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How Robust Are Social Structural Predictors of Carbon Dioxide Emissions? A Multiverse Analysis 二氧化碳排放的社会结构预测指标有多稳健?多元宇宙分析
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2116361
Nicholas Theis, Richard York
ABSTRACT Due to the many plausible decisions researchers can make during the scientific process, varying results can be obtained to research questions. In the environmental sociological literature, key theories and findings highlight how modernization, militarization, demographic factors, and globalization and trade influence carbon dioxide emissions. We use multiverse analysis to address how robust central findings in this literature are to model specification choices. Our results indicate that findings related to modernization and demographic factors are mostly robust, while those concerning militarization and globalization are more subject to model selection.
由于研究人员在科学研究过程中可能会做出许多看似合理的决策,因此研究问题可能会得到不同的结果。在环境社会学文献中,关键理论和发现强调了现代化、军事化、人口因素、全球化和贸易如何影响二氧化碳排放。我们使用多元宇宙分析来解决该文献中的中心发现对模型规范选择的稳健程度。我们的研究结果表明,与现代化和人口因素相关的研究结果大多是稳健的,而与军事化和全球化有关的研究结果则更多地受到模型选择的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Combining world-system and world polity approaches to analyze international environmental governance: a case study of forest governance in Chile 结合世界体系和世界政治方法分析国际环境治理:以智利森林治理为例
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-27 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2115660
Patrick CoatarPeter, Brian J. Gareau
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes an important facet in international environmental governance: the development and implementation of Chile’s national forestry strategy. As a national program designed to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and to enhance the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and forest carbon stocks (i.e., a national REDD+ program), Chile’s national forestry strategy demonstrates the norm diffusion and institutional structuration commonly exhibited in world polity approaches to global and transnational sociology. Yet, world-system analysis of Chile’s forest conservation program highlights the role of power and positionality along the global division of labor in its implementation. The organized hypocrisy of the Chilean state leads to means-ends decoupling in which the practices of the global institutional order are faithfully executed but have an opaque relationship to climate governance goals. This paper, then, joins a growing scholarship that combines these divergent approaches to highlight advances in environmental governance born from connection to the global institutional order of environmentalism while simultaneously explaining structural issues that hinder efforts to achieve global climate targets.
本文分析了国际环境治理的一个重要方面:智利国家林业战略的制定和实施。智利的国家林业战略是一个旨在减少森林砍伐和森林退化造成的排放,并加强森林保护、可持续管理和森林碳储量的作用的国家计划(即国家REDD+计划),它展示了在全球和跨国社会学的世界政治方法中常见的规范扩散和制度结构。然而,对智利森林保护计划的世界体系分析强调了权力和地位在其实施过程中的全球分工的作用。智利政府有组织的伪善导致了手段与目的的脱钩,在这种情况下,全球制度秩序的实践得到了忠实的执行,但与气候治理目标之间的关系却不透明。因此,本文加入了一个不断增长的学术研究,将这些不同的方法结合起来,突出环境治理的进步,这些进步源于与环保主义的全球制度秩序的联系,同时解释了阻碍实现全球气候目标的结构性问题。
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引用次数: 2
The rise and fall of GMOs in politics: party positions and mainstream party behaviour in Western Europe 转基因生物在政治中的兴衰:西欧政党立场和主流政党行为
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2115654
J. Schwörer, Xavier Romero Vidal, S. Vallejo
ABSTRACT Social and environmental scientists usually argue that political parties hold hostile positions towards GMOs, yet we are confronted with a lack of systematic comparative analyses in the West European context. Conducting a quantitative content analysis of 265 election manifestos in seven Western European countries from 1990 until 2020, we test this assumption and explore the salience of GMOs in election manifestos and the positions of political parties on this domain. Our findings reveal that GMOs are neither a particular salient nor ignored issue by political parties and that most party families do tend to reject GMOs. Mainstream parties are more likely to talk about GMOs and to take a critical stance during periods of high mobilization of anti-GMO movements. Additionally, we hypothesize that the presence of a Green party in the national party system may make a difference. The findings provide insights into mainstream parties’ behaviour on niche issues and information for the scientific community about how political parties may become less hostile towards GMOs.
