Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00053
Simon A. Festa-Bianchet, Zachary R. Milani, Matthew R. Johnson
Uncontrolled oil production storage tanks are important but poorly understood sources of methane (CH4) emissions in the upstream oil and gas sector. This study reports and analyzes directly measured, temporally varying CH4 emission rates, total gas vent rates, and vent gas CH4 fractions from storage tanks at eight active upstream oil production sites in Alberta, Canada. Using a built-for-purpose optical mass flux meter (VentX) supplemented by an ultrasonic flow meter and quantitative optical gas imaging camera where possible, mean vent rates (whole gas) among tanks in the study ranged from 37 to 598 m3/d; however, at some individual tanks, instantaneous flow rates could vary significantly from 0 to over 4,000 m3/d for minutes at a time, while unsteady CH4 volume fractions varied by up to 41% absolute. Root cause analysis revealed the limits of estimating vented emissions from oil production volumes using an assumed gas–oil ratio, especially in cases where produced gas from wells fully or partially bypasses separators. The analysis of the acquired data also demonstrated how 1-h duration vent measurements recommended in some regulations are insufficient to reliably estimate emissions from unsteady tanks. These two factors are the likely reason for significantly underreported vent rates in the present sample and are thought to be a key cause of the mismeasurement/underestimation of tank venting that has driven persistent gaps between bottom-up inventories and top-down measurements. Finally, detailed statistical analyses were completed to suggest minimum sampling durations and instrumentation requirements for direct measurements of tanks and minimum sample sizes for discrete (“snapshot”) surveys of both individual tanks and multitank surveys under different scenarios. Results show that caution is warranted when interpreting snapshot measurements of individual tanks, but aggregate emissions of multiple tanks should be accurately measurable with readily achievable sample sizes. These results are expected to be especially valuable to ongoing efforts seeking to develop robust protocols for gas certification and measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of CH4 emissions in the oil and gas sector.
{"title":"Methane venting from uncontrolled production storage tanks at conventional oil wells—Temporal variability, root causes, and implications for measurement","authors":"Simon A. Festa-Bianchet, Zachary R. Milani, Matthew R. Johnson","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00053","url":null,"abstract":"Uncontrolled oil production storage tanks are important but poorly understood sources of methane (CH4) emissions in the upstream oil and gas sector. This study reports and analyzes directly measured, temporally varying CH4 emission rates, total gas vent rates, and vent gas CH4 fractions from storage tanks at eight active upstream oil production sites in Alberta, Canada. Using a built-for-purpose optical mass flux meter (VentX) supplemented by an ultrasonic flow meter and quantitative optical gas imaging camera where possible, mean vent rates (whole gas) among tanks in the study ranged from 37 to 598 m3/d; however, at some individual tanks, instantaneous flow rates could vary significantly from 0 to over 4,000 m3/d for minutes at a time, while unsteady CH4 volume fractions varied by up to 41% absolute. Root cause analysis revealed the limits of estimating vented emissions from oil production volumes using an assumed gas–oil ratio, especially in cases where produced gas from wells fully or partially bypasses separators. The analysis of the acquired data also demonstrated how 1-h duration vent measurements recommended in some regulations are insufficient to reliably estimate emissions from unsteady tanks. These two factors are the likely reason for significantly underreported vent rates in the present sample and are thought to be a key cause of the mismeasurement/underestimation of tank venting that has driven persistent gaps between bottom-up inventories and top-down measurements. Finally, detailed statistical analyses were completed to suggest minimum sampling durations and instrumentation requirements for direct measurements of tanks and minimum sample sizes for discrete (“snapshot”) surveys of both individual tanks and multitank surveys under different scenarios. Results show that caution is warranted when interpreting snapshot measurements of individual tanks, but aggregate emissions of multiple tanks should be accurately measurable with readily achievable sample sizes. These results are expected to be especially valuable to ongoing efforts seeking to develop robust protocols for gas certification and measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of CH4 emissions in the oil and gas sector.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135361586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00086
