Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, among which Escherichia coli (E. coli) pneumonia is considered a rare phenomenon. Treatment options for LRTIs have become limited, especially for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC), which are usually resistant to other groups of antimicrobials as well. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypic resistance profiles and genotypes of ESBL-EC isolates associated with LRTIs before (pre-COVID-19) and during (COVID-19) the COVID-19 pandemic. All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and assigned to phylogenetic groups, sequence types and clonal groups by PCR. During the pandemic, a significantly lower proportion of ciprofloxacin-, levofloxacin- and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant ESBL-EC isolates was retrieved from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples. PCR-based genotypization revealed greater clonal diversity and a significantly lower proportion of isolates with blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qacEΔ1 genes. In addition, a higher proportion of isolates with the integrase gene int1 and virulence genes sat and tsh was confirmed. The lower prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and greater genetic diversity of ESBL-EC isolated during the COVID-19 period may have been due to the introduction of new bacterial strains into the hospital environment, along with changes in clinical establishment guidelines and practices.
{"title":"Increasing Fluroquinolone Susceptibility and Genetic Diversity of ESBL-Producing <i>E. coli</i> from the Lower Respiratory Tract during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Katja Hrovat, Katja Seme, Jerneja Ambrožič Avguštin","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13090797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, among which <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) pneumonia is considered a rare phenomenon. Treatment options for LRTIs have become limited, especially for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing <i>E. coli</i> (ESBL-EC), which are usually resistant to other groups of antimicrobials as well. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypic resistance profiles and genotypes of ESBL-EC isolates associated with LRTIs before (pre-COVID-19) and during (COVID-19) the COVID-19 pandemic. All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and assigned to phylogenetic groups, sequence types and clonal groups by PCR. During the pandemic, a significantly lower proportion of ciprofloxacin-, levofloxacin- and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant ESBL-EC isolates was retrieved from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples. PCR-based genotypization revealed greater clonal diversity and a significantly lower proportion of isolates with <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub>, <i>aac(6')-Ib-cr</i> and <i>qacEΔ1</i> genes. In addition, a higher proportion of isolates with the integrase gene <i>int1</i> and virulence genes <i>sat</i> and <i>tsh</i> was confirmed. The lower prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and greater genetic diversity of ESBL-EC isolated during the COVID-19 period may have been due to the introduction of new bacterial strains into the hospital environment, along with changes in clinical establishment guidelines and practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11428890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13090796
Bakoena A Hetsa, Jonathan Asante, Joshua Mbanga, Arshad Ismail, Akebe L K Abia, Daniel G Amoako, Sabiha Y Essack
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of bloodstream infections, with its capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance genes posing significant treatment challenges. This pilot study characterizes the genomic profiles of S. aureus isolates from patients with bloodstream infections in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to gain insights into their resistance mechanisms, virulence factors, and clonal and phylogenetic relationships. Six multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates, comprising three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and three methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), underwent whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. These isolates carried a range of resistance genes, including blaZ, aac(6')-aph(2″), ant(9)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, and fosB. The mecA gene, which confers methicillin resistance, was detected only in MRSA strains. The isolates exhibited six distinct spa types (t9475, t355, t045, t1265, t1257, and t7888) and varied in virulence gene profiles. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (Luk-PV) was found in one MSSA isolate. Two SCCmec types, IVd(2B) and I(1B), were identified, and the isolates were classified into four multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), with ST5 (n = 3) being the most common. These sequence types clustered into two clonal complexes, CC5 and CC8. Notably, two MRSA clones were identified: ST5-CC5-t045-SCCmec_I(1B) and the human-associated endemic clone ST612-CC8-t1257-SCCmec_IVd(2B). Phylogenomic analysis revealed clustering by MLST, indicating strong genetic relationships within clonal complexes. These findings highlight the value of genomic surveillance in guiding targeted interventions to reduce treatment failures and mortality.
