Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00094
Xiaodong Zhang, Y. Huot, D. Gray, H. M. Sosik, D. Siegel, Lianbo Hu, Yuanheng Xiong, E. T. Crockford, G. Potvin, A. McDonnell, C. Roesler
Particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental property that affects almost every aspect of the marine ecosystem, including ecological trophic interactions and transport of organic matter and trace elements. We measured PSDs using a suite of seven instruments in waters near Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. These instruments and their sizing ranges are: Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometer (LISST)-Volume Scattering Function meter (VSF) and Multispectral Volume Scattering Meter (MVSM), both sizing particles from 0.02 µm to 2000 µm; the LISST-100X, from 3 µm to 180 µm; the ViewSizer, from 0.3 µm to 2 µm; the Coulter Counter, from 2 µm to 40 µm; the Imaging Flow CytoBot (IFCB), from 5 µm to 100 μm; and the underwater vision profiler (UVP), from 100 µm to 2000 µm. Together, they cover an unprecedented size range spanning 5 orders of magnitude from 20 nm to 2 mm. The differences in size definition for the different instruments cause biases in comparing PSDs. The absolute differences in PSDs, after correcting for mean biases, were less than a factor of 3 among all the instruments, and within 50% among LISST-100X, LISST+MVSM, Coulter Counter and IFCB. We also found that particles of sizes <50 µm were not very porous; however, porosity must be considered for particles >50 µm. The merged PSDs, ranging from 0.02 µm to 2000 µm, showed little variation in the PSD slope in the upper 75 m of the water column even though the total number of particles decreased with depth. While submicrometer particles are numerically dominant, particles of sizes 1 µm to 100 µm account for 70–90% of the solid volume of particles. We expect that the results of this study will lead to improved estimates of mass and carbon flux in the study area.
{"title":"Particle size distribution at Ocean Station Papa from nanometers to millimeters constrained with intercomparison of seven methods","authors":"Xiaodong Zhang, Y. Huot, D. Gray, H. M. Sosik, D. Siegel, Lianbo Hu, Yuanheng Xiong, E. T. Crockford, G. Potvin, A. McDonnell, C. Roesler","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00094","url":null,"abstract":"Particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental property that affects almost every aspect of the marine ecosystem, including ecological trophic interactions and transport of organic matter and trace elements. We measured PSDs using a suite of seven instruments in waters near Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. These instruments and their sizing ranges are: Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometer (LISST)-Volume Scattering Function meter (VSF) and Multispectral Volume Scattering Meter (MVSM), both sizing particles from 0.02 µm to 2000 µm; the LISST-100X, from 3 µm to 180 µm; the ViewSizer, from 0.3 µm to 2 µm; the Coulter Counter, from 2 µm to 40 µm; the Imaging Flow CytoBot (IFCB), from 5 µm to 100 μm; and the underwater vision profiler (UVP), from 100 µm to 2000 µm. Together, they cover an unprecedented size range spanning 5 orders of magnitude from 20 nm to 2 mm. The differences in size definition for the different instruments cause biases in comparing PSDs. The absolute differences in PSDs, after correcting for mean biases, were less than a factor of 3 among all the instruments, and within 50% among LISST-100X, LISST+MVSM, Coulter Counter and IFCB. We also found that particles of sizes <50 µm were not very porous; however, porosity must be considered for particles >50 µm. The merged PSDs, ranging from 0.02 µm to 2000 µm, showed little variation in the PSD slope in the upper 75 m of the water column even though the total number of particles decreased with depth. While submicrometer particles are numerically dominant, particles of sizes 1 µm to 100 µm account for 70–90% of the solid volume of particles. We expect that the results of this study will lead to improved estimates of mass and carbon flux in the study area.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00022
Pauline Latour, Robert F. Strzepek, Kathrin Wuttig, Pier van der Merwe, Lennart T. Bach, Sam Eggins, Philip W. Boyd, Michael J. Ellwood, Terry L. Pinfold, Andrew R. Bowie
Phytoplankton indirectly influence climate through their role in the ocean biological carbon pump. In the Southern Ocean, the subantarctic zone represents an important carbon sink, yet variables limiting phytoplankton growth are not fully constrained. Using three shipboard bioassay experiments on three separate voyages, we evaluated the seasonality of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) co-limitation of subantarctic phytoplankton growth south of Tasmania, Australia. We observed a strong seasonal variation in a phytoplankton Fe limitation signal, with a summer experiment showing the greatest response to Fe additions. An autumn experiment suggested that other factors co-limited phytoplankton growth, likely low silicic acid concentrations. The phytoplankton responses to Mn additions were subtle and readily masked by the responses to Fe. Using flow cytometry, we observed that Mn may influence the growth of some small phytoplankton taxa in late summer/autumn, when they represent an important part of the phytoplankton community. In addition, Mn induced changes in the bulk photophysiology signal of the spring community. These results suggest that the importance of Mn may vary seasonally, and that its control on phytoplankton growth may be associated with specific taxa.
