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Hypothesis on the outflow of optic nerve cerebrospinal fluid in spaceflight associated neuro ocular syndrome. 关于太空飞行相关神经眼综合征中视神经脑脊液外流的假设。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00449-6
Yuwei Hu, Yuanxi Lin, Lu Cheng, Yang Xu, Jian Zhang, Zheng Zheng, Huan Wang, Min Yan, Hui Chen

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) has been well documented in astronauts. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. New findings indicate the impaired outflow of the optic nerve cerebrospinal fluid may participate or contribute to some changes in SANS. In this perspective, we generated a hypothesis that the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid through the optic nerve sheath may be impaired under micro-gravity and then may potentially lead to SANS-related alterations.

航天飞行相关的神经-眼综合征(SANS)在宇航员中有很好的记录。然而,其发病机制尚不完全清楚。新的研究结果表明,视神经脑脊液流出受损可能参与或促成SANS的某些变化。从这个角度来看,我们提出了一个假设,即微重力下脑脊液通过视神经鞘的流出可能受损,然后可能导致sans相关的改变。
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引用次数: 0
An advanced light scattering apparatus for investigating soft matter onboard the International Space Station. 国际空间站上用于研究软物质的先进光散射装置。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00455-8
Alessandro Martinelli, Stefano Buzzaccaro, Quentin Galand, Juliette Behra, Niel Segers, Erik Leussink, Yadvender Singh Dhillon, Dominique Maes, James Lutsko, Roberto Piazza, Luca Cipelletti

Colloidal solids (COLIS) is a state-of-the-art light scattering setup developed for experiments onboard the International Space Station (ISS). COLIS allows for probing the structure and dynamics of soft matter systems on a wide range of length scales, from a few nm to tens of microns, and on time scales from 100 ns to tens of hours. In addition to conventional static and dynamic light scattering, COLIS includes depolarized dynamic light scattering, a small-angle camera, photon correlation imaging, and optical manipulation of thermosensitive samples through an auxiliary near-infrared laser beam, thereby providing a unique platform for probing soft matter systems. We demonstrate COLIS through ground tests on standard Brownian suspensions, and on protein, colloidal glasses, and gel systems similar to those to be used in future ISS experiments.

胶体固体(COLIS)是为国际空间站(ISS)上的实验开发的最先进的光散射装置。COLIS 可以探测软物质系统的结构和动力学,长度范围从几纳米到几十微米,时间范围从 100 毫微秒到几十个小时。除了传统的静态和动态光散射外,COLIS 还包括去极化动态光散射、小角度相机、光子相关成像以及通过辅助近红外激光束对热敏样品进行光学操作,从而为探测软物质系统提供了一个独特的平台。我们通过对标准布朗悬浮液以及蛋白质、胶体玻璃和凝胶系统的地面测试,展示了 COLIS,这些系统与未来国际空间站实验中使用的系统类似。
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引用次数: 0
Simulating microgravity with 60 days of 6 degree head-down tilt bed rest compromises sleep. 模拟微重力60天的6度俯卧床休息会影响睡眠。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00448-7
Luise Strauch, Melanie von der Wiesche, Alexandra Noppe, Edwin Mulder, Iris Rieger, Daniel Aeschbach, Eva-Maria Elmenhorst

Astronauts in space often experience sleep loss. In the AGBRESA (Artificial Gravity Bed Rest) study, we examined 24 participants (mean age ± SD, 33 ± 9 years) during two months of 6o head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest, which is a well-established spaceflight analogue. Polysomnography was recorded during baseline (BDC-9), HDT (nights 1, 8, 30 and 58) and recovery (R, nights 1 and 12). Mixed ANOVAs with post-hoc step-down Bonferroni adjustment indicated that compared to BDC-9, arousals were increased, while sleep duration, N3, and sleep efficiency were all decreased during HDT. Significant quadratic associations between sleep duration and quality with time into HDT did not indicate adaptive improvements during the course of HDT. While sleep duration recovered quickly after the end of bed rest, participants still displayed protracted sleep fragmentation. We conclude that physiological changes caused by exposure to microgravity may contribute to persistent sleep deficits experienced during real space missions.