{"title":"Genomic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Implicated in Bloodstream Infections, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Bakoena A Hetsa, Jonathan Asante, Joshua Mbanga, Arshad Ismail, Akebe L K Abia, Daniel G Amoako, Sabiha Y Essack","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13090796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of bloodstream infections, with its capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance genes posing significant treatment challenges. This pilot study characterizes the genomic profiles of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from patients with bloodstream infections in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to gain insights into their resistance mechanisms, virulence factors, and clonal and phylogenetic relationships. Six multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, comprising three methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) and three methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA), underwent whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. These isolates carried a range of resistance genes, including <i>blaZ</i>, <i>aac(6')-aph(2″)</i>, <i>ant(9)-Ia</i>, <i>ant(6)-Ia</i>, and <i>fosB</i>. The <i>mecA</i> gene, which confers methicillin resistance, was detected only in MRSA strains. The isolates exhibited six distinct <i>spa</i> types (t9475, t355, t045, t1265, t1257, and t7888) and varied in virulence gene profiles. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (Luk-PV) was found in one MSSA isolate. Two SCC<i>mec</i> types, IVd(2B) and I(1B), were identified, and the isolates were classified into four multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), with ST5 (n = 3) being the most common. These sequence types clustered into two clonal complexes, CC5 and CC8. Notably, two MRSA clones were identified: ST5-CC5-t045-SCC<i>mec</i>_I(1B) and the human-associated endemic clone ST612-CC8-t1257-SCC<i>mec</i>_IVd(2B). Phylogenomic analysis revealed clustering by MLST, indicating strong genetic relationships within clonal complexes. These findings highlight the value of genomic surveillance in guiding targeted interventions to reduce treatment failures and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11429224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080790
Carlo P J M Brouwer, Bart Theelen, Youp van der Linden, Nick Sarink, Mahfuzur Rahman, Saleh Alwasel, Claudia Cafarchia, Mick M Welling, Teun Boekhout
Objective: The increasing resistance of Malassezia yeasts against commonly used antifungal drugs dictates the need for novel antifungal compounds. Human lactoferrin-based peptides show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Various assays were performed to find the optimal growth conditions of the yeasts and to assess cell viability, using media with low lipid content to avoid peptide binding to medium components.
Methods: In the current study, we tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of 30 strains of M. furfur that cover the known IGS1 genotypic variation.
Results: hLF(1-11) inhibited the growth of all species tested, resulting in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 12.5 to 100 μg/mL. In the combinatory tests, the majority of fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FIC) for the tested strains of M. furfur were up to 1.0, showing that there is a synergistic or additive effect on the efficacy of the antifungal drugs when used in combination with hLF(1-11).
Conclusion: Results showed that hLF(1-11) could be combined with fluconazole or amphotericin for the antimicrobial treatment of resistant strains, enhancing the potency of these antifungal drugs, resulting in an improved outcome for the patient.
{"title":"Combinatory Use of hLF(1-11), a Synthetic Peptide Derived from Human Lactoferrin, and Fluconazole/Amphotericin B against <i>Malassezia furfur</i> Reveals a Synergistic/Additive Antifungal Effect.","authors":"Carlo P J M Brouwer, Bart Theelen, Youp van der Linden, Nick Sarink, Mahfuzur Rahman, Saleh Alwasel, Claudia Cafarchia, Mick M Welling, Teun Boekhout","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The increasing resistance of <i>Malassezia</i> yeasts against commonly used antifungal drugs dictates the need for novel antifungal compounds. Human lactoferrin-based peptides show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Various assays were performed to find the optimal growth conditions of the yeasts and to assess cell viability, using media with low lipid content to avoid peptide binding to medium components.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the current study, we tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of 30 strains of <i>M. furfur</i> that cover the known IGS1 genotypic variation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>hLF(1-11) inhibited the growth of all species tested, resulting in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 12.5 to 100 μg/mL. In the combinatory tests, the majority of fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FIC) for the tested strains of <i>M. furfur</i> were up to 1.0, showing that there is a synergistic or additive effect on the efficacy of the antifungal drugs when used in combination with hLF(1-11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results showed that hLF(1-11) could be combined with fluconazole or amphotericin for the antimicrobial treatment of resistant strains, enhancing the potency of these antifungal drugs, resulting in an improved outcome for the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080789
Chiara Fanelli, Laura Pistidda, Pierpaolo Terragni, Daniela Pasero
Multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) outbreaks have been steadily increasing in intensive care units (ICUs). Still, healthcare institutions and workers (HCWs) have not reached unanimity on how and when to implement infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. We aimed to provide a pragmatic physician practice-oriented resume of strategies towards different MDRO outbreaks in ICUs. We performed a narrative review on IPC in ICUs, investigating patient-to-staff ratios; education, isolation, decolonization, screening, and hygiene practices; outbreak reporting; cost-effectiveness; reproduction numbers (R0); and future perspectives. The most effective IPC strategy remains unknown. Most studies focus on a specific pathogen or disease, making the clinician lose sight of the big picture. IPC strategies have proven their cost-effectiveness regardless of typology, country, and pathogen. A standardized, universal, pragmatic protocol for HCW education should be elaborated. Likewise, the elaboration of a rapid outbreak recognition tool (i.e., an easy-to-use mathematical model) would improve early diagnosis and prevent spreading. Further studies are needed to express views in favor or against MDRO decolonization. New promising strategies are emerging and need to be tested in the field. The lack of IPC strategy application has made and still makes ICUs major MDRO reservoirs in the community. In a not-too-distant future, genetic engineering and phage therapies could represent a plot twist in MDRO IPC strategies.