{"title":"Seasonality of phytoplankton growth limitation by iron and manganese in subantarctic waters","authors":"Pauline Latour, Robert F. Strzepek, Kathrin Wuttig, Pier van der Merwe, Lennart T. Bach, Sam Eggins, Philip W. Boyd, Michael J. Ellwood, Terry L. Pinfold, Andrew R. Bowie","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00022","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoplankton indirectly influence climate through their role in the ocean biological carbon pump. In the Southern Ocean, the subantarctic zone represents an important carbon sink, yet variables limiting phytoplankton growth are not fully constrained. Using three shipboard bioassay experiments on three separate voyages, we evaluated the seasonality of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) co-limitation of subantarctic phytoplankton growth south of Tasmania, Australia. We observed a strong seasonal variation in a phytoplankton Fe limitation signal, with a summer experiment showing the greatest response to Fe additions. An autumn experiment suggested that other factors co-limited phytoplankton growth, likely low silicic acid concentrations. The phytoplankton responses to Mn additions were subtle and readily masked by the responses to Fe. Using flow cytometry, we observed that Mn may influence the growth of some small phytoplankton taxa in late summer/autumn, when they represent an important part of the phytoplankton community. In addition, Mn induced changes in the bulk photophysiology signal of the spring community. These results suggest that the importance of Mn may vary seasonally, and that its control on phytoplankton growth may be associated with specific taxa.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135404022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00122
Elisa Romanelli, Julia Sweet, Sarah Lou Carolin Giering, David A. Siegel, Uta Passow
Gravitational sinking of particles is a key pathway for the transport of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the deep ocean. Particle size and composition influence particle sinking velocity and thus play a critical role in controlling particle flux. Canonically, sinking particles that reach the mesopelagic are expected to be either large or ballasted by minerals. However, the presence of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), which are positively buoyant, may also influence particle sinking velocity. We investigated the relationship between particle composition and sinking velocity during the Export Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) campaign in the Northeast Pacific Ocean using Marine Snow Catchers. Suspended and sinking particles were sized using FlowCam for particle imaging, and their biogeochemical composition was assessed by measuring the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen, particulate inorganic carbon, biogenic and lithogenic silica, and TEP. Sinking fluxes were also calculated. Overall, both suspended and sinking particles were small (<51 μm, diameter) in this late summer, oligotrophic system. Contrary to expectation, the ratio of ballast minerals to POC was higher for suspended particles than sinking particles. Further, suspended particles showed TEP-to-POC ratios three times higher than sinking particles. These ratios suggest that TEP content and not ballast dictated whether particles in this system would sink (low TEP) or remain suspended (high TEP). Fluxes of POC averaged 4.3 ± 2.5 mmol C m−2 d−1 at 50 m (n = 9) and decreased to 3.1 ± 1.1 mmol C m−2 d−1 at 300–500 m (n = 6). These flux estimates were slightly higher than fluxes measured during EXPORTS with drifting sediment traps and Thorium-234. A comparison between these approaches illustrates that small sinking particles were an important component of the POC flux in the mesopelagic of this late summer oligotrophic system.