宇航员在太空中经常经历睡眠不足。在AGBRESA(人工重力床休息)研究中,我们对24名参与者(平均年龄±SD, 33±9岁)进行了为期两个月的60度俯卧(HDT)床休息,这是一种成熟的航天模拟实验。在基线(BDC-9)、HDT(第1、8、30和58晚)和恢复(R,第1和12晚)期间记录多导睡眠图。经事后降压Bonferroni调整的混合方差分析表明,与BDC-9相比,HDT期间唤醒次数增加,睡眠时间、N3和睡眠效率均下降。睡眠持续时间和睡眠质量与进入HDT时间之间存在显著的二次相关关系,这并不表明在HDT过程中适应性改善。虽然睡眠时间在卧床休息结束后迅速恢复,但参与者仍然表现出持久的睡眠碎片化。我们的结论是,暴露在微重力下引起的生理变化可能会导致真正的太空任务中持续的睡眠不足。
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引用次数: 0
Stressors affect human motor timing during spaceflight. 压力会影响人类在太空飞行中的运动时间。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00439-8
Yu Tian, Zhaoran Zhang, Changhua Jiang, Dong Chen, Zhaoxia Liu, Ming Wei, Chunhui Wang, Kunlin Wei

Crewed outer-space missions require adequate motor capacity among astronauts, whose sensorimotor system is disturbed by microgravity. Stressors other than microgravity, e.g., sleep loss, confinement, and high workload, characterize the living experience in space and potentially affect motor performance. However, the evidence of these stressors remains elusive. We recruited twelve taikonauts from the China Space Station to conduct a motor timing task that minimized the effect of microgravity on motor performance. Participants showed a remarkable increase in motor timing variance during spaceflight, compared to their pre- and post-flight performance and that of ground controls. Model-based analysis revealed that their timing deficits were driven by increased central noise instead of impaired motor execution. Our study provides evidence that nonspecific stressors can profoundly affect motor performance during spaceflight.

乘员外太空飞行任务要求宇航员具备足够的运动能力,因为微重力会干扰他们的感觉运动系统。微重力以外的压力,如睡眠不足、禁闭和高负荷工作,是太空生活经历的特点,也可能影响运动能力。然而,这些压力的证据仍然难以捉摸。我们从中国空间站招募了12名宇航员,进行了一项运动计时任务,以尽量减少微重力对运动表现的影响。与飞行前和飞行后的表现以及地面对照组相比,参加者在太空飞行期间的运动计时方差明显增加。基于模型的分析表明,他们的计时缺陷是由中枢噪音增加而非运动执行受损引起的。我们的研究提供了证据,证明非特异性应激源会严重影响太空飞行期间的运动表现。
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引用次数: 0
Development and characterization of a low intensity vibrational system for microgravity studies. 开发和鉴定用于微重力研究的低强度振动系统。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00444-x
Omor M Khan, Will Gasperini, Chess Necessary, Zach Jacobs, Sam Perry, Jason Rexroat, Kendall Nelson, Paul Gamble, Twyman Clements, Maximilien DeLeon, Sean Howard, Anamaria Zavala, Mary Farach-Carson, Elizabeth Blaber, Danielle Wu, Aykut Satici, Gunes Uzer

Extended-duration human spaceflight necessitates a better understanding of the physiological impacts of microgravity. While the ground-based microgravity simulations identified low intensity vibration (LIV) as a possible countermeasure, how cells may respond to LIV under real microgravity remain unexplored. In this way, adaptation of LIV bioreactors for space remains limited, resulting in a significant gap in microgravity research. In this study, we introduce an LIV bioreactor designed specifically for the usage in the International Space Station. Our research covers the bioreactor's design process and evaluation of the short-term viability of cells encapsulated in hydrogel-laden 3D printed scaffolds under 0.7 g, 90 Hz LIV. An LIV bioreactor compatible with the operation requirements of space missions provides a robust platform to study cellular effects of LIV under real microgravity conditions.