{"title":"Infection Prevention and Control Strategies According to the Type of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and <i>Candida auris</i> in Intensive Care Units: A Pragmatic Resume including Pathogens R<sub>0</sub> and a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.","authors":"Chiara Fanelli, Laura Pistidda, Pierpaolo Terragni, Daniela Pasero","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) outbreaks have been steadily increasing in intensive care units (ICUs). Still, healthcare institutions and workers (HCWs) have not reached unanimity on how and when to implement infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. We aimed to provide a pragmatic physician practice-oriented resume of strategies towards different MDRO outbreaks in ICUs. We performed a narrative review on IPC in ICUs, investigating patient-to-staff ratios; education, isolation, decolonization, screening, and hygiene practices; outbreak reporting; cost-effectiveness; reproduction numbers (R<sub>0</sub>); and future perspectives. The most effective IPC strategy remains unknown. Most studies focus on a specific pathogen or disease, making the clinician lose sight of the big picture. IPC strategies have proven their cost-effectiveness regardless of typology, country, and pathogen. A standardized, universal, pragmatic protocol for HCW education should be elaborated. Likewise, the elaboration of a rapid outbreak recognition tool (i.e., an easy-to-use mathematical model) would improve early diagnosis and prevent spreading. Further studies are needed to express views in favor or against MDRO decolonization. New promising strategies are emerging and need to be tested in the field. The lack of IPC strategy application has made and still makes ICUs major MDRO reservoirs in the community. In a not-too-distant future, genetic engineering and phage therapies could represent a plot twist in MDRO IPC strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080786
Siham Hattab, Adrienne H Ma, Zoon Tariq, Ilianne Vega Prado, Ian Drobish, Rachel Lee, Rebecca Yee
The rapid rise in increasingly resistant bacteria has become a major threat to public health. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial in guiding appropriate therapeutic decisions and infection prevention practices for patient care. However, conventional culture-based AST methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, rapid AST approaches exist to address the delayed gap in time to actionable results. There are two main types of rapid AST technologies- phenotypic and genotypic approaches. In this review, we provide a summary of all commercially available rapid AST platforms for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. We describe the technologies utilized, performance characteristics, acceptable specimen types, types of resistance detected, turnaround times, limitations, and clinical outcomes driven by these rapid tests. We also discuss crucial factors to consider for the implementation of rapid AST technologies in a clinical laboratory and what the future of rapid AST holds.
{"title":"Rapid Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Approaches for Use in the Clinical Laboratory.","authors":"Siham Hattab, Adrienne H Ma, Zoon Tariq, Ilianne Vega Prado, Ian Drobish, Rachel Lee, Rebecca Yee","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid rise in increasingly resistant bacteria has become a major threat to public health. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial in guiding appropriate therapeutic decisions and infection prevention practices for patient care. However, conventional culture-based AST methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, rapid AST approaches exist to address the delayed gap in time to actionable results. There are two main types of rapid AST technologies- phenotypic and genotypic approaches. In this review, we provide a summary of all commercially available rapid AST platforms for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. We describe the technologies utilized, performance characteristics, acceptable specimen types, types of resistance detected, turnaround times, limitations, and clinical outcomes driven by these rapid tests. We also discuss crucial factors to consider for the implementation of rapid AST technologies in a clinical laboratory and what the future of rapid AST holds.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080787
Tatiana M Vieira, Julia G Barco, Sara L de Souza, Anna L O Santos, Ismail Daoud, Seyfeddine Rahali, Noureddine Amdouni, Jairo K Bastos, Carlos H G Martins, Ridha Ben Said, Antônio E M Crotti
Artepillin C, drupanin, and plicatin B are prenylated phenylpropanoids that naturally occur in Brazilian green propolis. In this study, these compounds and eleven of their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative panel of oral bacteria in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Plicatin B (2) and its hydrogenated derivative 8 (2',3',7,8-tetrahydro-plicatin B) were the most active compounds. Plicatin B (2) displayed strong activity against all the bacteria tested, with an MIC of 31.2 μg/mL against Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. mitis. On the other hand, compound 8 displayed strong activity against S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Lactobacillus paracasei (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and S. mitis (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL), as well as moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis and S. sanguinis (MIC = 125 μg/mL). Compounds 2 and 8 displayed bactericidal effects (MBC: MIC ≤ 4) against all the tested bacteria. In silico studies showed that the complexes formed by compounds 2 and 8 with the S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans targets (3LE0, 4N82, and 3AIC, respectively) had energy score values similar to those of the native S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans ligands due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. Moreover, all the estimated physicochemical parameters satisfied the drug-likeness criteria without violating the Lipinski, Veber, and Egan rules, so these compounds are not expected to cause problems with oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Compounds 2 and 8 also had suitable ADMET parameters, as the online server pkCSM calculates. These results make compounds 2 and 8 good candidates as antibacterial agents against oral bacteria.
