Pub Date : 2021-04-19DOI: 10.1177/08854122211068526
Aurel von Richthofen, P. Herthogs, M. Kraft, Stephen Cairns
This review focuses on recent research literature on the use of Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) in city planning. The review foregrounds representational, evaluative, projective, and synthetical meta-practices as constituent practices of city planning. We structure our review around these four meta-practices that we consider fundamental to those processes. We find that significant research exists in all four metapractices. Linking across domains by combining various methods of semantic knowledge generation, processing, and management is necessary to bridge gaps between these meta-practices and will enable future Semantic City Planning Systems.
{"title":"Semantic City Planning Systems (SCPS): A Literature Review","authors":"Aurel von Richthofen, P. Herthogs, M. Kraft, Stephen Cairns","doi":"10.1177/08854122211068526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122211068526","url":null,"abstract":"This review focuses on recent research literature on the use of Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) in city planning. The review foregrounds representational, evaluative, projective, and synthetical meta-practices as constituent practices of city planning. We structure our review around these four meta-practices that we consider fundamental to those processes. We find that significant research exists in all four metapractices. Linking across domains by combining various methods of semantic knowledge generation, processing, and management is necessary to bridge gaps between these meta-practices and will enable future Semantic City Planning Systems.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"37 1","pages":"415 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46555123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1177/08854122211002758
N. Phelps
It remains common for the city to be treated as an undifferentiated unit in urban theory. This review of literature reveals that extant urban theory has been or can be inflected with a greater sense of intra- and interurban difference registering in implications for planning policy and practice pertaining to different substantive concerns and at different geographical scales. The article argues that we need to continue to pay attention to the spatially differentiated character of the urban if we are to advance urban planning thought and practice under contemporary conditions of extended urbanization.
{"title":"Which City? Grounding Contemporary Urban Theory","authors":"N. Phelps","doi":"10.1177/08854122211002758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122211002758","url":null,"abstract":"It remains common for the city to be treated as an undifferentiated unit in urban theory. This review of literature reveals that extant urban theory has been or can be inflected with a greater sense of intra- and interurban difference registering in implications for planning policy and practice pertaining to different substantive concerns and at different geographical scales. The article argues that we need to continue to pay attention to the spatially differentiated character of the urban if we are to advance urban planning thought and practice under contemporary conditions of extended urbanization.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"345 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/08854122211002758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49490194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1177/0885412221999415
Bokyong Shin
Although social capital is a relational concept, existing studies have focused less on measuring social relations. This article fills the gap by reviewing recent studies that used network measures grouped into three types according to the measurement level. The first group defined social capital as an individual asset and used node-level measures to explain personal benefits. The second group defined social capital as a collective asset and used graph-level measures to describe collective properties. The third group used subgraph-level measures to explain the development of social capital. This article offers a link between the concepts and measures of social capital.
{"title":"Exploring Network Measures of Social Capital: Toward More Relational Measurement","authors":"Bokyong Shin","doi":"10.1177/0885412221999415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221999415","url":null,"abstract":"Although social capital is a relational concept, existing studies have focused less on measuring social relations. This article fills the gap by reviewing recent studies that used network measures grouped into three types according to the measurement level. The first group defined social capital as an individual asset and used node-level measures to explain personal benefits. The second group defined social capital as a collective asset and used graph-level measures to describe collective properties. The third group used subgraph-level measures to explain the development of social capital. This article offers a link between the concepts and measures of social capital.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"328 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221999415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46801246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1177/0885412221992287
Eva Purkarthofer, K. Granqvist
This article analyses the academic concept of “soft spaces” from the perspective of traveling planning ideas. The concept has its origin in the United Kingdom but has also been used in other contexts. Within European Union policy-making, the term soft planning has emerged to describe the processes of cooperation and learning with an unclear relation to planning. In the Nordic countries, soft spaces are viewed as entangled with the logics of statutory planning, posing challenges for policy delivery and regulatory planning systems. This article highlights the conceptual evolution of soft spaces, specifically acknowledging contextual influences and the changing relation with statutory planning.
{"title":"Soft Spaces as a Traveling Planning Idea: Uncovering the Origin and Development of an Academic Concept on the Rise","authors":"Eva Purkarthofer, K. Granqvist","doi":"10.1177/0885412221992287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221992287","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the academic concept of “soft spaces” from the perspective of traveling planning ideas. The concept has its origin in the United Kingdom but has also been used in other contexts. Within European Union policy-making, the term soft planning has emerged to describe the processes of cooperation and learning with an unclear relation to planning. In the Nordic countries, soft spaces are viewed as entangled with the logics of statutory planning, posing challenges for policy delivery and regulatory planning systems. This article highlights the conceptual evolution of soft spaces, specifically acknowledging contextual influences and the changing relation with statutory planning.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"312 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221992287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46289372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1177/0885412221992283
D. Stead
While many policy tools can be used to develop spatial plans and implement their goals, there have been very few academic attempts to classify and illustrate the whole range of tools available. This article reviews the different ways in which planning tools have been conceptualized to date and highlights a wide variation in their interpretation. Building directly on literature from policy studies, a new classification is put forward which has many potential applications in studying spatial planning governance. As well as distinguishing between four main policy types (nodality, authority, treasure, and organization), the classification differentiates between procedural and substantive tools.