J. Barten, L. Ganzeveld, G. Steeneveld, B. Blomquist, H. Angot, S. Archer, L. Bariteau, Ivo Beck, M. Boyer, P. von der Gathen, D. Helmig, D. Howard, J. Hueber, H. Jacobi, T. Jokinen, T. Laurila, Kevin M. Posman, L. Quéléver, J. Schmale, M. Shupe, M. Krol
Dry deposition to the surface is one of the main removal pathways of tropospheric ozone (O3). We quantified for the first time the impact of O3 deposition to the Arctic sea ice on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) O3 concentration and budget using year-round flux and concentration observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign and simulations with a single-column atmospheric chemistry and meteorological model (SCM). Based on eddy-covariance O3 surface flux observations, we find a median surface resistance on the order of 20,000 s m−1, resulting in a dry deposition velocity of approximately 0.005 cm s−1. This surface resistance is up to an order of magnitude larger than traditionally used values in many atmospheric chemistry and transport models. The SCM is able to accurately represent the yearly cycle, with maxima above 40 ppb in the winter and minima around 15 ppb at the end of summer. However, the observed springtime ozone depletion events are not captured by the SCM. In winter, the modelled PBL O3 budget is governed by dry deposition at the surface mostly compensated by downward turbulent transport of O3 towards the surface. Advection, which is accounted for implicitly by nudging to reanalysis data, poses a substantial, mostly negative, contribution to the simulated PBL O3 budget in summer. During episodes with low wind speed (<5 m s−1) and shallow PBL (<50 m), the 7-day mean dry deposition removal rate can reach up to 1.0 ppb h−1. Our study highlights the importance of an accurate description of dry deposition to Arctic sea ice in models to quantify the current and future O3 sink in the Arctic, impacting the tropospheric O3 budget, which has been modified in the last century largely due to anthropogenic activities.
干沉降到地面是对流层臭氧(O3)的主要清除途径之一。利用多学科北极气候漂移观测站(MOSAiC)的全年通量和浓度观测数据，以及单柱大气化学和气象模式(SCM)的模拟，首次量化了O3沉积对北极海冰行星边界层(PBL) O3浓度和收支的影响。基于涡旋协方差O3表面通量观测，我们发现中位表面阻力约为20,000 s m−1，导致干沉积速度约为0.005 cm s−1。这种表面阻力比许多大气化学和输送模型中传统使用的值大一个数量级。SCM能够准确地表示年周期，冬季最大值超过40 ppb，夏末最小值约为15 ppb。然而，观测到的春季臭氧消耗事件没有被SCM捕获。在冬季，模拟的PBL O3收支受地表干沉积控制，主要由O3向地表的向下湍流输送补偿。通过重新分析数据，平流对夏季模拟PBL O3预算的贡献很大，但大部分是负的。在低风速(<5 m s−1)和浅边界层(<50 m)条件下，7天平均干沉降去除率可达1.0 ppb h−1。我们的研究强调了在模式中准确描述干沉积对北极海冰的重要性，以量化北极当前和未来的O3汇，影响对流层O3收支，这在上个世纪主要是由于人为活动而被修改的。
{"title":"Low ozone dry deposition rates to sea ice during the MOSAiC field campaign: Implications for the Arctic boundary layer ozone budget","authors":"J. Barten, L. Ganzeveld, G. Steeneveld, B. Blomquist, H. Angot, S. Archer, L. Bariteau, Ivo Beck, M. Boyer, P. von der Gathen, D. Helmig, D. Howard, J. Hueber, H. Jacobi, T. Jokinen, T. Laurila, Kevin M. Posman, L. Quéléver, J. Schmale, M. Shupe, M. Krol","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00086","url":null,"abstract":"Dry deposition to the surface is one of the main removal pathways of tropospheric ozone (O3). We quantified for the first time the impact of O3 deposition to the Arctic sea ice on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) O3 concentration and budget using year-round flux and concentration observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign and simulations with a single-column atmospheric chemistry and meteorological model (SCM). Based on eddy-covariance O3 surface flux observations, we find a median surface resistance on the order of 20,000 s m−1, resulting in a dry deposition velocity of approximately 0.005 cm s−1. This surface resistance is up to an order of magnitude larger than traditionally used values in many atmospheric chemistry and transport models. The SCM is able to accurately represent the yearly cycle, with maxima above 40 ppb in the winter and minima around 15 ppb at the end of summer. However, the observed springtime ozone depletion events are not captured by the SCM. In winter, the modelled PBL O3 budget is governed by dry deposition at the surface mostly compensated by downward turbulent transport of O3 towards the surface. Advection, which is accounted for implicitly by nudging to reanalysis data, poses a substantial, mostly negative, contribution to the simulated PBL O3 budget in summer. During episodes with low wind speed (<5 m s−1) and shallow PBL (<50 m), the 7-day mean dry deposition removal rate can reach up to 1.0 ppb h−1. Our study highlights the importance of an accurate description of dry deposition to Arctic sea ice in models to quantify the current and future O3 sink in the Arctic, impacting the tropospheric O3 budget, which has been modified in the last century largely due to anthropogenic activities.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00037
Douglas S. Hamilton, Alex R. Baker, Yoko Iwamoto, Santiago Gassó, Elisa Bergas-Masso, Sarah Deutch, Julie Dinasquet, Yoshiko Kondo, Joan Llort, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Morgane M. G. Perron, Alex Wegmann, Joo-Eun Yoon