{"title":"In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Antimicrobial Activity of Prenylated Phenylpropanoids of Green Propolis and Their Derivatives against Oral Bacteria.","authors":"Tatiana M Vieira, Julia G Barco, Sara L de Souza, Anna L O Santos, Ismail Daoud, Seyfeddine Rahali, Noureddine Amdouni, Jairo K Bastos, Carlos H G Martins, Ridha Ben Said, Antônio E M Crotti","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artepillin C, drupanin, and plicatin B are prenylated phenylpropanoids that naturally occur in Brazilian green propolis. In this study, these compounds and eleven of their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative panel of oral bacteria in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Plicatin B (<b>2</b>) and its hydrogenated derivative <b>8</b> (2',3',7,8-tetrahydro-plicatin B) were the most active compounds. Plicatin B (<b>2</b>) displayed strong activity against all the bacteria tested, with an MIC of 31.2 μg/mL against <i>Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis</i>, and <i>S. mitis.</i> On the other hand, compound <b>8</b> displayed strong activity against <i>S. mutans</i>, <i>S. salivarius</i>, <i>S. sobrinus</i>, <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and <i>S. mitis</i> (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL), as well as moderate activity against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>S. sanguinis</i> (MIC = 125 μg/mL). Compounds <b>2</b> and <b>8</b> displayed bactericidal effects (MBC: MIC ≤ 4) against all the tested bacteria. In silico studies showed that the complexes formed by compounds <b>2</b> and <b>8</b> with the <i>S. mitis</i>, <i>S. sanguinis</i>, and <i>S. mutans</i> targets (<b>3LE0</b>, <b>4N82</b>, and <b>3AIC</b>, respectively) had energy score values similar to those of the native <i>S. mitis</i>, <i>S. sanguinis</i>, and <i>S. mutans</i> ligands due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. Moreover, all the estimated physicochemical parameters satisfied the drug-likeness criteria without violating the Lipinski, Veber, and Egan rules, so these compounds are not expected to cause problems with oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Compounds <b>2</b> and <b>8</b> also had suitable ADMET parameters, as the online server pkCSM calculates. These results make compounds <b>2</b> and <b>8</b> good candidates as antibacterial agents against oral bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanol extracts from Gnaphalium uliginosum L. derived from freshly harvested plant biomass, including stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Two methods were used in the experiments: agar well diffusion and double serial dilution. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with different temperature regimes (25 °C, 45 °C, and 75 °C) and the ultrasonic method at various powers (63-352 W) for different durations (5 and 10 min). It was found that the 70% ethanol extract obtained through the ultrasonic experiment at 189 W power for 10 min and at 252 W power for 5 min had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the maceration method. The most sensitive components of the extracts were the Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis and the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora spp., with MIC values of 156 μg/mL. Among the fungi, the most sensitive were Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani (MIC values in the range of 78-156 µg/mL). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts using the diffusion method established the presence of a growth suppression zone in the case of C. michiganensis (15-17 mm for flowers, leaves, and total biomass), which corresponds to the average level of antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that G. uliginosum has potential as a source of biologically active compounds for agricultural use, particularly for developing novel biopesticides.
