Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101071
Maria Marcello , Michael Thompson , Ikechukwu Umejesi
Throughout the “Age of Aid” (1944–1989)4 development has been seen as essentially economic in nature. Increasingly, however, it has become apparent that it is economic only in its consequences. It is something else - entitlements, democratization … social capital - that makes development possible. A different paradigm is therefore needed, and we begin by sketching that by way of the various “experiments” - nationalization, privatization and communitization - with Nepal's forests over the past half-century. Nationalization and privatization turned out to be abysmal failures; communitization a great, and continuing, success. We relate all this to the differing patterns of interaction between four fundamental forms of social solidarity - individualism (eg markets), hierarchy (eg governments and aid donors), egalitarianism (eg activist groups) and fatalism (eg carriers of the “double burden”: poverty and social exclusion) - and go on to show that only when each is (a) able to make its “voice” heard and (b) is following its dharma5 (acting according to its distinctive morality rather than undermining it) do we get development. REDD+6, we then show, using examples of its implementation in Africa, is unremittingly hierarchical and does not satisfy these two conditions. We conclude with some suggestions for remedying these policy defects.
{"title":"REDD+: A fine example of worst practice","authors":"Maria Marcello , Michael Thompson , Ikechukwu Umejesi","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout the “Age of Aid” (1944–1989)<sup>4</sup> development has been seen as essentially economic in nature. Increasingly, however, it has become apparent that it is economic only in its consequences. It is something else - entitlements, democratization … social capital - that makes development possible. A different paradigm is therefore needed, and we begin by sketching that by way of the various “experiments” - nationalization, privatization and communitization - with Nepal's forests over the past half-century. Nationalization and privatization turned out to be abysmal failures; communitization a great, and continuing, success. We relate all this to the differing patterns of interaction between four fundamental forms of social solidarity - individualism (eg markets), hierarchy (eg governments and aid donors), egalitarianism (eg activist groups) and fatalism (eg carriers of the “double burden”: poverty and social exclusion) - and go on to show that only when each is (a) able to make its “voice” heard and (b) is following its <em>dharma</em><sup><em>5</em></sup> (acting according to its distinctive morality rather than undermining it) do we get development. REDD+<sup>6</sup>, we then show, using examples of its implementation in Africa, is unremittingly hierarchical and does not satisfy these two conditions. We conclude with some suggestions for remedying these policy defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101072
Ho Thi Phuong , Nguyen Quang Tan , Phan Thi Quynh Nga , Le Quang Vuong , Dao Thi Minh Chau , Nyein Chan , Kyaw Win , Khin Nilar Swe
Integrating gender-disaggregated data and adopting a gender-focused perspective are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of climate change issues. This study provides empirical evidence from two ethnic minorities in Vietnam, highlighting how perceptions of livelihood resilience vary by gender, geographical context, and ethnicity, with a particular emphasis on their intersections. Over 13 months, data were gathered through 3 focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with 9 key informants, field observations, and surveys of 136 households. The findings revealed a low average Household Livelihood Resilience (HLR) score of 0.434, indicating limited resilience among forest-dependent households facing external shocks. Notably, a significant gender gap was evident, with men demonstrating higher resilience levels than women, a disparity attributed to entrenched social norms and cultural practices. Women, often confined to domestic roles, faced barriers to community involvement and access to financial resources, which weakened their ability to cope with and recover from adverse events. To address these issues, the study advocates for climate actions that prioritize gender equality and aim to enhance women's resilience. This includes amplifying their voices through tailored training programs and initiatives such as women-managed microfinance groups. The study also emphasizes the policy implications for advancing gender equality, sustainable forest management, and livelihood resilience. However, this work has limitations, including a small sample size and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce biases. Future research should involve a larger, more diverse sample of forest-dependent communities and examine various dimensions of vulnerability to provide a more nuanced understanding of resilience factors.