摘要社会和环境科学家通常认为,政党对转基因生物持敌对立场,但我们面临着缺乏西欧背景下的系统比较分析的问题。从1990年到2020年,我们对七个西欧国家的265份竞选宣言进行了定量内容分析,检验了这一假设,并探讨了转基因生物在竞选宣言中的重要性以及政党在这一领域的立场。我们的研究结果表明,转基因生物既不是一个特别突出的问题,也不是政党忽视的问题,大多数政党家庭确实倾向于拒绝转基因生物。主流政党更有可能谈论转基因生物,并在反转基因运动高度动员期间采取批评立场。此外,我们假设绿党在国家政党体系中的存在可能会产生影响。这些发现为主流政党在利基问题上的行为提供了见解,并为科学界提供了政党如何减少对转基因生物的敌意的信息。
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引用次数: 1
Stewarding relations of trust: citizen scientist perspectives on fostering community trust in science 信任的管理关系:公民科学家的视角:培养科学的社区信任
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2112888
Edward E. Millar, Stephanie L Melles, J. Klug, Terry Rees
ABSTRACT Although citizen science can be characterised as a mechanism to counter anti-science attitudes and build public trust in science, the popularity of citizen science may be indicative of growing populism trends and public hostility towards professional expertise. We undertook a qualitative study of the attitudes of volunteer lake stewards in a long-running lake monitoring program in Ontario, Canada, considering themes related to fostering public trust in science. Semi-structured interviews (n = 40) were conducted with volunteers in the Lake Partner Program (LPP), Ontario, Canada, who were asked questions related to how they use the data they collect, how they communicate results to local audiences, and the extent to which they see themselves playing a role in strengthening community trust in scientific knowledge, institutions, and individuals that are involved in the program. Though trust in science is relational, imprecise, and difficult to categorise, our findings suggest that trust is linked to community reputation, the accessibility of scientific concepts, the ability to act when appropriate, and ongoing institutional support for volunteer efforts. Lake stewards see themselves as translators and emissaries of environmental science within their communities: under certain conditions, stewards can help to strengthen community trust.
摘要尽管公民科学可以被描述为一种对抗反科学态度和建立公众对科学信任的机制,但公民科学的普及可能预示着民粹主义趋势的加剧和公众对专业知识的敌意。在加拿大安大略省的一个长期湖泊监测项目中,我们对志愿者湖泊管理员的态度进行了定性研究,考虑到了与培养公众对科学的信任有关的主题。对加拿大安大略省湖泊合作伙伴计划(LPP)的志愿者进行了半结构化访谈(n=40),他们被问及如何使用他们收集的数据,如何将结果传达给当地受众,以及他们认为自己在多大程度上在加强社区对科学知识、机构、,以及参与该计划的个人。尽管对科学的信任是关系性的、不精确的,而且很难归类,但我们的研究结果表明,信任与社区声誉、科学概念的可及性、适当行动的能力以及对志愿者工作的持续机构支持有关。湖泊管理员将自己视为社区内环境科学的翻译人员和使者:在某些条件下,管理员可以帮助加强社区信任。
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引用次数: 1
Re-MEDIAting distant impacts - how Western media make sense of deforestation in different Brazilian biomes 重新调解遥远的影响——西方媒体如何理解巴西不同生物群落的森林砍伐
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2106087
F. Mempel, F. Bidone
ABSTRACT Brazil plays a central role in Western depictions of and narratives on tropical deforestation. In this contribution, we gather a large text corpus from Western media outlets with articles on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes. The sources include outlets from Europe, the US, Canada and Australia and span a time period from the late 1980s to 2020. Leveraging several text-mining approaches, such as topic modeling and automated narrative network analysis, we disentangle the way that Western media have tried to make sense of deforestation in the Amazon and the Cerrado biomes. We show that the former has received disproportionately more news coverage, specifically in times of international concern over the Brazilian government’s commitment to tackle deforestation. Further, Western media frequently report on the struggles of indigenous populations in the Amazon, often following an essentialist depiction of these communities, while in the case of the Cerrado, traditional populations are hardly mentioned at all. Our findings provide a methodologically innovative and empirically grounded case for the often raised concern over a relative invisibility of the Cerrado biome and its traditional populations, which may help explain observed disparities in governance interventions.