{"title":"Phytochemical Study of Ethanol Extract of <i>Gnaphalium uliginosum</i> L. and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity.","authors":"Lilia Davydova, Angelina Menshova, Georgiy Shumatbaev, Vasily Babaev, Evgeny Nikitin","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanol extracts from <i>Gnaphalium uliginosum</i> L. derived from freshly harvested plant biomass, including stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Two methods were used in the experiments: agar well diffusion and double serial dilution. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with different temperature regimes (25 °C, 45 °C, and 75 °C) and the ultrasonic method at various powers (63-352 W) for different durations (5 and 10 min). It was found that the 70% ethanol extract obtained through the ultrasonic experiment at 189 W power for 10 min and at 252 W power for 5 min had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the maceration method. The most sensitive components of the extracts were the Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> and the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> spp., with MIC values of 156 μg/mL. Among the fungi, the most sensitive were <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> and <i>Alternaria solani</i> (MIC values in the range of 78-156 µg/mL). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts using the diffusion method established the presence of a growth suppression zone in the case of <i>C. michiganensis</i> (15-17 mm for flowers, leaves, and total biomass), which corresponds to the average level of antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that <i>G. uliginosum</i> has potential as a source of biologically active compounds for agricultural use, particularly for developing novel biopesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080788
Akanksha Mishra, Nazia Tabassum, Ashish Aggarwal, Young-Mog Kim, Fazlurrahman Khan
The growing threat of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens to human health worldwide emphasizes the need for more effective infection control strategies. Bacterial and fungal biofilms pose a major challenge in treating AMR pathogen infections. Biofilms are formed by pathogenic microbes encased in extracellular polymeric substances to confer protection from antimicrobials and the host immune system. Biofilms also promote the growth of antibiotic-resistant mutants and latent persister cells and thus complicate therapeutic approaches. Biofilms are ubiquitous and cause serious health risks due to their ability to colonize various surfaces, including human tissues, medical devices, and food-processing equipment. Detection and characterization of biofilms are crucial for prompt intervention and infection control. To this end, traditional approaches are often effective, yet they fail to identify the microbial species inside biofilms. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have provided new avenues to improve biofilm identification. Machine-learning algorithms and image-processing techniques have shown promise for the accurate and efficient detection of biofilm-forming microorganisms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. These advancements have the potential to transform biofilm research and clinical practice by allowing faster diagnosis and more tailored therapy. This comprehensive review focuses on the application of AI techniques for the identification of biofilm-forming pathogens in various industries, including healthcare, food safety, and agriculture. The review discusses the existing approaches, challenges, and potential applications of AI in biofilm research, with a particular focus on the role of AI in improving diagnostic capacities and guiding preventative actions. The synthesis of the current knowledge and future directions, as described in this review, will guide future research and development efforts in combating biofilm-associated infections.
抗微生物(AMR)病原体对全球人类健康的威胁与日俱增,这凸显了采取更有效感染控制策略的必要性。细菌和真菌生物膜是治疗 AMR 病原体感染的一大挑战。生物膜是由病原微生物包裹在细胞外高分子物质中形成的,以抵御抗菌剂和宿主免疫系统的侵袭。生物膜还能促进抗生素耐药突变体和潜伏持久细胞的生长,从而使治疗方法复杂化。生物膜无处不在,由于它们能在人体组织、医疗器械和食品加工设备等各种表面定殖,因此对健康造成严重危害。生物膜的检测和特征描述对于及时干预和感染控制至关重要。为此,传统方法通常很有效,但却无法识别生物膜内的微生物种类。人工智能(AI)的最新进展为改善生物膜识别提供了新途径。机器学习算法和图像处理技术已显示出准确、高效地检测生物和非生物表面上形成生物膜的微生物的前景。这些进步有可能改变生物膜研究和临床实践,从而实现更快的诊断和更有针对性的治疗。本综述重点介绍了人工智能技术在医疗保健、食品安全和农业等各行各业中用于识别生物膜形成病原体的应用。综述讨论了人工智能在生物膜研究中的现有方法、挑战和潜在应用,尤其关注人工智能在提高诊断能力和指导预防行动方面的作用。本综述对当前知识和未来方向进行了总结,将为今后抗击生物膜相关感染的研发工作提供指导。