{"title":"Climate change, livelihood resilience, and gender: An intersectional analysis of Vietnam's forest-dependent communities","authors":"Ho Thi Phuong , Nguyen Quang Tan , Phan Thi Quynh Nga , Le Quang Vuong , Dao Thi Minh Chau , Nyein Chan , Kyaw Win , Khin Nilar Swe","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating gender-disaggregated data and adopting a gender-focused perspective are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of climate change issues. This study provides empirical evidence from two ethnic minorities in Vietnam, highlighting how perceptions of livelihood resilience vary by gender, geographical context, and ethnicity, with a particular emphasis on their intersections. Over 13 months, data were gathered through 3 focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with 9 key informants, field observations, and surveys of 136 households. The findings revealed a low average Household Livelihood Resilience (HLR) score of 0.434, indicating limited resilience among forest-dependent households facing external shocks. Notably, a significant gender gap was evident, with men demonstrating higher resilience levels than women, a disparity attributed to entrenched social norms and cultural practices. Women, often confined to domestic roles, faced barriers to community involvement and access to financial resources, which weakened their ability to cope with and recover from adverse events. To address these issues, the study advocates for climate actions that prioritize gender equality and aim to enhance women's resilience. This includes amplifying their voices through tailored training programs and initiatives such as women-managed microfinance groups. The study also emphasizes the policy implications for advancing gender equality, sustainable forest management, and livelihood resilience. However, this work has limitations, including a small sample size and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce biases. Future research should involve a larger, more diverse sample of forest-dependent communities and examine various dimensions of vulnerability to provide a more nuanced understanding of resilience factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101068
Susan Taljaard , Jill H. Slinger , Steven P. Weerts , Heleen S.I. Vreugdenhil , Cebile Nzuza
Ports are increasingly ‘greening’ operations to protect their ‘license to operate’ by integrating social-environmental considerations into their management and reporting on their sustainability performance. In this research, we develop a novel method for port sustainability performance (PSP) assessment that combines science-based knowledge with place-based contextualisation. Specifically, we address a recognised challenge of combining global (‘top-down’) techno-scientifically oriented indicators with place-based locally relatable (‘bottom-up’) contexts in sustainability performance, in addition to addressing limitations encountered in empirical verification. First, a critical evaluation of the international literature on port sustainability assessments is undertaken to distil commonalities in global performance indicators, and to identify typical frames used in the design of sustainability performance indices. We apply this learning, together with place-based experiential knowledge, to develop a science-based framework for a Port Sustainability Performance (PSP) Index that is explicitly aligned with the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). We then apply a co-design process to demonstrate local customisation of the index to derive place-based quantifiable measures and targets. Further, for easy-to-use empirical verification, a simple spreadsheet is applied to develop a flexible weighted scoring matrix. The matrix uses place-based rating systems for selected measures and associated targets, and aggregates allocated scores into informative outputs. Finally, the concept of Circles of Sustainability is adapted for ports to visually display sustainability performance, in alignment with related SDGs. This research contributes to bridging the science-practice divide in reporting on port sustainability performance.