长期载人航天飞行需要更好地了解微重力对生理的影响。虽然地面微重力模拟将低强度振动(LIV)确定为一种可能的对策,但细胞在实际微重力条件下如何对 LIV 作出反应仍未得到探索。因此,低强度振动生物反应器在太空中的适应性仍然有限,导致微重力研究方面存在巨大差距。在本研究中,我们介绍了专为在国际空间站中使用而设计的 LIV 生物反应器。我们的研究涵盖生物反应器的设计过程,以及在 0.7 g、90 Hz LIV 条件下对包裹在水凝胶 3D 打印支架中的细胞的短期存活率进行评估。符合太空任务操作要求的 LIV 生物反应器为研究真实微重力条件下 LIV 对细胞的影响提供了一个强大的平台。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges for the human immune system after leaving Earth. 离开地球后人类免疫系统面临的挑战。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00446-9
Shannon Marchal, Alexander Choukér, Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn, Armin Kraus, Daniela Grimm, Marcus Krüger

From the start of life on Earth, several immune defense mechanisms have evolved to guarantee cellular integrity, homeostasis, and host survival. All these sophisticated balances as shaped by and towards the environmental needs have occurred over hundreds of millions of years. Human spaceflight involves various health hazards, such as higher levels of radiation, altered gravity, isolation and confinement, living in tight quarters, and stress associated with being away from home. A growing body of evidence points towards immunological changes in astronauts, including heightened pro-inflammatory responses, reactivation of latent viruses, and cell-mediated alterations, reflecting a dysbalanced state in astronauts. Simultaneously, enhanced pathogenicity, virulence, and drug resistance properties of microorganisms tip the scale out of favor for prolonged stay in space. As we have learned from the past, we see potential for the human immune system, forged and maintained throughout evolutionary history, to adapt to the space exposome. It is unlikely that this will happen in the short time frames set for current space exploration missions. Instead, major risks to astronaut health need to be addressed first, before humans can safely evolve into the space environment.

从地球生命诞生之初,为了保证细胞的完整性、平衡和宿主的生存,已经进化出了多种免疫防御机制。所有这些复杂的平衡机制都是在数亿年的时间里根据环境需要而形成的。人类太空飞行涉及各种危害健康的因素,如较高水平的辐射、重力改变、隔离和禁闭、生活在狭小的空间以及与远离家园有关的压力。越来越多的证据表明,宇航员的免疫学发生了变化,包括促炎反应增强、潜伏病毒重新激活和细胞介导的改变,这反映了宇航员体内的失衡状态。同时,微生物的致病性、毒性和耐药性增强,不利于在太空中长期停留。我们从过去的经验中看到,人类免疫系统在进化过程中形成并保持了适应太空暴露体的潜力。但这不大可能在目前太空探索任务的短时间内实现。相反,在人类能够安全地进化到太空环境之前,需要首先解决宇航员健康面临的主要风险。
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引用次数: 0
Retinal blood vessel diameter changes with 60-day head-down bedrest are unaffected by antioxidant nutritional cocktail. 头朝下卧床 60 天后视网膜血管直径的变化不受抗氧化营养鸡尾酒的影响。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00443-y
Tijs Louwies, Patrick De Boever, Robin Hasso, Malcom F Tremblay, Da Xu, Andrew P Blaber, Nandu Goswami

Long-term human spaceflight can lead to cardiovascular deconditioning, but little is known about how weightlessness affects microcirculation. In this study, we examined how the retinal microvessels and cerebrovascular regulation of 19 healthy male participants responded to long-term head-down bedrest (HDBR), an earth-based analog for weightlessness. In addition, we examined whether an anti-inflammatory/antioxidant cocktail could prevent the vascular changes caused by HDBR. In all study participants, we found a decrease in retinal arteriolar diameter by HDBR day 8 and an increase in retinal venular diameter by HDBR day 16. Concurrently, blood pressure at the level of the middle cerebral artery and the cerebrovascular resistance index were higher during HDBR, while cerebral blood flow velocity was lower. None of these changes were reversed in participants receiving the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant cocktail, indicating that this cocktail was insufficient to restore the microvascular and cerebral blood flow changes induced by HDBR.

人类长期太空飞行会导致心血管机能减退,但人们对失重如何影响微循环却知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们研究了19名健康男性参与者的视网膜微血管和脑血管调节对长期头朝下卧床(HDBR)的反应。此外,我们还研究了抗炎/抗氧化鸡尾酒能否防止 HDBR 引起的血管变化。在所有研究参与者中,我们发现视网膜动脉直径在 HDBR 第 8 天时有所下降,视网膜静脉直径在 HDBR 第 16 天时有所上升。同时,在 HDBR 期间,大脑中动脉水平的血压和脑血管阻力指数较高,而脑血流速度较低。在接受抗炎/抗氧化鸡尾酒治疗的参与者中,这些变化均未逆转,这表明该鸡尾酒不足以恢复 HDBR 引起的微血管和脑血流变化。
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引用次数: 0
Articular cartilage loss is an unmitigated risk of human spaceflight. 关节软骨损伤是人类航天飞行的一个不可忽视的风险。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00445-w
John G Hardy

Microgravity and space radiation are hazards of spaceflight that have deleterious effects on articular cartilage. Since it is not widely monitored or protected through dedicated countermeasures, articular cartilage loss is an unmitigated risk of human spaceflight. Spaceflight-induced cartilage loss will affect an astronaut's performance during a mission and long-term health after a mission. Addressing concerns for cartilage health will be critical to the continued safe and successful exploration of space.