This perspective piece on aerosol deposition to marine ecosystems and the related impacts on biogeochemical cycles forms part of a larger Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study status-of-the-science special edition. A large body of recent reviews has comprehensively covered different aspects of this topic. Here, we aim to take a fresh approach by reviewing recent research to identify potential foundations for future study. We have purposefully chosen to discuss aerosol nutrient and pollutant fluxes both in terms of the journey that different aerosol particles take and that of the surrounding scientific field exploring them. To do so, we explore some of the major tools, knowledge, and partnerships we believe are required to aid advancing this highly interdisciplinary field of research. We recognize that significant gaps persist in our understanding of how far aerosol deposition modulates marine biogeochemical cycles and thus climate. This uncertainty increases as socioeconomic pressures, climate change, and technological advancements continue to change how we live and interact with the marine environment. Despite this, recent advances in modeling techniques, satellite remote sensing, and field observations have provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol deposition across the world’s ocean. With the UN Ocean Decade and sustainable development goals in sight, it becomes essential that the community prioritizes the use of a wide variety of tools, knowledge, and partnerships to advance understanding. It is through a collaborative and sustained effort that we hope the community can address the gaps in our understanding of the complex interactions between aerosol particles, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles.
{"title":"An aerosol odyssey: Navigating nutrient flux changes to marine ecosystems","authors":"Douglas S. Hamilton, Alex R. Baker, Yoko Iwamoto, Santiago Gassó, Elisa Bergas-Masso, Sarah Deutch, Julie Dinasquet, Yoshiko Kondo, Joan Llort, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Morgane M. G. Perron, Alex Wegmann, Joo-Eun Yoon","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00037","url":null,"abstract":"This perspective piece on aerosol deposition to marine ecosystems and the related impacts on biogeochemical cycles forms part of a larger Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study status-of-the-science special edition. A large body of recent reviews has comprehensively covered different aspects of this topic. Here, we aim to take a fresh approach by reviewing recent research to identify potential foundations for future study. We have purposefully chosen to discuss aerosol nutrient and pollutant fluxes both in terms of the journey that different aerosol particles take and that of the surrounding scientific field exploring them. To do so, we explore some of the major tools, knowledge, and partnerships we believe are required to aid advancing this highly interdisciplinary field of research. We recognize that significant gaps persist in our understanding of how far aerosol deposition modulates marine biogeochemical cycles and thus climate. This uncertainty increases as socioeconomic pressures, climate change, and technological advancements continue to change how we live and interact with the marine environment. Despite this, recent advances in modeling techniques, satellite remote sensing, and field observations have provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol deposition across the world’s ocean. With the UN Ocean Decade and sustainable development goals in sight, it becomes essential that the community prioritizes the use of a wide variety of tools, knowledge, and partnerships to advance understanding. It is through a collaborative and sustained effort that we hope the community can address the gaps in our understanding of the complex interactions between aerosol particles, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135560577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00024
Elliot Dreujou, David Beauchesne, Rémi M. Daigle, Julie Carrière, Fanny Noisette, Christopher W. McKindsey, Philippe Archambault
Co-occurring anthropogenic activities influence coastal ecosystems around the world. Notions of ecological exposure are promising indicators to better understand environmental status and enhance ecosystem protection. This study characterized anthropogenic exposure in the context of multiple human activities on coastal benthic ecosystems at a scale of <100 km. Using a particle diffusion model and fishing event data, we developed an exposure index for seven human activities (aquaculture, artificial structures, dredging, fisheries, runoff, sewers and shipping) in a Canadian industrial harbour area. A generally low cumulative exposure was obtained, with the highest values observed directly in front of the city and industrial areas. Derived exposure indices explained a portion of the benthic community structure (R2 = 0.22), suggesting an ecological link between the exposure of species and their vulnerability to human activities. Such tools are relevant in data-poor environments where proxies are required to assess the state of an ecosystem, facilitating the application of ecosystem-based management.
