measurement, which is significant to achieve accurate Sr isotopic data especially for samples with high Rb content. To evaluate the homogeneity of RMs, Sr and Nd isotopic data reported from various laboratories were clustered together for comparative analysis. Overall, these RMs from various laboratories yielded relatively consistent ratios, except for some anomalies. We concluded that isobaric interference could be probably the main factor that induced the isotopic inconsistency. Therefore, we propose that these RMs are reliable candidates for Sr and Nd isotope analyses. The datasets will play a fundamental role in quality assurance and comparison for radiogenic Sr and Nd isotopic systems.
{"title":"Strontium–Neodymium isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS","authors":"Wenke Wang, Jiaojiao Wu, Fang Liu, Xin Li, Yajun An, Zhaofeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials (RMs) measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS independently. These RMs include nine igneous rocks, six sedimentary rocks, two metamorphic rocks, and one fluvial sediment. Among the RMs, eight Nd isotopic ratios and three Sr isotopic ratios of them are first reported. Our results showed that the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of these RMs measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS are consistent within the error range. We also observed that Rb interference can be dramatically reduced using filament burning technique during TIMS measurement, which is significant to achieve accurate Sr isotopic data especially for samples with high Rb content. To evaluate the homogeneity of RMs, Sr and Nd isotopic data reported from various laboratories were clustered together for comparative analysis. Overall, these RMs from various laboratories yielded relatively consistent ratios, except for some anomalies. We concluded that isobaric interference could be probably the main factor that induced the isotopic inconsistency. Therefore, we propose that these RMs are reliable candidates for Sr and Nd isotope analyses. The datasets will play a fundamental role in quality assurance and comparison for radiogenic Sr and Nd isotopic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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