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Pathogens on Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces.","authors":"Akanksha Mishra, Nazia Tabassum, Ashish Aggarwal, Young-Mog Kim, Fazlurrahman Khan","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing threat of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens to human health worldwide emphasizes the need for more effective infection control strategies. Bacterial and fungal biofilms pose a major challenge in treating AMR pathogen infections. Biofilms are formed by pathogenic microbes encased in extracellular polymeric substances to confer protection from antimicrobials and the host immune system. Biofilms also promote the growth of antibiotic-resistant mutants and latent persister cells and thus complicate therapeutic approaches. Biofilms are ubiquitous and cause serious health risks due to their ability to colonize various surfaces, including human tissues, medical devices, and food-processing equipment. Detection and characterization of biofilms are crucial for prompt intervention and infection control. To this end, traditional approaches are often effective, yet they fail to identify the microbial species inside biofilms. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have provided new avenues to improve biofilm identification. Machine-learning algorithms and image-processing techniques have shown promise for the accurate and efficient detection of biofilm-forming microorganisms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. These advancements have the potential to transform biofilm research and clinical practice by allowing faster diagnosis and more tailored therapy. This comprehensive review focuses on the application of AI techniques for the identification of biofilm-forming pathogens in various industries, including healthcare, food safety, and agriculture. The review discusses the existing approaches, challenges, and potential applications of AI in biofilm research, with a particular focus on the role of AI in improving diagnostic capacities and guiding preventative actions. The synthesis of the current knowledge and future directions, as described in this review, will guide future research and development efforts in combating biofilm-associated infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080782
Henry T Shu, Diane Ghanem, Oscar Covarrubias, Zaid Elsabbagh, Alice J Hughes, Rachel B Sotsky, Janet D Conway, Jamie Ferguson, Greg M Osgood, Babar Shafiq
This retrospective cohort study aims to investigate the clinical outcomes of Girdlestone resection arthroplasty (GRA) in injection drug users with septic hip arthritis. Patients who underwent primary GRA for septic hip arthritis secondary to injection drug use at two academic trauma centers from 2015 to 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, surgical details, and follow-up outcomes, including patient-reported outcome measures, were collected and analyzed. The cohort included 15 patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11 years and a mean follow-up period of 25 ± 20 months. Among the 15 patients, overall mortality was 27%, and only 4 patients underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) following GRA. Infection resolution rates were significantly higher in patients who received an antibiotic spacer (75% vs. 0%, p = 0.048). GRA in injection drug users is associated with high mortality and low conversion rates to THA. The use of an antibiotic spacer during GRA significantly improves infection resolution rates. Larger studies are required to determine the optimal management strategies for this patient population.
这项回顾性队列研究旨在探讨注射吸毒者化脓性髋关节炎患者接受 Girdlestone 切除关节置换术(GRA)的临床疗效。研究人员回顾性研究了 2015 年至 2023 年期间在两所学术创伤中心因注射吸毒继发化脓性髋关节炎而接受初次 GRA 的患者。研究人员收集并分析了患者的人口统计学特征、手术细节和随访结果,包括患者报告的结果指标。该队列包括15名患者,平均年龄(44±11)岁,平均随访时间(25±20)个月。在这15名患者中,总死亡率为27%,只有4名患者在GRA术后接受了全髋关节置换术(THA)。接受抗生素垫片治疗的患者感染缓解率明显更高(75% 对 0%,P = 0.048)。注射毒品使用者的 GRA 与高死亡率和低 THA 转换率有关。在 GRA 期间使用抗生素垫片可显著提高感染治愈率。要确定这一患者群体的最佳管理策略,还需要进行更大规模的研究。
{"title":"Poor Outcomes of Girdlestone Resection Arthroplasty in Injection Drug Users: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Henry T Shu, Diane Ghanem, Oscar Covarrubias, Zaid Elsabbagh, Alice J Hughes, Rachel B Sotsky, Janet D Conway, Jamie Ferguson, Greg M Osgood, Babar Shafiq","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective cohort study aims to investigate the clinical outcomes of Girdlestone resection arthroplasty (GRA) in injection drug users with septic hip arthritis. Patients who underwent primary GRA for septic hip arthritis secondary to injection drug use at two academic trauma centers from 2015 to 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, surgical details, and follow-up outcomes, including patient-reported outcome measures, were collected and analyzed. The cohort included 15 patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11 years and a mean follow-up period of 25 ± 20 months. Among the 15 patients, overall mortality was 27%, and only 4 patients underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) following GRA. Infection resolution rates were significantly higher in patients who received an antibiotic spacer (75% vs. 0%, <i>p</i> = 0.048). GRA in injection drug users is associated with high mortality and low conversion rates to THA. The use of an antibiotic spacer during GRA significantly improves infection resolution rates. Larger studies are required to determine the optimal management strategies for this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080784