{"title":"Multiple human activities in coastal benthic ecosystems: Introducing a metric of cumulative exposure","authors":"Elliot Dreujou, David Beauchesne, Rémi M. Daigle, Julie Carrière, Fanny Noisette, Christopher W. McKindsey, Philippe Archambault","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00024","url":null,"abstract":"Co-occurring anthropogenic activities influence coastal ecosystems around the world. Notions of ecological exposure are promising indicators to better understand environmental status and enhance ecosystem protection. This study characterized anthropogenic exposure in the context of multiple human activities on coastal benthic ecosystems at a scale of &lt;100 km. Using a particle diffusion model and fishing event data, we developed an exposure index for seven human activities (aquaculture, artificial structures, dredging, fisheries, runoff, sewers and shipping) in a Canadian industrial harbour area. A generally low cumulative exposure was obtained, with the highest values observed directly in front of the city and industrial areas. Derived exposure indices explained a portion of the benthic community structure (R2 = 0.22), suggesting an ecological link between the exposure of species and their vulnerability to human activities. Such tools are relevant in data-poor environments where proxies are required to assess the state of an ecosystem, facilitating the application of ecosystem-based management.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135495045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00012
Meaghan McSorley, Bettina K. Arkhurst, Marjorie Hall, Yilun Zha, Ioanna Maria Spyrou, Katherine Duchesneau, Udita Ringania, Michael Chang
In the face of the climate crisis, is the academy preparing graduate students to engage in the interdisciplinary work needed to create a sustainable future? In 2021, the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems (BBISS) at the Georgia Institute of Technology convened a group of 7 doctoral students from 7 different disciplines: history, economics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, city planning, and architecture. The intent of this program was for students to work on self-directed interdisciplinary projects around sustainability. This article describes our experiences as doctoral students in the interdisciplinary BBISS program. As a result of our participation, we have come to see our research through new disciplinary lenses, which enables us to better understand the impacts of our work from a broader systems perspective. Here, we discuss the challenges of interdisciplinarity in academia and highlight the value we see in strengthening interdisciplinarity in graduate education and research. We believe graduate students can become more effective, collaborative problem-solvers, and be better prepared to lead future sustainability projects when given opportunities to integrate interdisciplinary work into their existing program demands. Graduate education should encourage future scholars to broaden their horizons beyond the boundaries of their disciplines, provide opportunities for students to enhance their capabilities as collaborators and team members, and enable students to meaningfully engage with others in traditionally dissimilar fields to better tackle the increasingly complex sustainability problems we face. Our own experiences in the open-ended, interdisciplinary, multisemester BBISS program are evidence of the value of such programs, and we offer some additional suggestions for how individual programs, schools, colleges, and universities might modify doctoral program requirements to better support interdisciplinary work in graduate education.