{"title":"Circles of port sustainability: A novel method combining global comparability and local relatability in performance assessment","authors":"Susan Taljaard , Jill H. Slinger , Steven P. Weerts , Heleen S.I. Vreugdenhil , Cebile Nzuza","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ports are increasingly ‘greening’ operations to protect their ‘license to operate’ by integrating social-environmental considerations into their management and reporting on their sustainability performance. In this research, we develop a novel method for port sustainability performance (PSP) assessment that combines science-based knowledge with place-based contextualisation. Specifically, we address a recognised challenge of combining global (‘top-down’) techno-scientifically oriented indicators with place-based locally relatable (‘bottom-up’) contexts in sustainability performance, in addition to addressing limitations encountered in empirical verification. First, a critical evaluation of the international literature on port sustainability assessments is undertaken to distil commonalities in global performance indicators, and to identify typical frames used in the design of sustainability performance indices. We apply this learning, together with place-based experiential knowledge, to develop a science-based framework for a Port Sustainability Performance (PSP) Index that is explicitly aligned with the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). We then apply a co-design process to demonstrate local customisation of the index to derive place-based quantifiable measures and targets. Further, for easy-to-use empirical verification, a simple spreadsheet is applied to develop a flexible weighted scoring matrix. The matrix uses place-based rating systems for selected measures and associated targets, and aggregates allocated scores into informative outputs. Finally, the concept of <em>Circles of Sustainability</em> is adapted for ports to visually display sustainability performance, in alignment with related SDGs. This research contributes to bridging the science-practice divide in reporting on port sustainability performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101067
Somayeh Alipour, Abolfazl Meshkini
<div><div>The purpose of this study is to develop a new concept of livability as "livable housing" in order to identify the factors that determine the subjective satisfaction of residents with the internal and surrounding environment of the housing and to estimate its level among urban neighborhoods with subjective and objective data. In order to fill the knowledge gap in livability studies, especially housing livability, the present study has looked at the link between livability and housing indicators and has evaluated this link among the residents of urban neighborhoods with different socio-economic contexts. This study has been evaluated the indicators of livable housing in an empirical analysis among the neighborhoods of Karaj metropolitan area (as a leading city) with the cluster sampling method and choosing 8 neighborhoods (as the scope of the research) as well as 402 cases (as a sample statistics derived from Cochran's formula).In this evaluation, the questionnaire with (72 sub-indicators in 15 groups) is the main criterion for data collection, and the analyzes are using statistical and spatial combined methods. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire includes preparing the data for weighting and determining the important and influential factors with the exploratory factor analysis method in the SPSS environment. The stratification of neighborhoods is done with the multi-criteria decision-making model (TODIM) by combining the raw data and the weight of indicators extracted from the EFA method. Also, the accuracy of the results has been measured with the RMS method and the use of spatial methods in (GIS).The results showed environmental, social, economic and physical macro-factors respectively have the greatest effects on the livability of housing. The indicators of facilities and infrastructures, open and public space, cleanliness and pollution were the indicators of increasing livability and satisfaction, and the indicators of place connection and belonging, access and transportation, personal and social security were the indicators of decreasing livability. In general, the neighborhoods are in different conditions of housing livability and without continuity and principles of regularity. This difference in the different effects of indicators in neighborhoods is due to the inherent differences of neighborhoods and people's mental filters. The (89%) overlap obtained from the validation of the results indicates the existence of a very insignificant difference and acceptable agreement of the results of the two methods of spatial-spatial analysis. Considering the importance of the relationship between man and the urban environment and the quality of human life, it is recommended to pay special attention to community-orientedness and local assets and a bottom-up approach in livability surveys at any scale. Also, this study suggests important policy implications for achieving urban sustainability by improving housing livability.</div></d