微粒重力沉降是微粒有机碳(POC)向深海输送的关键途径。颗粒的大小和组成影响颗粒沉降速度，因此在控制颗粒通量方面起着至关重要的作用。通常，到达中远洋的下沉颗粒要么很大，要么被矿物压舱。然而，具有正浮力的透明外聚合物颗粒(TEP)的存在也可能影响颗粒的下沉速度。利用海洋捕雪器研究了东北太平洋海洋遥感出口过程中粒子组成与下沉速度的关系。利用FlowCam对悬浮颗粒和下沉颗粒进行颗粒成像，并通过测量颗粒有机碳(POC)和氮、颗粒无机碳、生物成因和岩石成因二氧化硅以及TEP的浓度来评估其生物地球化学组成。还计算了下沉通量。总体而言，在这个夏末的寡营养系统中，悬浮颗粒和下沉颗粒都很小(直径51 μm)。与预期相反，悬浮颗粒的压载矿物与POC的比例高于下沉颗粒。此外，悬浮颗粒的tep / poc比下沉颗粒高3倍。这些比率表明，系统中的颗粒是下沉(低TEP)还是悬浮(高TEP)取决于TEP的含量，而不是压舱物。POC通量在50 m处平均为4.3±2.5 mmol C m−2 d−1 (n = 9)，在300-500 m处下降为3.1±1.1 mmol C m−2 d−1 (n = 6)。这些通量估算值略高于利用漂流沉积物捕集器和钍-234进行EXPORTS测量的通量。这些方法之间的比较表明，小下沉颗粒是夏末寡营养系统中上层POC通量的重要组成部分。
{"title":"The importance of transparent exopolymer particles over ballast in determining both sinking and suspension of small particles during late summer in the Northeast Pacific Ocean","authors":"Elisa Romanelli, Julia Sweet, Sarah Lou Carolin Giering, David A. Siegel, Uta Passow","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00122","url":null,"abstract":"Gravitational sinking of particles is a key pathway for the transport of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the deep ocean. Particle size and composition influence particle sinking velocity and thus play a critical role in controlling particle flux. Canonically, sinking particles that reach the mesopelagic are expected to be either large or ballasted by minerals. However, the presence of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), which are positively buoyant, may also influence particle sinking velocity. We investigated the relationship between particle composition and sinking velocity during the Export Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) campaign in the Northeast Pacific Ocean using Marine Snow Catchers. Suspended and sinking particles were sized using FlowCam for particle imaging, and their biogeochemical composition was assessed by measuring the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen, particulate inorganic carbon, biogenic and lithogenic silica, and TEP. Sinking fluxes were also calculated. Overall, both suspended and sinking particles were small (&lt;51 μm, diameter) in this late summer, oligotrophic system. Contrary to expectation, the ratio of ballast minerals to POC was higher for suspended particles than sinking particles. Further, suspended particles showed TEP-to-POC ratios three times higher than sinking particles. These ratios suggest that TEP content and not ballast dictated whether particles in this system would sink (low TEP) or remain suspended (high TEP). Fluxes of POC averaged 4.3 ± 2.5 mmol C m−2 d−1 at 50 m (n = 9) and decreased to 3.1 ± 1.1 mmol C m−2 d−1 at 300–500 m (n = 6). These flux estimates were slightly higher than fluxes measured during EXPORTS with drifting sediment traps and Thorium-234. A comparison between these approaches illustrates that small sinking particles were an important component of the POC flux in the mesopelagic of this late summer oligotrophic system.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135494567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00088
Sebastian Gerland, Randi B. Ingvaldsen, Marit Reigstad, Arild Sundfjord, Bjarte Bogstad, Melissa Chierici, Haakon Hop, Paul E. Renaud, Lars Henrik Smedsrud, Leif Christian Stige, Marius Årthun, Jørgen Berge, Bodil A. Bluhm, Katrine Borgå, Gunnar Bratbak, Dmitry V. Divine, Tor Eldevik, Elena Eriksen, Ilker Fer, Agneta Fransson, Rolf Gradinger, Mats A. Granskog, Tore Haug, Katrine Husum, Geir Johnsen, Marius O. Jonassen, Lis Lindal Jørgensen, Svein Kristiansen, Aud Larsen, Vidar S. Lien, Sigrid Lind, Ulf Lindstrøm, Cecilie Mauritzen, Arne Melsom, Sebastian H. Mernild, Malte Müller, Frank Nilsen, Raul Primicerio, Janne E. Søreide, Gro I. van der Meeren, Paul Wassmann
The Barents Sea is one of the Polar regions where current climate and ecosystem change is most pronounced. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological systems in the Barents Sea. Physical conditions in this area are characterized by large seasonal contrasts between partial sea-ice cover in winter and spring versus predominantly open water in summer and autumn. Observations over recent decades show that surface air and ocean temperatures have increased, sea-ice extent has decreased, ocean stratification has weakened, and water chemistry and ecosystem components have changed, the latter in a direction often described as “Atlantification” or “borealisation,” with a less “Arctic” appearance. Temporal and spatial changes in the Barents Sea have a wider relevance, both in the context of large-scale climatic (air, water mass and sea-ice) transport processes and in comparison to other Arctic regions. These observed changes also have socioeconomic consequences, including for fisheries and other human activities. While several of the ongoing changes are monitored and quantified, observation and knowledge gaps remain, especially for winter months when field observations and sample collections are still sparse. Knowledge of the interplay of physical and biogeochemical drivers and ecosystem responses, including complex feedback processes, needs further development.