{"title":"For graduate students to become leaders in sustainability, we must transcend disciplinary boundaries","authors":"Meaghan McSorley, Bettina K. Arkhurst, Marjorie Hall, Yilun Zha, Ioanna Maria Spyrou, Katherine Duchesneau, Udita Ringania, Michael Chang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00012","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of the climate crisis, is the academy preparing graduate students to engage in the interdisciplinary work needed to create a sustainable future? In 2021, the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems (BBISS) at the Georgia Institute of Technology convened a group of 7 doctoral students from 7 different disciplines: history, economics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, city planning, and architecture. The intent of this program was for students to work on self-directed interdisciplinary projects around sustainability. This article describes our experiences as doctoral students in the interdisciplinary BBISS program. As a result of our participation, we have come to see our research through new disciplinary lenses, which enables us to better understand the impacts of our work from a broader systems perspective. Here, we discuss the challenges of interdisciplinarity in academia and highlight the value we see in strengthening interdisciplinarity in graduate education and research. We believe graduate students can become more effective, collaborative problem-solvers, and be better prepared to lead future sustainability projects when given opportunities to integrate interdisciplinary work into their existing program demands. Graduate education should encourage future scholars to broaden their horizons beyond the boundaries of their disciplines, provide opportunities for students to enhance their capabilities as collaborators and team members, and enable students to meaningfully engage with others in traditionally dissimilar fields to better tackle the increasingly complex sustainability problems we face. Our own experiences in the open-ended, interdisciplinary, multisemester BBISS program are evidence of the value of such programs, and we offer some additional suggestions for how individual programs, schools, colleges, and universities might modify doctoral program requirements to better support interdisciplinary work in graduate education.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00060
F. Ibarbalz, N. Henry, F. Mahé, M. Ardyna, A. Zingone, Eleonora Scalco, C. Lovejoy, F. Lombard, O. Jaillon, D. Iudicone, S. Malviya, Matthew B. Sullivan, Samuel Chaffron, E. Karsenti, M. Babin, E. Boss, P. Wincker, Lucie Zinger, C. de Vargas, C. Bowler, L. Karp‐Boss
The Arctic Ocean (AO) is being rapidly transformed by global warming, but its biodiversity remains understudied for many planktonic organisms, in particular for unicellular eukaryotes that play pivotal roles in marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The aim of this study was to characterize the biogeographic ranges of species that comprise the contemporary pool of unicellular eukaryotes in the AO as a first step toward understanding mechanisms that structure these communities and identifying potential target species for monitoring. Leveraging the Tara Oceans DNA metabarcoding data, we mapped the global distributions of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found on Arctic shelves into five biogeographic categories, identified biogeographic indicators, and inferred the degree to which AO communities of unicellular eukaryotes share members with assemblages from lower latitudes. Arctic/Polar indicator OTUs, as well as some globally ubiquitous OTUs, dominated the detection and abundance of DNA reads in the Arctic samples. OTUs detected only in Arctic samples (Arctic-exclusives) showed restricted distribution with relatively low abundances, accounting for 10–16% of the total Arctic OTU pool. OTUs with high abundances in tropical and/or temperate latitudes (non-Polar indicators) were also found in the AO but mainly at its periphery. We observed a large change in community taxonomic composition across the Atlantic-Arctic continuum, supporting the idea that advection and environmental filtering are important processes that shape plankton assemblages in the AO. Altogether, this study highlights the connectivity between the AO and other oceans, and provides a framework for monitoring and assessing future changes in this vulnerable ecosystem.
{"title":"Pan-Arctic plankton community structure and its global connectivity","authors":"F. Ibarbalz, N. Henry, F. Mahé, M. Ardyna, A. Zingone, Eleonora Scalco, C. Lovejoy, F. Lombard, O. Jaillon, D. Iudicone, S. Malviya, Matthew B. Sullivan, Samuel Chaffron, E. Karsenti, M. Babin, E. Boss, P. Wincker, Lucie Zinger, C. de Vargas, C. Bowler, L. Karp‐Boss","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00060","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic Ocean (AO) is being rapidly transformed by global warming, but its biodiversity remains understudied for many planktonic organisms, in particular for unicellular eukaryotes that play pivotal roles in marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The aim of this study was to characterize the biogeographic ranges of species that comprise the contemporary pool of unicellular eukaryotes in the AO as a first step toward understanding mechanisms that structure these communities and identifying potential target species for monitoring. Leveraging the Tara Oceans DNA metabarcoding data, we mapped the global distributions of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found