{"title":"Dream housing: Exploring effective factors on housing livability in the neighborhood from the perspective of residents","authors":"Somayeh Alipour, Abolfazl Meshkini","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study is to develop a new concept of livability as \"livable housing\" in order to identify the factors that determine the subjective satisfaction of residents with the internal and surrounding environment of the housing and to estimate its level among urban neighborhoods with subjective and objective data. In order to fill the knowledge gap in livability studies, especially housing livability, the present study has looked at the link between livability and housing indicators and has evaluated this link among the residents of urban neighborhoods with different socio-economic contexts. This study has been evaluated the indicators of livable housing in an empirical analysis among the neighborhoods of Karaj metropolitan area (as a leading city) with the cluster sampling method and choosing 8 neighborhoods (as the scope of the research) as well as 402 cases (as a sample statistics derived from Cochran's formula).In this evaluation, the questionnaire with (72 sub-indicators in 15 groups) is the main criterion for data collection, and the analyzes are using statistical and spatial combined methods. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire includes preparing the data for weighting and determining the important and influential factors with the exploratory factor analysis method in the SPSS environment. The stratification of neighborhoods is done with the multi-criteria decision-making model (TODIM) by combining the raw data and the weight of indicators extracted from the EFA method. Also, the accuracy of the results has been measured with the RMS method and the use of spatial methods in (GIS).The results showed environmental, social, economic and physical macro-factors respectively have the greatest effects on the livability of housing. The indicators of facilities and infrastructures, open and public space, cleanliness and pollution were the indicators of increasing livability and satisfaction, and the indicators of place connection and belonging, access and transportation, personal and social security were the indicators of decreasing livability. In general, the neighborhoods are in different conditions of housing livability and without continuity and principles of regularity. This difference in the different effects of indicators in neighborhoods is due to the inherent differences of neighborhoods and people's mental filters. The (89%) overlap obtained from the validation of the results indicates the existence of a very insignificant difference and acceptable agreement of the results of the two methods of spatial-spatial analysis. Considering the importance of the relationship between man and the urban environment and the quality of human life, it is recommended to pay special attention to community-orientedness and local assets and a bottom-up approach in livability surveys at any scale. Also, this study suggests important policy implications for achieving urban sustainability by improving housing livability.</div></d","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101064
Shiekh Marifatul Haq , Eduardo Soares Calixto , Liang Song , Irfan Rashid , Anzar Ahmad Khuroo
Addressing the ecological impacts of transport corridors while planning any transport network is paramount for a better of understanding ecological processes, biodiversity distribution, and ecosystem resilience. Here, we evaluated the impacts of railway edges on edaphic parameters, plant diversity, and composition in the northwestern Himalaya as a function of perpendicular distance from the railway track. In 2014 and 2017, we sampled vegetation plots across 31 sites distributed along 119 km of the Kashmir railway to test the effect of railway tracks on edaphic and vegetative parameters in short-term periods. T-shaped plots were laid comprising four sub-plots, one parallel to the track and the other three perpendiculars to it. We adopted the Mountain Invasion Research Network road survey methodology for data collection. We found (i) an increasing trend in all soil parameters (electrical conductivity, salinity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus), except pH, as the distance from the railway track increased; (ii) significant railway edge effects on the importance value index of plant growth forms, life span, nativity and taxonomic group across space (distance of plots from the track) and time (2014–2017); and (iii) a significant spatiotemporal railway edge effects on plant species composition. Our results are pioneering in showing that railway tracks crossing through different ecosystems alter the edaphic conditions, resulting in direct and indirect edge effects on key abiotic and biotic factors, which in turn impact the vegetation of the surrounding natural habitats on both sides of the railway track. Our study contributes toward a better understanding of the role of anthropogenic edges like railways on edaphic parameters and vegetation distribution.