{"title":"Still Arctic?—The changing Barents Sea","authors":"Sebastian Gerland, Randi B. Ingvaldsen, Marit Reigstad, Arild Sundfjord, Bjarte Bogstad, Melissa Chierici, Haakon Hop, Paul E. Renaud, Lars Henrik Smedsrud, Leif Christian Stige, Marius Årthun, Jørgen Berge, Bodil A. Bluhm, Katrine Borgå, Gunnar Bratbak, Dmitry V. Divine, Tor Eldevik, Elena Eriksen, Ilker Fer, Agneta Fransson, Rolf Gradinger, Mats A. Granskog, Tore Haug, Katrine Husum, Geir Johnsen, Marius O. Jonassen, Lis Lindal Jørgensen, Svein Kristiansen, Aud Larsen, Vidar S. Lien, Sigrid Lind, Ulf Lindstrøm, Cecilie Mauritzen, Arne Melsom, Sebastian H. Mernild, Malte Müller, Frank Nilsen, Raul Primicerio, Janne E. Søreide, Gro I. van der Meeren, Paul Wassmann","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00088","url":null,"abstract":"The Barents Sea is one of the Polar regions where current climate and ecosystem change is most pronounced. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological systems in the Barents Sea. Physical conditions in this area are characterized by large seasonal contrasts between partial sea-ice cover in winter and spring versus predominantly open water in summer and autumn. Observations over recent decades show that surface air and ocean temperatures have increased, sea-ice extent has decreased, ocean stratification has weakened, and water chemistry and ecosystem components have changed, the latter in a direction often described as “Atlantification” or “borealisation,” with a less “Arctic” appearance. Temporal and spatial changes in the Barents Sea have a wider relevance, both in the context of large-scale climatic (air, water mass and sea-ice) transport processes and in comparison to other Arctic regions. These observed changes also have socioeconomic consequences, including for fisheries and other human activities. While several of the ongoing changes are monitored and quantified, observation and knowledge gaps remain, especially for winter months when field observations and sample collections are still sparse. Knowledge of the interplay of physical and biogeochemical drivers and ecosystem responses, including complex feedback processes, needs further development.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00045
Thomas E. Barchyn, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Tyler Gough, Coleman Vollrath, Mozhou Gao
Low-cost fixed sensors are an emerging option to aid in the management and reduction of methane emissions at upstream oil and gas sites. They have been touted as a cost-effective continuous monitoring technology to detect, localize, and quantify fugitive emissions. However, to support emissions management, the efficacy of low-cost fixed sensors must be assessed in the context of the sites, technologies, methods, work practices, action thresholds, and outcomes that constitute a broader program to manage and reduce emissions. Here, we build on technology-focused research and testing by defining a prototypical low-cost fixed sensor program framework and considering the deployment from an operational perspective. We outline potentially large operational cost penalties and risks to industry relative to incumbent programs. Most costs are caused by (i) follow-up callouts, (ii) nontarget emissions, and (iii) maintenance requirements. These represent core areas for improvement. Results highlight a need for careful consideration in regulations, ensuring that alerts protocols are carefully codified and system performance is maintained.