on Arctic shelves into five biogeographic categories, identified biogeographic indicators, and inferred the degree to which AO communities of unicellular eukaryotes share members with assemblages from lower latitudes. Arctic/Polar indicator OTUs, as well as some globally ubiquitous OTUs, dominated the detection and abundance of DNA reads in the Arctic samples. OTUs detected only in Arctic samples (Arctic-exclusives) showed restricted distribution with relatively low abundances, accounting for 10–16% of the total Arctic OTU pool. OTUs with high abundances in tropical and/or temperate latitudes (non-Polar indicators) were also found in the AO but mainly at its periphery. We observed a large change in community taxonomic composition across the Atlantic-Arctic continuum, supporting the idea that advection and environmental filtering are important processes that shape plankton assemblages in the AO. Altogether, this study highlights the connectivity between the AO and other oceans, and provides a framework for monitoring and assessing future changes in this vulnerable ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agroforestry has a high potential to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation as a nature-based climate solution and is increasingly included as a climate strategy in international agreements and national plans. Yet, how to equitably increase and sustain agroforestry on the scale needed to meet these targets remains unclear. Examining broad trends in the existing 4 decades of agroforestry literature can highlight gaps and opportunities for future research that enables agroforestry transitions. Using text analytics and a full-text, corpus-based approach, we analyzed changes in word use in 9,664 agroforestry research articles and reports published between 1980 and 2020 with regard to 4 key themes of the social dimensions of agroforestry transitions: (1) agreements and policies; (2) scales and decision-making agents; (3) knowledge, culture, and equity; and (4) frameworks and methods. We then compared the frequency of these themes in research articles and reports. Despite the most frequently used terms across all 4 decades being primarily ecological (e.g., forest, species, soil), the lexicon of agroforestry literature has expanded to incorporate more social, economic, and political elements (e.g., livelihood, knowledge, community) over time, and as agroforestry has become more central to climate change adaptation and mitigation targets. Trends in the frequency of several terms (e.g., biodiversity, development, climate) corresponded with the signing of intergovernmental agreements, illustrating the responsiveness of the field to global priorities. Reports had a higher frequency of terms related to social themes than research articles. We discuss the implications of these emergent trends and opportunities for future research in support of sustainable and just agroforestry transitions.
{"title":"Trends in agroforestry research over 4 decades","authors":"Zoe Hastings Silao, Xorla S. Ocloo, Melissa Chapman, Lauren Hunt, Katelyn Stenger","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00151","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry has a high potential to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation as a nature-based climate solution and is increasingly included as a climate strategy in international agreements and national plans. Yet, how to equitably increase and sustain agroforestry on the scale needed to meet these targets remains unclear. Examining broad trends in the existing 4 decades of agroforestry literature can highlight gaps and opportunities for future research that enables agroforestry transitions. Using text analytics and a full-text, corpus-based approach, we analyzed changes in word use in 9,664 agroforestry research articles and reports published between 1980 and 2020 with regard to 4 key themes of the social dimensions of agroforestry transitions: (1) agreements and policies; (2) scales and decision-making agents; (3) knowledge, culture, and equity; and (4) frameworks and methods. We then compared the frequency of these themes in research articles and reports. Despite the most frequently used terms across all 4 decades being primarily ecological (e.g., forest, species, soil), the lexicon of agroforestry literature has expanded to incorporate more social, economic, and political elements (e.g., livelihood, knowledge, community) over time, and as agroforestry has become more central to climate change adaptation and mitigation targets. Trends in the frequency of several terms (e.g., biodiversity, development, climate) corresponded with the signing of intergovernmental agreements, illustrating the responsiveness of the field to global priorities. Reports had a higher frequency of terms related to social themes than research articles. We discuss the implications of these emergent trends and opportunities for future research in support of sustainable and just agroforestry transitions.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135561482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00051
Laura Castro de la Guardia, K. Filbee‐Dexter, Jillian Reimer, K. MacGregor, I. Garrido, R. Singh, S. Bélanger, B. Konar, K. Iken, L. Johnson, P. Archambault, Mikael K. Sejr, J. Søreide, C. Mundy