{"title":"Pervasive impacts of railway edge effects on edaphic parameters and vegetation distribution patterns","authors":"Shiekh Marifatul Haq , Eduardo Soares Calixto , Liang Song , Irfan Rashid , Anzar Ahmad Khuroo","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the ecological impacts of transport corridors while planning any transport network is paramount for a better of understanding ecological processes, biodiversity distribution, and ecosystem resilience. Here, we evaluated the impacts of railway edges on edaphic parameters, plant diversity, and composition in the northwestern Himalaya as a function of perpendicular distance from the railway track. In 2014 and 2017, we sampled vegetation plots across 31 sites distributed along 119 km of the Kashmir railway to test the effect of railway tracks on edaphic and vegetative parameters in short-term periods. T-shaped plots were laid comprising four sub-plots, one parallel to the track and the other three perpendiculars to it. We adopted the Mountain Invasion Research Network road survey methodology for data collection. We found (i) an increasing trend in all soil parameters (electrical conductivity, salinity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus), except pH, as the distance from the railway track increased; (ii) significant railway edge effects on the importance value index of plant growth forms, life span, nativity and taxonomic group across space (distance of plots from the track) and time (2014–2017); and (iii) a significant spatiotemporal railway edge effects on plant species composition. Our results are pioneering in showing that railway tracks crossing through different ecosystems alter the edaphic conditions, resulting in direct and indirect edge effects on key abiotic and biotic factors, which in turn impact the vegetation of the surrounding natural habitats on both sides of the railway track. Our study contributes toward a better understanding of the role of anthropogenic edges like railways on edaphic parameters and vegetation distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101064"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mangrove forests along the Vietnamese coastline provide multiple ecological, environmental, and economic services, including being a habitat for different flora and fauna, shoreline protection from erosion, storms, and waves, and providing several raw materials for industries. The coast of Quang Ngai province in Central Vietnam didn't get much attention from the research community, particularly on the mangrove reforestation programs and coastal environmental changes in the province. In the present study, we investigated the shoreline changes in Quang Ngai Province since the late 1980s, recent mangrove reforestation initiatives, and its progress in the area using medium-resolution Landsat imagery series and Sentinel-2 data. The results were compared with mangrove areas estimated from high-resolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery for accuracy analysis. There has been a slight increase in the area occupied by mangroves along the Quang Ngai coast between 2007 and 2022 compared to the area of mangrove patches in the 1980s. An increase in the area of inland mangroves offers various ecosystem services to the regional community, improvement in livelihood, and quality of environment. Our results indicated that the erosion-accretion changes along the coast of Quang Ngai were not unique and that some areas, such as the urbanized northern part, have eroded higher than southern areas except where sediment supply from larger rivers in the province is high. The mangroves planted in Bau Ca Cai wetlands indicated a success and such initiatives can be conducted throughout the south-central coast of Vietnam for long-term coastal protection.
越南海岸线上的红树林提供了多种生态、环境和经济服务，包括不同动植物的栖息地，保护海岸线免受侵蚀、风暴和海浪的侵袭，以及为工业提供多种原材料。越南中部广义省的海岸并未受到研究界的广泛关注，尤其是该省的红树林造林计划和海岸环境变化。在本研究中，我们利用中分辨率 Landsat 影像系列和 Sentinel-2 数据调查了广义省自 20 世纪 80 年代末以来的海岸线变化、近期的红树林造林计划及其在该地区的进展情况。研究结果与根据高分辨率 RapidEye 和 PlanetScope 图像估算的红树林面积进行了比较，以进行精度分析。与 20 世纪 80 年代的红树林斑块面积相比，2007 年至 2022 年期间广义沿海地区的红树林面积略有增加。内陆红树林面积的增加为该地区社区提供了各种生态系统服务，改善了生计和环境质量。我们的研究结果表明，广义省沿海地区的侵蚀-增生变化并非独一无二，除了该省较大河流的泥沙供应量较高的地区外，一些地区（如城市化的北部地区）的侵蚀程度高于南部地区。在 Bau Ca Cai 湿地种植的红树林取得了成功，此类举措可在越南中南部沿海地区推广，以实现对海岸的长期保护。