Montserrat Rodríguez-Aguirregabiria, Fernando Lázaro-Perona, Juana Begoña Cacho-Calvo, Mª Soledad Arellano-Serrano, Juan Carlos Ramos-Ramos, Eduardo Rubio-Mora, Mariana Díaz-Almirón, Mª José Asensio-Martín
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infections are associated with poor outcomes depending on patient's conditions, clinical severity and type of infection, and treatment is challenging given the limited therapeutic options available. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of two outbreaks caused by CRAB in an intensive care unit (ICU). In addition, the mechanisms of resistance detected in these strains and the treatment chosen according to the available therapeutic options were analyzed. Overall, 28 patients were included. Ten patients (35.71%) had ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), ten (35.71%) had a bloodstream infection (BSI), and eight (28.57%) were only colonized. Recurrent infection occurred in 25% (5/20) of infected patients. Two different strains of A. baumannii were isolated from the index patient of the first outbreak. The first strain belonged to the ST85 and carried the blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene, while the second belonged to the ST2 and carried blaOXA-23, and blaOXA-66 carbapenemase genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ST2 strain was the cause of the major outbreak, and mutations in the AmpC gene were related to progressive increasing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and finally, cefiderocol-resistance in one strain. The CRAB isolates from the second outbreak were also identified as ST2. Cefiderocol-resistant strains tests identified by the disc diffusion method were involved in 24% (6/25) of nosocomial infections. Using broth microdilution (BMD) ComASP® only, 33.3% (2/6) of these strains were cefiderocol-resistant. All-cause ICU mortality was 21.4%. Conclusions: Cefiderocol is the first approved siderophore cephalosporin for the treatment of CRAB infections. Cefiderocol-resistant strains were related with blaNDM-1 carbapenemase and mutations in the AmpC gene. Cefiderocol-resistant strains or that cannot be properly interpreted by disk diffusion, should be retested using BMD for definitive categorization.
{"title":"Challenges Facing Two Outbreaks of Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>: From Cefiderocol Susceptibility Testing to the Emergence of Cefiderocol-Resistant Mutants.","authors":"Montserrat Rodríguez-Aguirregabiria, Fernando Lázaro-Perona, Juana Begoña Cacho-Calvo, Mª Soledad Arellano-Serrano, Juan Carlos Ramos-Ramos, Eduardo Rubio-Mora, Mariana Díaz-Almirón, Mª José Asensio-Martín","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics13080784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CRAB) infections are associated with poor outcomes depending on patient's conditions, clinical severity and type of infection, and treatment is challenging given the limited therapeutic options available. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of two outbreaks caused by CRAB in an intensive care unit (ICU). In addition, the mechanisms of resistance detected in these strains and the treatment chosen according to the available therapeutic options were analyzed. Overall, 28 patients were included. Ten patients (35.71%) had ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), ten (35.71%) had a bloodstream infection (BSI), and eight (28.57%) were only colonized. Recurrent infection occurred in 25% (5/20) of infected patients. Two different strains of <i>A. baumannii</i> were isolated from the index patient of the first outbreak. The first strain belonged to the ST85 and carried the <i>bla</i><sub>NDM-1</sub> carbapenemase gene, while the second belonged to the ST2 and carried <i>bla</i><sub>OXA-23,</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>OXA-66</sub> carbapenemase genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ST2 strain was the cause of the major outbreak, and mutations in the AmpC gene were related to progressive increasing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and finally, cefiderocol-resistance in one strain. The CRAB isolates from the second outbreak were also identified as ST2. Cefiderocol-resistant strains tests identified by the disc diffusion method were involved in 24% (6/25) of nosocomial infections. Using broth microdilution (BMD) ComASP<sup>®</sup> only, 33.3% (2/6) of these strains were cefiderocol-resistant. All-cause ICU mortality was 21.4%. Conclusions: Cefiderocol is the first approved siderophore cephalosporin for the treatment of CRAB infections. Cefiderocol-resistant strains were related with <i>bla</i><sub>NDM-1</sub> carbapenemase and mutations in the AmpC gene. Cefiderocol-resistant strains or that cannot be properly interpreted by disk diffusion, should be retested using BMD for definitive categorization.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11350900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}