Kelps are a dominant macrophyte group and primary producer in Arctic nearshore waters that provide significant services to the coastal ecosystem. The quantification of these services in the Arctic is constrained, however, by limited estimates of kelp depth extent, which creates uncertainties in the area covered by kelp. Here, we test the environmental drivers of the depth extent of Arctic kelp. We used Southampton Island (SI), Nunavut, Canada, as an example region after an initial survey found deep Arctic kelp (at depths to at least 50 m) with relatively low grazing pressure within diverse hydrographic conditions. We found abundant rocky substrata, but no influence of substratum type on kelp cover. The kelp cover increased with depth until 20 m and then decreased (the median maximum depth for all stations was 37 m). The best predictor of kelp depth extent was the number of annual open (ice-free) water days with light (r2 = 44–52%); combining depth extent data from SI with published data from Greenland strengthened this relationship (r2 = 58–71%). Using these relationships we estimated the maximum kelp-covered area around SI to be 27,000–28,000 km2, yielding potential primary production between 0.6 and 1.9 Tg Cyr−1. Water transparency was a key determinant of the underwater light environment and was essential for explaining cross-regional differences in kelp depth extent in SI and Greenland. Around SI the minimum underwater light required by kelp was 49 mol photons m−2 yr−1, or 1.4% of annual integrated incident irradiance. Future consideration of seasonal variation in water transparency can improve these underwater light estimations, while future research seeking to understand the kelp depth extent relationship with nutrients and ocean dynamics can further advance estimates of their vertical distribution. Improving our understanding of the drivers of kelp depth extent can reduce uncertainties around the role of kelp in Arctic marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Increasing depth distribution of Arctic kelp with increasing number of open water days with light","authors":"Laura Castro de la Guardia, K. Filbee‐Dexter, Jillian Reimer, K. MacGregor, I. Garrido, R. Singh, S. Bélanger, B. Konar, K. Iken, L. Johnson, P. Archambault, Mikael K. Sejr, J. Søreide, C. Mundy","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00051","url":null,"abstract":"Kelps are a dominant macrophyte group and primary producer in Arctic nearshore waters that provide significant services to the coastal ecosystem. The quantification of these services in the Arctic is constrained, however, by limited estimates of kelp depth extent, which creates uncertainties in the area covered by kelp. Here, we test the environmental drivers of the depth extent of Arctic kelp. We used Southampton Island (SI), Nunavut, Canada, as an example region after an initial survey found deep Arctic kelp (at depths to at least 50 m) with relatively low grazing pressure within diverse hydrographic conditions. We found abundant rocky substrata, but no influence of substratum type on kelp cover. The kelp cover increased with depth until 20 m and then decreased (the median maximum depth for all stations was 37 m). The best predictor of kelp depth extent was the number of annual open (ice-free) water days with light (r2 = 44–52%); combining depth extent data from SI with published data from Greenland strengthened this relationship (r2 = 58–71%). Using these relationships we estimated the maximum kelp-covered area around SI to be 27,000–28,000 km2, yielding potential primary production between 0.6 and 1.9 Tg Cyr−1. Water transparency was a key determinant of the underwater light environment and was essential for explaining cross-regional differences in kelp depth extent in SI and Greenland. Around SI the minimum underwater light required by kelp was 49 mol photons m−2 yr−1, or 1.4% of annual integrated incident irradiance. Future consideration of seasonal variation in water transparency can improve these underwater light estimations, while future research seeking to understand the kelp depth extent relationship with nutrients and ocean dynamics can further advance estimates of their vertical distribution. Improving our understanding of the drivers of kelp depth extent can reduce uncertainties around the role of kelp in Arctic marine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00089
K. Beumer, Sanne de Roij
Gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas are breathing new life into expectations about the benefits of genetically modified crops for smallholder farmers in the global South. In this article, we put these expectations to the test. We have interrogated both whether crop gene editing is employed for smallholder farmers and how this is done in ways that are more or less inclusive. To this end, we systematically investigated projects using gene editing for smallholder farmers and analyzed their activities using the framework of inclusive innovation. We have 3 main findings. First, gene editing indeed can be used to target crops and traits that may benefit smallholder farmers. We found 30 projects that target a variety of crops and traits for smallholders. Second, the use of gene editing for smallholder farmers is emerging slowly at best. The number of projects is relatively small, the set of crops that is targeted is relatively limited, and the number of countries that engage in these activities is small. And third, we found 2 distinct approaches to inclusive innovation that we describe as spacecraft approach and helicopter approach to inclusive innovation. We argue that the inclusive innovation framework should not be used as a checkbox—where inclusion is achieved if all types of inclusion are covered—but instead should be used as a tool for rendering visible the choices that have been made in inclusion, thus opening up such choices for critical scrutiny.