{"title":"Conceptualizing the Policy Tools of Spatial Planning","authors":"D. Stead","doi":"10.1177/0885412221992283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221992283","url":null,"abstract":"While many policy tools can be used to develop spatial plans and implement their goals, there have been very few academic attempts to classify and illustrate the whole range of tools available. This article reviews the different ways in which planning tools have been conceptualized to date and highlights a wide variation in their interpretation. Building directly on literature from policy studies, a new classification is put forward which has many potential applications in studying spatial planning governance. As well as distinguishing between four main policy types (nodality, authority, treasure, and organization), the classification differentiates between procedural and substantive tools.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"297 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221992283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44549543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1177/0885412221994246
M. Francini, L. Chieffallo, A. Palermo, Maria Francesca Viapiana
This work aims to reorganize theoretical and empirical research on smart mobility through the systematic literature review approach. The research goal is to reach an extended and shared definition of smart mobility using the cluster analysis. The article provides a summary of the state of the art that can have broader impacts in determining new angles for approaching research. In particular, the results will be a reference for future quantitative developments for the authors who are working on the construction of a territorial measurement model of the smartness degree, helping them in identifying performance indicators consistent with the definition proposed.
{"title":"Systematic Literature Review on Smart Mobility: A Framework for Future “Quantitative” Developments","authors":"M. Francini, L. Chieffallo, A. Palermo, Maria Francesca Viapiana","doi":"10.1177/0885412221994246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221994246","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to reorganize theoretical and empirical research on smart mobility through the systematic literature review approach. The research goal is to reach an extended and shared definition of smart mobility using the cluster analysis. The article provides a summary of the state of the art that can have broader impacts in determining new angles for approaching research. In particular, the results will be a reference for future quantitative developments for the authors who are working on the construction of a territorial measurement model of the smartness degree, helping them in identifying performance indicators consistent with the definition proposed.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"283 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221994246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47994516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1177/0885412221992280
Yuanyuan Mao, Ling Yin, Minling Zeng, Jiajun Ding, Yan Song
Creating a safe street environment is the primary goal for urban planners and urban designers. However, the existing research findings on the relationship between street environment and criminal behavior are various and contradictory, which brings confusion to the practice of urban planning and design. This article reviews literature on crime prevention through street environmental design on three spatial levels—street networks, paths, and nodes. This article also explores the causes of diversity and contradiction in the existing conclusions. Finally, limitations of the existing research, directions of optimization, and further studies in this field are put forward.
{"title":"Review of Empirical Studies on Relationship between Street Environment and Crime","authors":"Yuanyuan Mao, Ling Yin, Minling Zeng, Jiajun Ding, Yan Song","doi":"10.1177/0885412221992280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221992280","url":null,"abstract":"Creating a safe street environment is the primary goal for urban planners and urban designers. However, the existing research findings on the relationship between street environment and criminal behavior are various and contradictory, which brings confusion to the practice of urban planning and design. This article reviews literature on crime prevention through street environmental design on three spatial levels—street networks, paths, and nodes. This article also explores the causes of diversity and contradiction in the existing conclusions. Finally, limitations of the existing research, directions of optimization, and further studies in this field are put forward.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"187 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221992280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48129441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.1177/0885412220988645
Robyn G. Mansfield, Becky Batagol, R. Raven
Children’s participation in urban planning impacts communities. A policy environment supports their participation, yet this is far from mainstream, particularly in areas of greatest vulnerability. This literature review demonstrates what we do and don’t know about barriers and enablers to children’s participation in urban planning. We identify key themes within participatory methods, processes, and structures that influence urban planning stages and methods and identify the consequences of children’s inclusion or exclusion. We then argue for a research agenda that examines institutional impacts on urban planning and decisions that include or exclude children to contribute to a transformation of on-ground practices.