{"title":"Low-cost fixed sensor deployments for leak detection in North American upstream oil and gas: Operational analysis and discussion of a prototypical program","authors":"Thomas E. Barchyn, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Tyler Gough, Coleman Vollrath, Mozhou Gao","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Low-cost fixed sensors are an emerging option to aid in the management and reduction of methane emissions at upstream oil and gas sites. They have been touted as a cost-effective continuous monitoring technology to detect, localize, and quantify fugitive emissions. However, to support emissions management, the efficacy of low-cost fixed sensors must be assessed in the context of the sites, technologies, methods, work practices, action thresholds, and outcomes that constitute a broader program to manage and reduce emissions. Here, we build on technology-focused research and testing by defining a prototypical low-cost fixed sensor program framework and considering the deployment from an operational perspective. We outline potentially large operational cost penalties and risks to industry relative to incumbent programs. Most costs are caused by (i) follow-up callouts, (ii) nontarget emissions, and (iii) maintenance requirements. These represent core areas for improvement. Results highlight a need for careful consideration in regulations, ensuring that alerts protocols are carefully codified and system performance is maintained.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134884866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00033
Jennifer Herbig, Jonathan Fisher, Caroline Bouchard, Andrea Niemi, Mathieu LeBlanc, Andrew Majewski, Stéphane Gauthier, Maxime Geoffroy
Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is the most abundant forage fish species in Arctic seas and plays a pivotal role in the transfer of energy between zooplankton and top predators. The dominance of Arctic cod and the Arctic’s relatively low biodiversity interact such that changing population dynamics of Arctic cod have cascading effects on whole Arctic marine ecosystems. Over the last decades, warming in the Arctic has led to a decline in Arctic cod populations in the Barents Sea, but in the Canadian Arctic these conditions have been correlated with up to a 10-fold higher biomass of age-0 Arctic cod at the end of summer. However, whether this enhanced larval survival with warmer waters endures through age-1+ populations is unknown. A better understanding of spatial variation in the response of Arctic cod populations to environmental conditions is critical to forecast future changes in Arctic ecosystems. Here, we rely on a 17-year time series of acoustic-trawl surveys (2003–2019) to test whether ice-breakup date, sea surface temperature, zooplankton density, and Arctic climate indices during early life stages affect the subsequent recruitment of age-1+ Arctic cod in the Beaufort Sea and Baffin Bay. In the Beaufort Sea, the biomass of age-1+ Arctic cod correlated with both Arctic Oscillation indices and age-0 biomass of the previous year. In Baffin Bay, the biomass of age-1+ Arctic cod correlated with previous-year North Atlantic Oscillation indices and the timing of ice breakup. This study demonstrates that climate and environmental conditions experienced during the early life stages drive the recruitment of the age-1+ Arctic cod population and helps to quantify spatial variation in the main environmental drivers.
{"title":"Climate and juvenile recruitment as drivers of Arctic cod (<i>Boreogadus saida</i>) dynamics in two Canadian Arctic seas","authors":"Jennifer Herbig, Jonathan Fisher, Caroline Bouchard, Andrea Niemi, Mathieu LeBlanc, Andrew Majewski, Stéphane Gauthier, Maxime Geoffroy","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00033","url":null,"abstract":"Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is the most abundant forage fish species in Arctic seas and plays a pivotal role in the transfer of energy between zooplankton and top predators. The dominance of Arctic cod and the Arctic’s relatively low biodiversity interact such that changing population dynamics of Arctic cod have cascading effects on whole Arctic marine ecosystems. Over the last decades, warming in the Arctic has led to a decline in Arctic cod populations in the Barents Sea, but in the Canadian Arctic these conditions have been correlated with up to a 10-fold higher biomass of age-0 Arctic cod at the end of summer. However, whether this enhanced larval survival with warmer waters endures through age-1+ populations is unknown. A better understanding of spatial variation in the response of Arctic cod populations to environmental conditions is critical to forecast future changes in Arctic ecosystems. Here, we rely on a 17-year time series of acoustic-trawl surveys (2003–2019) to test whether ice-breakup date, sea surface temperature, zooplankton density, and Arctic climate indices during early life stages affect the subsequent recruitment of age-1+ Arctic cod in the Beaufort Sea and Baffin Bay. In the Beaufort Sea, the biomass of age-1+ Arctic cod correlated with both Arctic Oscillation indices and age-0 biomass of the previous year. In Baffin Bay, the biomass of age-1+ Arctic cod correlated with previous-year North Atlantic Oscillation indices and the timing of ice breakup. This study demonstrates that climate and environmental conditions experienced during the early life stages drive the recruitment of the age-1+ Arctic cod population and helps to quantify spatial variation in the main environmental drivers.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135784754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00089