{"title":"Mangrove vegetation changes and shoreline erosion along the central coastline of Vietnam: A study from Quang Ngai province","authors":"Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Veettil , Xuan-Linh Tran , Manoela Sacchis Lopes","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangrove forests along the Vietnamese coastline provide multiple ecological, environmental, and economic services, including being a habitat for different flora and fauna, shoreline protection from erosion, storms, and waves, and providing several raw materials for industries. The coast of Quang Ngai province in Central Vietnam didn't get much attention from the research community, particularly on the mangrove reforestation programs and coastal environmental changes in the province. In the present study, we investigated the shoreline changes in Quang Ngai Province since the late 1980s, recent mangrove reforestation initiatives, and its progress in the area using medium-resolution Landsat imagery series and Sentinel-2 data. The results were compared with mangrove areas estimated from high-resolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery for accuracy analysis. There has been a slight increase in the area occupied by mangroves along the Quang Ngai coast between 2007 and 2022 compared to the area of mangrove patches in the 1980s. An increase in the area of inland mangroves offers various ecosystem services to the regional community, improvement in livelihood, and quality of environment. Our results indicated that the erosion-accretion changes along the coast of Quang Ngai were not unique and that some areas, such as the urbanized northern part, have eroded higher than southern areas except where sediment supply from larger rivers in the province is high. The mangroves planted in Bau Ca Cai wetlands indicated a success and such initiatives can be conducted throughout the south-central coast of Vietnam for long-term coastal protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101066
Xuemei Li , Suisui Chen
Given that the existing literature has rarely considered gender inequality when assessing the social forces affecting biodiversity loss, this paper examines whether biodiversity loss can be reduced by improving women's employment opportunities in the labor market. We used a comprehensive cross-national dataset of 84 countries to examine the pathways by which female labor force participation rates (Flfpr) reduce biodiversity loss. It was found that there is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between Flfpr and biodiversity loss, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests and validation by machine learning methods. The mechanism of Flfpr on biodiversity loss varies by economic level and geographic location and Flfpr is underutilized as an important tool to address biodiversity loss in developing countries. The transmission channels through which Flfpr reduces biodiversity loss are not the same, and the high-tech industry sector exhibits significant heterogeneity. The effect of reducing biodiversity loss is more pronounced in regions with high levels of female political participation. This paper shows that improving gender inequality and increasing Flfpr around the world may have synergistic effects on curbing biodiversity loss. Our study provides new insights into the relationship between active females in the labor market and biodiversity loss from both macro-regional and micro-industry perspectives, enriching the case for gender-responsive biodiversity practices under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
鉴于现有文献在评估影响生物多样性丧失的社会力量时很少考虑性别不平等问题，本文探讨了是否可以通过改善女性在劳动力市场的就业机会来减少生物多样性的丧失。我们利用 84 个国家的综合跨国数据集，研究了女性劳动力参与率（Flfpr）减少生物多样性损失的途径。研究发现，Flfpr 与生物多样性损失之间存在倒 U 型曲线关系，经过一系列稳健性检验和机器学习方法验证后，该结论仍然成立。Flfpr对生物多样性丧失的影响机制因经济水平和地理位置而异，Flfpr作为发展中国家解决生物多样性丧失问题的重要工具还未得到充分利用。Flfpr 减少生物多样性损失的传导渠道不尽相同，高科技产业部门表现出显著的异质性。在女性参政程度较高的地区，减少生物多样性损失的效果更为明显。本文表明，在全球范围内，改善性别不平等和提高 Flfpr 可能会对遏制生物多样性丧失产生协同效应。我们的研究从宏观区域和微观行业两个角度为活跃于劳动力市场的女性与生物多样性丧失之间的关系提供了新的见解，丰富了《联合国生物多样性公约》下促进性别平等的生物多样性实践的案例。
{"title":"The effect of active females in the labor market on biodiversity loss","authors":"Xuemei Li , Suisui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given that the existing literature has rarely considered gender inequality when assessing the social forces affecting biodiversity loss, this paper examines whether biodiversity loss can be reduced by improving women's employment opportunities in the labor market. We used a comprehensive cross-national dataset of 84 countries to examine the pathways by which female labor force participation rates (Flfpr) reduce biodiversity loss. It was found that there is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between Flfpr and biodiversity loss, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests and validation by machine learning methods. The mechanism of Flfpr on biodiversity loss varies by economic level and geographic location and Flfpr is underutilized as an important tool to address biodiversity loss in developing countries. The transmission channels through which Flfpr reduces biodiversity loss are not the same, and the high-tech industry sector exhibits significant heterogeneity. The effect of reducing biodiversity loss is more pronounced in regions with high levels of female political participation. This paper shows that improving gender inequality and increasing Flfpr around the world may have synergistic effects on curbing biodiversity loss. Our study provides new insights into the relationship between active females in the labor market and biodiversity loss from both macro-regional and micro-industry perspectives, enriching the case for gender-responsive biodiversity practices under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101059