巴西在西方对热带森林砍伐的描述和叙述中扮演着核心角色。在这篇文章中,我们从西方媒体收集了大量关于巴西亚马逊和塞拉多生物群落森林砍伐的文章。这些来源包括来自欧洲、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚的媒体,时间跨度从上世纪80年代末到2020年。利用几种文本挖掘方法,如主题建模和自动叙事网络分析,我们解开了西方媒体试图理解亚马逊和塞拉多生物群落中森林砍伐的方式。我们表明,前者获得了不成比例的更多新闻报道,特别是在国际社会关注巴西政府致力于解决森林砍伐问题的时候。此外,西方媒体经常报道亚马逊地区土著居民的斗争,往往遵循这些社区的本质主义描述,而在塞拉多的情况下,传统人口几乎没有被提及。我们的研究结果为塞拉多生物群落及其传统种群的相对不可见性经常引起关注提供了一个方法创新和经验基础的案例,这可能有助于解释在治理干预方面观察到的差异。
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引用次数: 1
Spreading rebellion?: The rise of extinction rebellion chapters across the world 散布叛乱?:灭绝叛乱在世界各地兴起
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2094995
P. Gardner, Tiago Carvalho, Maria Valenstain
ABSTRACT This article offers an analysis of social movement transnationalisation, using Extinction Rebellion as its case study. In order to investigate the temporal and geographical dynamics of Extinction Rebellion’s transnational diffusion, and the interaction of these dynamics with protest events, we draw on two primary datasets: one describing where and when all 1265 of the movement’s local groups emerged globally, the other containing all major protest events with which it is associated. We contend that although Extinction Rebellion has been impressively international from its early stages, the highest density of local groups – or ‘chapters’ – is found in Western Europe and the Anglosphere. Drawing on della Porta’s theory of ‘eventful protest’, we argue that peaks in the creation of new local groups across the world followed major protest events. Hence, we argue that Extinction Rebellion protests were instrumental in the movement’s own transnational diffusion. The data also reveal that the period from early 2020 to June 2021 (the time of data collection) represented a nadir in new chapter creation, indicating a possible COVID-19 effect in the movement’s diffusion.
摘要本文以灭绝叛乱为个案,对社会运动跨国化进行了分析。为了调查灭绝叛乱跨国扩散的时间和地理动态,以及这些动态与抗议事件的相互作用,我们利用了两个主要数据集:一个描述了该运动的所有1265个地方团体在全球范围内出现的地点和时间,另一个包含了与之相关的所有重大抗议事件。我们认为,尽管灭绝叛乱从早期阶段起就具有令人印象深刻的国际性,但在西欧和英语圈,当地团体或“分会”的密度最高。根据della Porta的“重大抗议”理论,我们认为,世界各地新的地方团体的创建高峰是在重大抗议事件之后出现的。因此,我们认为灭绝反抗军的抗议活动对该运动的跨国传播起到了重要作用。数据还显示,2020年初至2021年6月(数据收集时间)是新篇章创作的最低点,表明新冠肺炎可能对运动的扩散产生影响。
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引用次数: 12
Social (In)justice, climate change and climate policy in Western Australia 西澳大利亚的社会正义、气候变化和气候政策
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-14 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2069216
N. Godden, Doreen Wijekoon, Kylie Wrigley
ABSTRACT Climate change is a social justice issue, and people who experience disadvantage and marginalisation are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In 2019–2020, the government of the state of Western Australia (WA) held the world’s first inquiry into climate change and health. The Inquiry report, submissions, and hearing transcripts make an important contribution to a small but growing body of evidence that climate change exacerbates and reinforces existing social inequalities in WA in areas such as health, economics, gender relations, and access and inclusion. However, in late-2020, the WA government released its 38-page Climate Policy, with very limited reference to social justice and only one use of the word ‘people’. Our critical intersectional feminist analysis finds a prevailing dissonance between climate evidence and climate policy in WA. Climate governance in WA is ill prepared, if not unwilling, to support people who experience disadvantage and are on the frontlines of the climate crisis. There is an urgent need for policies and actions to address multiple dimensions of inequality under climate change, across the fields of climate change mitigation, adaptation, and disaster response.