K. Beumer, Sanne de Roij
Gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas are breathing new life into expectations about the benefits of genetically modified crops for smallholder farmers in the global South. In this article, we put these expectations to the test. We have interrogated both whether crop gene editing is employed for smallholder farmers and how this is done in ways that are more or less inclusive. To this end, we systematically investigated projects using gene editing for smallholder farmers and analyzed their activities using the framework of inclusive innovation. We have 3 main findings. First, gene editing indeed can be used to target crops and traits that may benefit smallholder farmers. We found 30 projects that target a variety of crops and traits for smallholders. Second, the use of gene editing for smallholder farmers is emerging slowly at best. The number of projects is relatively small, the set of crops that is targeted is relatively limited, and the number of countries that engage in these activities is small. And third, we found 2 distinct approaches to inclusive innovation that we describe as spacecraft approach and helicopter approach to inclusive innovation. We argue that the inclusive innovation framework should not be used as a checkbox—where inclusion is achieved if all types of inclusion are covered—but instead should be used as a tool for rendering visible the choices that have been made in inclusion, thus opening up such choices for critical scrutiny.
{"title":"Inclusive innovation in crop gene editing for smallholder farmers: Status and approaches","authors":"K. Beumer, Sanne de Roij","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00089","url":null,"abstract":"Gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas are breathing new life into expectations about the benefits of genetically modified crops for smallholder farmers in the global South. In this article, we put these expectations to the test. We have interrogated both whether crop gene editing is employed for smallholder farmers and how this is done in ways that are more or less inclusive. To this end, we systematically investigated projects using gene editing for smallholder farmers and analyzed their activities using the framework of inclusive innovation. We have 3 main findings. First, gene editing indeed can be used to target crops and traits that may benefit smallholder farmers. We found 30 projects that target a variety of crops and traits for smallholders. Second, the use of gene editing for smallholder farmers is emerging slowly at best. The number of projects is relatively small, the set of crops that is targeted is relatively limited, and the number of countries that engage in these activities is small. And third, we found 2 distinct approaches to inclusive innovation that we describe as spacecraft approach and helicopter approach to inclusive innovation. We argue that the inclusive innovation framework should not be used as a checkbox—where inclusion is achieved if all types of inclusion are covered—but instead should be used as a tool for rendering visible the choices that have been made in inclusion, thus opening up such choices for critical scrutiny.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00051
Laura Castro de la Guardia, K. Filbee‐Dexter, Jillian Reimer, K. MacGregor, I. Garrido, R. Singh, S. Bélanger, B. Konar, K. Iken, L. Johnson, P. Archambault, Mikael K. Sejr, J. Søreide, C. Mundy
Kelps are a dominant macrophyte group and primary producer in Arctic nearshore waters that provide significant services to the coastal ecosystem. The quantification of these services in the Arctic is constrained, however, by limited estimates of kelp depth extent, which creates uncertainties in the area covered by kelp. Here, we test the environmental drivers of the depth extent of Arctic kelp. We used Southampton Island (SI), Nunavut, Canada, as an example region after an initial survey found deep Arctic kelp (at depths to at least 50 m) with relatively low grazing pressure within diverse hydrographic conditions. We found abundant rocky substrata, but no influence of substratum type on kelp cover. The kelp cover increased with depth until 20 m and then decreased (the median maximum depth for all stations was 37 m). The best predictor of kelp depth extent was the number of annual open (ice-free) water days with light (r2 = 44–52%); combining depth extent data from SI with published data from Greenland strengthened this relationship (r2 = 58–71%). Using these relationships we estimated the maximum kelp-covered area around SI to be 27,000–28,000 km2, yielding potential primary production between 0.6 and 1.9 Tg Cyr−1. Water