Dejun Zhou , Vincent Konadu Tawiah , Noha Alessa
Prior studies suggest that climate disasters increase corruption due to the windfall of donations. However, is it possible that corruption increases the probability of occurrence and consequences of climatic disasters? This paper investigates the intricate relationship between corruption and climate risk using a comprehensive panel dataset spanning 171 countries from 2006 to 2019. Employing robust econometric methodologies, including fixed effects and a two-step generalised method of moments, we explore whether corruption exacerbates the probability and severity of climate-related disasters. Our findings reveal a significant positive association between corruption levels and climate risk, indicating that corruption amplifies both the frequency and consequences of climate disasters. Importantly, this relationship holds across diverse geographical locations and development statuses, with a particularly pronounced impact observed in developing countries where corruption compounds existing infrastructural vulnerabilities. These findings highlight the imperative for policymakers to address corruption alongside environmental and geographical factors in crafting effective strategies to mitigate climate-related disasters and enhance global resilience.
{"title":"The impact of corruption on climate risk – An international evidence","authors":"Dejun Zhou , Vincent Konadu Tawiah , Noha Alessa","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prior studies suggest that climate disasters increase corruption due to the windfall of donations. However, is it possible that corruption increases the probability of occurrence and consequences of climatic disasters? This paper investigates the intricate relationship between corruption and climate risk using a comprehensive panel dataset spanning 171 countries from 2006 to 2019. Employing robust econometric methodologies, including fixed effects and a two-step generalised method of moments, we explore whether corruption exacerbates the probability and severity of climate-related disasters. Our findings reveal a significant positive association between corruption levels and climate risk, indicating that corruption amplifies both the frequency and consequences of climate disasters. Importantly, this relationship holds across diverse geographical locations and development statuses, with a particularly pronounced impact observed in developing countries where corruption compounds existing infrastructural vulnerabilities. These findings highlight the imperative for policymakers to address corruption alongside environmental and geographical factors in crafting effective strategies to mitigate climate-related disasters and enhance global resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211464524000976/pdfft?md5=53e3e23ff54e7fb3af3d6d5ef9776d58&pid=1-s2.0-S2211464524000976-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101063
Zhenyu Xu , Umar Farooq , Afaf Ahmed , Abdullah Masood
In contemporary literature, extensive research has focused on the influence of environmental taxation on the environmental performance of industrial sectors. However, it is still uncommon in the existing literature how corporate statutory tax rate (CTR) affects environmental performance. Therefore, this study aims to empirically investigate the relationship between CTR and environmental quality (ENQ) as well as environmental innovation (EIN). To conduct this analysis, we utilized 19 years of financial data spanning from 2001 to 2019 across all 48 Asian economies. Our research employed both panel quantile regression (PQR) and system GMM models for the regression analysis. The empirical findings reveal that the corporate statutory tax rate has a positive impact on CO2 emissions, leading to deterioration of the environmental quality, while simultaneously exerting a negative influence on environmental innovation, inhibiting green innovation. These effects of the CTR on ENQ and EIN remained consistent even when controlling for factors such as economic growth, foreign capital, financial development, and environmental taxation. These findings have significant policy implications, suggesting the need for a reevaluation of current tax policies and the introduction of tax rebates for companies striving to enhance their environmental sustainability. This study contributes to the literature by shedding light on the adverse consequences of high taxation on the environmental performance of businesses.