气候变化是一个社会正义问题,处于不利地位和边缘化的人群最容易受到气候变化的影响。2019-2020年,西澳大利亚州政府举行了世界上第一次关于气候变化和健康的调查。调查报告、意见书和听证笔录为证明气候变化加剧和加强西澳大利亚州在卫生、经济、两性关系、获取和包容等领域现有的社会不平等现象提供了虽少但越来越多的证据,作出了重要贡献。然而,在2020年底,西澳政府发布了长达38页的气候政策,其中对社会正义的提及非常有限,而且只使用了一次“人民”这个词。我们批判性的交叉女权主义分析发现,在西澳,气候证据和气候政策之间存在普遍的不协调。西澳的气候治理即使不是不愿意,也没有准备好支持处于不利地位和处于气候危机前线的人们。迫切需要制定政策和采取行动,在气候变化减缓、适应和灾害应对等各个领域解决气候变化下的不平等问题。
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引用次数: 3
‘When you heal the soil…’: Environmental racism and socioecological repair in contemporary urban agriculture “当你治愈土壤…”:当代城市农业中的环境种族主义和社会生态修复
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-07 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2073626
S. Shostak
ABSTRACT Drawing on data from an ethnographic study of urban agriculture in Massachusetts, this paper investigates the multiple meanings of soil for contemporary urban farmers and gardeners. I first consider how urban farmers speak for and with the soil in their neighborhoods to call attention to historical and ongoing environmental racism. These narratives highlight how racialized social processes – including redlining, blockbusting, white flight and disinvestment – have harmed the health of both people and the environment in urban communities of color. I then describe how urban farmers and gardeners articulate the importance of soil for health and well-being, especially for people whose relationships with the earth have been disrupted by capitalism, colonialism and racism. These narratives draw on both scientific and spiritual frameworks to highlight the healing potential of re-establishing direct relationships with nature, reclaiming ancestral knowledge about the healing properties of plants, and reconnecting with the ancestors themselves. Analysis of these interlinked narratives contributes to an emerging cross-disciplinary scholarship on the situatedness of ways of conceptualizing and interacting with soils, calling attention especially to the role of racialized inequities in the creation of harmful soil materialities and the possibilities of socioecological repair.