transparency was a key determinant of the underwater light environment and was essential for explaining cross-regional differences in kelp depth extent in SI and Greenland. Around SI the minimum underwater light required by kelp was 49 mol photons m−2 yr−1, or 1.4% of annual integrated incident irradiance. Future consideration of seasonal variation in water transparency can improve these underwater light estimations, while future research seeking to understand the kelp depth extent relationship with nutrients and ocean dynamics can further advance estimates of their vertical distribution. Improving our understanding of the drivers of kelp depth extent can reduce uncertainties around the role of kelp in Arctic marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Increasing depth distribution of Arctic kelp with increasing number of open water days with light","authors":"Laura Castro de la Guardia, K. Filbee‐Dexter, Jillian Reimer, K. MacGregor, I. Garrido, R. Singh, S. Bélanger, B. Konar, K. Iken, L. Johnson, P. Archambault, Mikael K. Sejr, J. Søreide, C. Mundy","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00051","url":null,"abstract":"Kelps are a dominant macrophyte group and primary producer in Arctic nearshore waters that provide significant services to the coastal ecosystem. The quantification of these services in the Arctic is constrained, however, by limited estimates of kelp depth extent, which creates uncertainties in the area covered by kelp. Here, we test the environmental drivers of the depth extent of Arctic kelp. We used Southampton Island (SI), Nunavut, Canada, as an example region after an initial survey found deep Arctic kelp (at depths to at least 50 m) with relatively low grazing pressure within diverse hydrographic conditions. We found abundant rocky substrata, but no influence of substratum type on kelp cover. The kelp cover increased with depth until 20 m and then decreased (the median maximum depth for all stations was 37 m). The best predictor of kelp depth extent was the number of annual open (ice-free) water days with light (r2 = 44–52%); combining depth extent data from SI with published data from Greenland strengthened this relationship (r2 = 58–71%). Using these relationships we estimated the maximum kelp-covered area around SI to be 27,000–28,000 km2, yielding potential primary production between 0.6 and 1.9 Tg Cyr−1. Water transparency was a key determinant of the underwater light environment and was essential for explaining cross-regional differences in kelp depth extent in SI and Greenland. Around SI the minimum underwater light required by kelp was 49 mol photons m−2 yr−1, or 1.4% of annual integrated incident irradiance. Future consideration of seasonal variation in water transparency can improve these underwater light estimations, while future research seeking to understand the kelp depth extent relationship with nutrients and ocean dynamics can further advance estimates of their vertical distribution. Improving our understanding of the drivers of kelp depth extent can reduce uncertainties around the role of kelp in Arctic marine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00085
Lia Herrmannsdörfer, Malte Müller, M. Shupe, P. Rostosky
Atmospheric model systems, such as those used for weather forecast and reanalysis production, often have significant and systematic errors in their representation of the Arctic surface energy budget and its components. The newly available observation data of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition (2019/2020) enable a range of model analyses and validation in order to advance our understanding of potential model deficiencies. In the present study, we analyze deficiencies in the surface radiative energy budget over Arctic sea ice in the ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis by comparing against the winter MOSAiC campaign data, as well as, a pan-Arctic level-2 MODIS ice surface temperature remote sensing product. We find that ERA5 can simulate the timing of radiatively clear periods, though it is not able to distinguish the two observed radiative Arctic winter states, radiatively clear and opaquely cloudy, in the distribution of the net surface radiative budget. The ERA5 surface temperature over Arctic sea ice has a conditional error with a positive bias in radiatively clear conditions and a negative bias in opaquely cloudy conditions. The mean surface temperature error is 4°C for radiatively clear situations at MOSAiC and up to 15°C in some parts of the Arctic. The spatial variability of the surface temperature, given by 4 observation sites at MOSAiC, is not captured by ERA5 due to its spatial resolution but represented in the level-2 satellite product. The sensitivity analysis of possible error sources, using satellite products of snow depth and sea ice thickness, shows that the positive surface temperature errors during radiatively clear events are, to a large extent, caused by insufficient sea ice thickness and snow depth representation in the reanalysis system. A positive bias characterizes regions with ice thickness greater than 1.5 m, while the negative bias for thinner ice is partly compensated by the effect of snow.