{"title":"Inclusive innovation in crop gene editing for smallholder farmers: Status and approaches","authors":"K. Beumer, Sanne de Roij","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00089","url":null,"abstract":"Gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas are breathing new life into expectations about the benefits of genetically modified crops for smallholder farmers in the global South. In this article, we put these expectations to the test. We have interrogated both whether crop gene editing is employed for smallholder farmers and how this is done in ways that are more or less inclusive. To this end, we systematically investigated projects using gene editing for smallholder farmers and analyzed their activities using the framework of inclusive innovation. We have 3 main findings. First, gene editing indeed can be used to target crops and traits that may benefit smallholder farmers. We found 30 projects that target a variety of crops and traits for smallholders. Second, the use of gene editing for smallholder farmers is emerging slowly at best. The number of projects is relatively small, the set of crops that is targeted is relatively limited, and the number of countries that engage in these activities is small. And third, we found 2 distinct approaches to inclusive innovation that we describe as spacecraft approach and helicopter approach to inclusive innovation. We argue that the inclusive innovation framework should not be used as a checkbox—where inclusion is achieved if all types of inclusion are covered—but instead should be used as a tool for rendering visible the choices that have been made in inclusion, thus opening up such choices for critical scrutiny.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00085
Lia Herrmannsdörfer, Malte Müller, M. Shupe, P. Rostosky
Atmospheric model systems, such as those used for weather forecast and reanalysis production, often have significant and systematic errors in their representation of the Arctic surface energy budget and its components. The newly available observation data of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition (2019/2020) enable a range of model analyses and validation in order to advance our understanding of potential model deficiencies. In the present study, we analyze deficiencies in the surface radiative energy budget over Arctic sea ice in the ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis by comparing against the winter MOSAiC campaign data, as well as, a pan-Arctic level-2 MODIS ice surface temperature remote sensing product. We find that ERA5 can simulate the timing of radiatively clear periods, though it is not able to distinguish the two observed radiative Arctic winter states, radiatively clear and opaquely cloudy, in the distribution of the net surface radiative budget. The ERA5 surface temperature over Arctic sea ice has a conditional error with a positive bias in radiatively clear conditions and a negative bias in opaquely cloudy conditions. The mean surface temperature error is 4°C for radiatively clear situations at MOSAiC and up to 15°C in some parts of the Arctic. The spatial variability of the surface temperature, given by 4 observation sites at MOSAiC, is not captured by ERA5 due to its spatial resolution but represented in the level-2 satellite product. The sensitivity analysis of possible error sources, using satellite products of snow depth and sea ice thickness, shows that the positive surface temperature errors during radiatively clear events are, to a large extent, caused by insufficient sea ice thickness and snow depth representation in the reanalysis system. A positive bias characterizes regions with ice thickness greater than 1.5 m, while the negative bias for thinner ice is partly compensated by the effect of snow.
{"title":"Surface temperature comparison of the Arctic winter MOSAiC observations, ERA5 reanalysis, and MODIS satellite retrieval","authors":"Lia Herrmannsdörfer, Malte Müller, M. Shupe, P. Rostosky","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00085","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric model systems, such as those used for weather forecast and reanalysis production, often have significant and systematic errors in their representation of the Arctic surface energy budget and its components. The newly available observation data of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition (2019/2020) enable a range of model analyses and validation in order to advance our understanding of potential model deficiencies. In the present study, we analyze deficiencies in the surface radiative energy budget over Arctic sea ice in the ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis by comparing against the winter MOSAiC campaign data, as well as, a pan-Arctic level-2 MODIS ice surface temperature remote sensing product. We find that ERA5 can simulate the timing of radiatively clear periods, though it is not able to distinguish the two observed radiative Arctic winter states, radiatively clear and opaquely cloudy, in the distribution of the net surface radiative budget. The ERA5 surface temperature over Arctic sea ice has a conditional error with a positive bias in radiatively clear conditions and a negative bias in opaquely cloudy conditions. The mean surface temperature error is 4°C for radiatively clear situations at MOSAiC and up to 15°C in some parts of the Arctic. The spatial variability of the surface temperature, given by 4 observation sites at MOSAiC, is not captured by ERA5 due to its spatial resolution but represented in the level-2 satellite product. The sensitivity analysis of possible error sources, using satellite products of snow depth and sea ice thickness, shows that the positive surface temperature errors during radiatively clear events are, to a large extent, caused by insufficient sea ice thickness and snow depth representation in the reanalysis system. A positive bias characterizes regions with ice thickness greater than 1.5 m, while the negative bias for thinner ice is partly compensated by the effect of snow.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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