摘要根据马萨诸塞州城市农业的人种学研究数据,本文探讨了土壤对当代城市农民和园丁的多重意义。我首先考虑城市农民如何为他们社区的土壤发声,以唤起人们对历史和持续存在的环境种族主义的关注。这些叙述突显了种族化的社会进程——包括红线、封锁、白人逃亡和撤资——是如何损害有色人种城市社区人民和环境的。然后,我描述了城市农民和园丁如何阐明土壤对健康和福祉的重要性,尤其是对那些与地球的关系被资本主义、殖民主义和种族主义破坏的人来说。这些叙事借鉴了科学和精神框架,强调了重建与自然的直接关系、重新获得关于植物愈合特性的祖先知识以及与祖先自己重新联系的治愈潜力。对这些相互关联的叙述的分析有助于形成一种新的跨学科学术,即概念化和与土壤互动的方式的情境性,特别是提请人们注意种族化的不平等在创造有害土壤物质中的作用以及社会生态修复的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Like wildfire: creating rumor content in the face of disaster 像野火一样:在灾难面前制造谣言内容
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2073803
Rebecca Ewert
ABSTRACT Rumors spread during disasters as community members seek information and attempt to make sense of unexpected, anxiety-producing events. While considerable sociological research has examined the transmission and spread of rumors, less attention has been given to the creation of rumor narrative content itself. Drawing on interviews with wildfire survivors in one rural Northern California county, this study shows that rumor narrative creation reflects existing cultural values and power arrangements. In a contested post-disaster landscape, rumors are used to frame new information to maintain coherence with existing cultural beliefs while reinforcing prevailing ideas about safety, deservingness, and class. In this case, rumors are created to reflect cultural schemas such as beliefs about the government and environmental protection, and normative power arrangements instantiated through symbols of spatial stigma. The data presented in this article extends research on stigma, culture, and disaster by arguing existing dominant cultural values shape the content of rumors by dictating which pieces of information are seen as reasonable and reliable, providing residents with opportunities to frame information to explain and justify unequal disaster outcomes. In disaster situations where the transmission of reliable information is especially important, local culture enables and restricts which narratives are produced, shared, and believed.
摘要谣言在灾难期间传播,因为社区成员寻求信息,试图理解意外的、产生焦虑的事件。虽然相当多的社会学研究考察了谣言的传播和传播,但很少关注谣言叙事内容本身的创作。根据对北加利福尼亚州一个农村县野火幸存者的采访,这项研究表明,谣言叙事的创造反映了现有的文化价值观和权力安排。在有争议的灾后环境中,谣言被用来构建新的信息,以保持与现有文化信仰的一致性,同时强化关于安全、体面和阶级的主流观念。在这种情况下,谣言是为了反映文化图式,如对政府和环境保护的信仰,以及通过空间污名符号实例化的规范性权力安排。本文提供的数据扩展了对污名、文化和灾难的研究,认为现有的主导文化价值观通过规定哪些信息被视为合理和可靠来塑造谣言的内容,为居民提供了构建信息以解释和证明不平等灾难结果的机会。在传递可靠信息特别重要的灾难情况下,当地文化能够并限制哪些叙事是产生、分享和相信的。
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引用次数: 0
Barriers to women’s collective identity formation in contaminated communities 受污染社区妇女集体身份形成的障碍
IF 2.5 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2070904
Landen Longest, Alison E. Adams, Thomas E. Shriver
ABSTRACT Extant research emphasizes the resonance of gendered collective identities in mobilizing women’s environmental activism, particularly around motherhood and caregiving. Gaps remain, though, in our understanding of the specific barriers that can obstruct the formation of collective identity among groups of women who share environmental concerns. To interrogate this issue, we explore the case of two cancer clusters in North Carolina that many residents suspect are related to coal ash contamination. We use qualitative interviews with women affected by the clusters (n = 36) to identify factors that have inhibited the formation of a mobilizing collective identity. Our results suggest that the reciprocal relationship between disempowerment and isolation, as well as the compounding burdens of emotional and care labor associated with managing environmental illness, prevented the formation of a collective identity in this case. These findings highlight how factors particular to cases of environmental illness can forestall, rather than drive, women’s environmental activism.
现有的研究强调了性别集体认同在动员妇女环境活动中的共鸣,特别是在母亲和照顾方面。但是,我们对可能阻碍共同关心环境问题的妇女群体形成集体认同的具体障碍的理解仍然存在差距。为了探究这个问题,我们探讨了北卡罗来纳州两个癌症集群的案例,许多居民怀疑这两个癌症集群与煤灰污染有关。我们对受集群影响的女性(n = 36)进行定性访谈,以确定抑制动员集体认同形成的因素。我们的研究结果表明,在这种情况下,剥夺权力和孤立之间的相互关系,以及与管理环境疾病相关的情感和护理劳动的复合负担,阻碍了集体身份的形成。这些发现强调了环境疾病案例的特殊因素如何能够预先阻止,而不是推动女性的环境行动主义。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Environmental Sociology
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