{"title":"Surface temperature comparison of the Arctic winter MOSAiC observations, ERA5 reanalysis, and MODIS satellite retrieval","authors":"Lia Herrmannsdörfer, Malte Müller, M. Shupe, P. Rostosky","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00085","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric model systems, such as those used for weather forecast and reanalysis production, often have significant and systematic errors in their representation of the Arctic surface energy budget and its components. The newly available observation data of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition (2019/2020) enable a range of model analyses and validation in order to advance our understanding of potential model deficiencies. In the present study, we analyze deficiencies in the surface radiative energy budget over Arctic sea ice in the ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis by comparing against the winter MOSAiC campaign data, as well as, a pan-Arctic level-2 MODIS ice surface temperature remote sensing product. We find that ERA5 can simulate the timing of radiatively clear periods, though it is not able to distinguish the two observed radiative Arctic winter states, radiatively clear and opaquely cloudy, in the distribution of the net surface radiative budget. The ERA5 surface temperature over Arctic sea ice has a conditional error with a positive bias in radiatively clear conditions and a negative bias in opaquely cloudy conditions. The mean surface temperature error is 4°C for radiatively clear situations at MOSAiC and up to 15°C in some parts of the Arctic. The spatial variability of the surface temperature, given by 4 observation sites at MOSAiC, is not captured by ERA5 due to its spatial resolution but represented in the level-2 satellite product. The sensitivity analysis of possible error sources, using satellite products of snow depth and sea ice thickness, shows that the positive surface temperature errors during radiatively clear events are, to a large extent, caused by insufficient sea ice thickness and snow depth representation in the reanalysis system. A positive bias characterizes regions with ice thickness greater than 1.5 m, while the negative bias for thinner ice is partly compensated by the effect of snow.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00130
M. D. Mallet, R. Humphries, S. Fiddes, S. Alexander, K. Altieri, H. Angot, N. Anilkumar, T. Bartels-Rausch, J. Creamean, M. Dall’Osto, A. Dommergue, M. Frey, S. Henning, D. Lannuzel, R. Lapere, G. Mace, A. Mahajan, G. McFarquhar, K. Meiners, B. Miljevic, I. Peeken, A. Protat, J. Schmale, Nadja Steiner, K. Sellegri, R. Simó, Jennie L. Thomas, M. Willis, V. Winton, M. Woodhouse
Polar environments are among the fastest changing regions on the planet. It is a crucial time to make significant improvements in our understanding of how ocean and ice biogeochemical processes are linked with the atmosphere. This is especially true over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean where observations are severely limited and the environment is far from anthropogenic influences. In this commentary, we outline major gaps in our knowledge, emerging research priorities, and upcoming opportunities and needs. We then give an overview of the large-scale measurement campaigns planned across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the next 5 years that will address the key issues. Until we do this, climate models will likely continue to exhibit biases in the simulated energy balance over this delicate region. Addressing these issues will require an international and interdisciplinary approach which we hope to foster and facilitate with ongoing community activities and collaborations.
{"title":"Untangling the influence of Antarctic and Southern Ocean life on clouds","authors":"M. D. Mallet, R. Humphries, S. Fiddes, S. Alexander, K. Altieri, H. Angot, N. Anilkumar, T. Bartels-Rausch, J. Creamean, M. Dall’Osto, A. Dommergue, M. Frey, S. Henning, D. Lannuzel, R. Lapere, G. Mace, A. Mahajan, G. McFarquhar, K. Meiners, B. Miljevic, I. Peeken, A. Protat, J. Schmale, Nadja Steiner, K. Sellegri, R. Simó, Jennie L. Thomas, M. Willis, V. Winton, M. Woodhouse","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00130","url":null,"abstract":"Polar environments are among the fastest changing regions on the planet. It is a crucial time to make significant improvements in our understanding of how ocean and ice biogeochemical processes are linked with the atmosphere. This is especially true over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean where observations are severely limited and the environment is far from anthropogenic influences. In this commentary, we outline major gaps in our knowledge, emerging research priorities, and upcoming opportunities and needs. We then give an overview of the large-scale measurement campaigns planned across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the next 5 years that will address the key issues. Until we do this, climate models will likely continue to exhibit biases in the simulated energy balance over this delicate region. Addressing these issues will require an international and interdisciplinary approach which we hope to foster and facilitate with ongoing community activities and collaborations.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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