微重力和空间辐射是对关节软骨产生有害影响的航天危害。由于没有对关节软骨进行广泛监测,也没有采取专门的应对措施对其进行保护,因此关节软骨损伤是人类航天飞行的一个不可忽视的风险。太空飞行引起的软骨损伤将影响宇航员在任务期间的表现和任务后的长期健康。解决软骨健康问题对于继续安全和成功地探索太空至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Systematic screening of 42 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains for resistance, biofilm, and desiccation in simulated microgravity. 在模拟微重力环境中系统筛选 42 株耐万古霉素肠球菌的耐药性、生物膜和干燥性。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00447-8
Franca Arndt, Katharina Siems, Sarah V Walker, Noelle C Bryan, Stefan Leuko, Ralf Moeller, Alessa L Boschert

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) presents significant challenges in healthcare, particularly for hospitalized and immunocompromised patients, including astronauts with dysregulated immune function. We investigated 42 clinical E. faecium isolates in simulated microgravity (sim. µg) using a 2-D Clinostat, with standard gravity conditions (1 g) as a control. Isolates were tested against 22 antibiotics and characterized for biofilm formation and desiccation tolerance. Results showed varied responses in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for seven antibiotics after sim. µg exposure. Additionally, 55% of isolates showed a trend of increased biofilm production, and 59% improved desiccation tolerance. This investigation provides initial insights into E. faecium's changes in response to simulated spaceflight, revealing shifts in antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and desiccation tolerance. The observed adaptability emphasizes the need to further understand VRE's resilience to microgravity, which is crucial for preventing infections and ensuring crew health on future long-duration space missions.

耐万古霉素粪肠球菌(VRE)给医疗保健带来了巨大挑战,尤其是对住院病人和免疫功能低下的病人,包括免疫功能失调的宇航员。我们使用 2-D Clinostat 在模拟微重力(sim. µg)条件下研究了 42 株临床粪肠球菌分离物,并以标准重力条件(1g)作为对照。分离菌针对 22 种抗生素进行了测试,并对生物膜的形成和干燥耐受性进行了鉴定。结果表明,七种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 值在 sim.微克。此外,55% 的分离物显示出生物膜生成增加的趋势,59% 的分离物提高了干燥耐受性。这项调查初步揭示了粪肠球菌对模拟太空飞行的反应变化,揭示了抗生素耐药性、生物膜形成和干燥耐受性的变化。观察到的适应性强调了进一步了解 VRE 对微重力的适应性的必要性,这对于在未来的长期太空任务中预防感染和确保乘员健康至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Cellular response in three-dimensional spheroids and tissues exposed to real and simulated microgravity: a narrative review. 暴露于真实和模拟微重力的三维球体和组织中的细胞反应:叙述性综述。
IF 4.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00442-z
Daan W A van den Nieuwenhof, Lorenzo Moroni, Joshua Chou, Jochen Hinkelbein

The rising aging population underscores the need for advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Alterations in cellular response in microgravity might be pivotal in unraveling the intricate cellular mechanisms governing tissue and organ regeneration. Microgravity could improve multicellular spheroid, tissue, and organ formation. This review summarizes microgravity-induced cellular alterations and highlights the potential of tissue engineering in microgravity for future breakthroughs in space travel, transplantation, drug testing, and personalized medicine.

老龄化人口的不断增加凸显了组织工程和再生医学进步的必要性。微重力下细胞反应的变化可能是揭示支配组织和器官再生的复杂细胞机制的关键。微重力可以改善多细胞球体、组织和器官的形成。这篇综述总结了微重力诱导的细胞变化,并强调了微重力下的组织工程在未来太空旅行、移植、药物测试和个性化医疗领域取得突破的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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npj Microgravity
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