{"title":"“Critical Agents of Change?”: Opportunities and Limits to Children’s Participation in Urban Planning","authors":"Robyn G. Mansfield, Becky Batagol, R. Raven","doi":"10.1177/0885412220988645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412220988645","url":null,"abstract":"Children’s participation in urban planning impacts communities. A policy environment supports their participation, yet this is far from mainstream, particularly in areas of greatest vulnerability. This literature review demonstrates what we do and don’t know about barriers and enablers to children’s participation in urban planning. We identify key themes within participatory methods, processes, and structures that influence urban planning stages and methods and identify the consequences of children’s inclusion or exclusion. We then argue for a research agenda that examines institutional impacts on urban planning and decisions that include or exclude children to contribute to a transformation of on-ground practices.","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"170 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412220988645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42867954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.1177/0885412221989241
Jenna Davis
book is certainly directed. Following what Dittmar describes as a kind of return to the city, he urges city builders to create the conditions that allow small-scale initiatives and urban community-building efforts to flourish. His call is perhaps especially salient following the arrival of COVID-19 in many cities where we have seen that do-it-yourself (DIY) communities and mutual aid networks have had to fill the gaps left by the state during a period of crisis. Many will recognize Dittmar from his work in transportation planning. Here, he shifts away from this focus, speaking instead to the contradictions and challenges of global cities where competitive imperatives have encouraged planners and policy makers to focus on catering to the lifestyles and desires of the affluent urban elite. Dittmar turns away from this kind of planning to focus on how urban resilience and sustainability might be achieved, suggesting that governance and planning must make room for and support more bottom-up, DIY efforts. Dittmar defines DIY as the “rallying cry” (p. 45) of his generation, rooted in the practices of those involved in punk communities and counterculture music and arts scenes. DIY, for Dittmar, has emerged out of cultures of craft and making, out of emergent, generative, and mutually supportive practices that work toward alternative futures—it involves an entire aesthetic and way of being and is often explicitly oppositional to the status quo. Here, he extends DIY to apply to a perhaps surprising series of broader urban community development efforts including cooperative housing development projects, community banking, housesharing and co-living practices, practices of self-building, food trucks, and pop-up shops. His explorations of these various forms are interlaced with personal anecdotes from experiences as the airport director at The People’s Republic of Santa Monica Airport, as an infrastructural project manager, and as a policy maker and planner. He outlines his personal approach to planning as a pushback against grand planning schemes inspired and shaped by the more “organic” and “artisanal” (p. 26) city-building approaches of Christopher Alexander and Jane Jacobs. Dittmar suggests that DIY is perhaps better characterized as Do-It-Yourselves, underlining the importance of collective work and collaboration and the dependence of people on others. As insightful as this is, his framing here perhaps misses or obscures some of the disinvestment and abandonment that has often necessitated DIY practices, it would be nice to hear him account for some of the government restructuring that has withdrawn social supports and the structural inequalities that have systemically marginalized and excluded specific groups of people, all of which force people to “do it themselves.” Instead, Dittmar focuses upon DIY’s rooting in something he calls “slack”—a kind of free space for experimentation, growth, play, and innovation that depends upon affordability and human
{"title":"Book Review: The Affordable City: Strategies for Putting Housing Within Reach (and Keeping It There)","authors":"Jenna Davis","doi":"10.1177/0885412221989241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412221989241","url":null,"abstract":"book is certainly directed. Following what Dittmar describes as a kind of return to the city, he urges city builders to create the conditions that allow small-scale initiatives and urban community-building efforts to flourish. His call is perhaps especially salient following the arrival of COVID-19 in many cities where we have seen that do-it-yourself (DIY) communities and mutual aid networks have had to fill the gaps left by the state during a period of crisis. Many will recognize Dittmar from his work in transportation planning. Here, he shifts away from this focus, speaking instead to the contradictions and challenges of global cities where competitive imperatives have encouraged planners and policy makers to focus on catering to the lifestyles and desires of the affluent urban elite. Dittmar turns away from this kind of planning to focus on how urban resilience and sustainability might be achieved, suggesting that governance and planning must make room for and support more bottom-up, DIY efforts. Dittmar defines DIY as the “rallying cry” (p. 45) of his generation, rooted in the practices of those involved in punk communities and counterculture music and arts scenes. DIY, for Dittmar, has emerged out of cultures of craft and making, out of emergent, generative, and mutually supportive practices that work toward alternative futures—it involves an entire aesthetic and way of being and is often explicitly oppositional to the status quo. Here, he extends DIY to apply to a perhaps surprising series of broader urban community development efforts including cooperative housing development projects, community banking, housesharing and co-living practices, practices of self-building, food trucks, and pop-up shops. His explorations of these various forms are interlaced with personal anecdotes from experiences as the airport director at The People’s Republic of Santa Monica Airport, as an infrastructural project manager, and as a policy maker and planner. He outlines his personal approach to planning as a pushback against grand planning schemes inspired and shaped by the more “organic” and “artisanal” (p. 26) city-building approaches of Christopher Alexander and Jane Jacobs. Dittmar suggests that DIY is perhaps better characterized as Do-It-Yourselves, underlining the importance of collective work and collaboration and the dependence of people on others. As insightful as this is, his framing here perhaps misses or obscures some of the disinvestment and abandonment that has often necessitated DIY practices, it would be nice to hear him account for some of the government restructuring that has withdrawn social supports and the structural inequalities that have systemically marginalized and excluded specific groups of people, all of which force people to “do it themselves.” Instead, Dittmar focuses upon DIY’s rooting in something he calls “slack”—a kind of free space for experimentation, growth, play, and innovation that depends upon affordability and human ","PeriodicalId":54207,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Planning Literature","volume":"36 1","pages":"206 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0885412221989241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49626743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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