{"title":"Balancing profit and planet: The effect of corporate tax rates on environmental quality and innovation in Asian Countries","authors":"Zhenyu Xu , Umar Farooq , Afaf Ahmed , Abdullah Masood","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In contemporary literature, extensive research has focused on the influence of environmental taxation on the environmental performance of industrial sectors. However, it is still uncommon in the existing literature how corporate statutory tax rate (CTR) affects environmental performance. Therefore, this study aims to empirically investigate the relationship between CTR and environmental quality (ENQ) as well as environmental innovation (EIN). To conduct this analysis, we utilized 19 years of financial data spanning from 2001 to 2019 across all 48 Asian economies. Our research employed both panel quantile regression (PQR) and system GMM models for the regression analysis. The empirical findings reveal that the corporate statutory tax rate has a positive impact on CO2 emissions, leading to deterioration of the environmental quality, while simultaneously exerting a negative influence on environmental innovation, inhibiting green innovation. These effects of the CTR on ENQ and EIN remained consistent even when controlling for factors such as economic growth, foreign capital, financial development, and environmental taxation. These findings have significant policy implications, suggesting the need for a reevaluation of current tax policies and the introduction of tax rebates for companies striving to enhance their environmental sustainability. This study contributes to the literature by shedding light on the adverse consequences of high taxation on the environmental performance of businesses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101061
Raymond Seyeram Nkonu, Mary Antwi
Urban development in African countries significantly impacts environmental sustainability and city resilience, particularly in flood risk management. The Accra Metropolis, in particular, faces increasingly prevalent annual floods that disproportionately affect the urban poor living in informal settlements, resulting in significant loss of life and disruption of livelihoods. This study developed a GIS-based flood risk mapping framework that integrates artificial neural network (ANN) and cellular automata (CA) modelling with multi-criteria decision analysis. This hybrid approach was employed to predict flood scenarios for the Metropolis in 2032 and 2042. The framework incorporated six hydro-geomorphological indicators influencing extreme events: LULC, slope, elevation, drainage density, soil type, and proximity to rivers. The study analysed LULC projections, revealing a trend of substantial urban expansion with an estimated 10.9% increase in built-up areas within the next 20 years. This growth is expected to significantly heighten future flood risk in both the central upstream and downstream portions of the Metropolis, particularly in low-lying informal settlements close to the Odaw River and Korle Lagoon. Model performance was validated by ROC curve analysis, with AUC values of 0.927 and 0.922 for 2032 and 2042, respectively, which resonates with the records of previous flood distribution studies of the area. This study highlights the crucial need for sustainable urban development, improved infrastructure, and proactive flood mitigation measures in Accra to assist urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders in managing flood risks effectively.
{"title":"A novel ANN-CA and MCDA integrated framework for predicting urban expansion and its implications on future flood risk, Accra Metropolis","authors":"Raymond Seyeram Nkonu, Mary Antwi","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban development in African countries significantly impacts environmental sustainability and city resilience, particularly in flood risk management. The Accra Metropolis, in particular, faces increasingly prevalent annual floods that disproportionately affect the urban poor living in informal settlements, resulting in significant loss of life and disruption of livelihoods. This study developed a GIS-based flood risk mapping framework that integrates artificial neural network (ANN) and cellular automata (CA) modelling with multi-criteria decision analysis. This hybrid approach was employed to predict flood scenarios for the Metropolis in 2032 and 2042. The framework incorporated six hydro-geomorphological indicators influencing extreme events: LULC, slope, elevation, drainage density, soil type, and proximity to rivers. The study analysed LULC projections, revealing a trend of substantial urban expansion with an estimated 10.9% increase in built-up areas within the next 20 years. This growth is expected to significantly heighten future flood risk in both the central upstream and downstream portions of the Metropolis, particularly in low-lying informal settlements close to the Odaw River and Korle Lagoon. Model performance was validated by ROC curve analysis, with AUC values of 0.927 and 0.922 for 2032 and 2042, respectively, which resonates with the records of previous flood distribution studies of the area. This study highlights the crucial need for sustainable urban development, improved infrastructure, and proactive flood mitigation measures in Accra to assist urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders in managing flood risks effectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142151850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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