Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00061
F. Ferrario, C. Araujo, S. Bélanger, D. Bourgault, J. Carrière, Charlotte Carrier‐Belleau, Elliot Dreujou, L. Johnson, S. Juniper, Raphael Mabit, C. McKindsey, Lindsey Ogston, Manon M. M. Picard, Richard Saint-Louis, Émilie Saulnier‐Talbot, Jean-Luc Shaw, N. Templeman, T. Therriault, J. Tremblay, P. Archambault
Ports play a central role in our society, but they entail potential environmental risks and stressors that may cause detrimental impacts to both neighboring natural ecosystems and human health. Port managers face multiple challenges to mitigate risks and avoid ecosystem impacts and should recognize that ports are embedded in the wider regional coastal ecosystem. Cumulative impacts of anthropogenic stressors have the potential to further burden the existing suite of natural stressors, particularly where ports are located in embayments and estuaries. Environmental monitoring in ports should thus develop a comprehensive, holistic, multilayered approach integrated in the wider ecosystem that will help managers better achieve sustainable development, a major goal of the United Nations’ 2030 agenda and Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). This practice bridge showcases the experience of the second Canadian Healthy Ocean Network (CHONe2) in Baie des Sept Îles (BSI, Quebec; the fourth largest industrial port in Canada) laying the foundations of holistic environmental monitoring in ports. We describe the partnership model (i.e., engaging scientists, local authorities, an independent organization, and local industries), synthesize the multidisciplinary studies that turned environmental monitoring into a systemic investigation of the biological and physical components of BSI, integrate the developed scientific knowledge into a social–ecological–environmental system, present an innovative near real-time monitoring approach, and discuss implications for management and policy. The CHONe2 experience in BSI aligns with the decade’s road map for sustainable development and provides elements that could be adapted to other commercial ports. By suggesting a set of best practices (e.g., multidisciplinarity, transparency, inclusivity, participatory modeling), we hope to spark new interest in environmental monitoring as a path to conciliate development and sustainability of ports and other high-use marine areas.
港口在我们的社会中发挥着核心作用，但它们带来了潜在的环境风险和压力，可能对邻近的自然生态系统和人类健康造成有害影响。港口管理者面临着减轻风险和避免生态系统影响的多重挑战，并应认识到港口植根于更广泛的区域沿海生态系统。人为压力源的累积影响有可能进一步加重现有自然压力源的负担，特别是在港口位于河口和河口的地方。因此，港口环境监测应在更广泛的生态系统中形成一种全面、整体、多层次的方法，帮助管理人员更好地实现可持续发展，这是联合国2030年议程和海洋科学促进可持续发展十年(2021-2030年)的主要目标。这个实践桥展示了第二届加拿大健康海洋网络(CHONe2)在Baie des Sept Îles(魁北克BSI;(加拿大第四大工业港)，为港口整体环境监测奠定了基础。我们描述了伙伴关系模式(即科学家、地方当局、独立组织和地方产业的参与)，综合了将环境监测转变为对BSI的生物和物理组成部分的系统调查的多学科研究，将发达的科学知识整合到社会-生态-环境系统中，提出了一种创新的近实时监测方法，并讨论了对管理和政策的影响。CHONe2在BSI的经验符合可持续发展的十年路线图，并提供了可适用于其他商业港口的元素。通过提出一套最佳实践(例如，多学科、透明度、包容性、参与性建模)，我们希望激发人们对环境监测的新兴趣，将其作为协调港口和其他高用途海洋区域发展和可持续性的途径。
{"title":"Holistic environmental monitoring in ports as an opportunity to advance sustainable development, marine science, and social inclusiveness","authors":"F. Ferrario, C. Araujo, S. Bélanger, D. Bourgault, J. Carrière, Charlotte Carrier‐Belleau, Elliot Dreujou, L. Johnson, S. Juniper, Raphael Mabit, C. McKindsey, Lindsey Ogston, Manon M. M. Picard, Richard Saint-Louis, Émilie Saulnier‐Talbot, Jean-Luc Shaw, N. Templeman, T. Therriault, J. Tremblay, P. Archambault","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00061","url":null,"abstract":"Ports play a central role in our society, but they entail potential environmental risks and stressors that may cause detrimental impacts to both neighboring natural ecosystems and human health. Port managers face multiple challenges to mitigate risks and avoid ecosystem impacts and should recognize that ports are embedded in the wider regional coastal ecosystem. Cumulative impacts of anthropogenic stressors have the potential to further burden the existing suite of natural stressors, particularly where ports are located in embayments and estuaries. Environmental monitoring in ports should thus develop a comprehensive, holistic, multilayered approach integrated in the wider ecosystem that will help managers better achieve sustainable development, a major goal of the United Nations’ 2030 agenda and Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). This practice bridge showcases the experience of the second Canadian Healthy Ocean Network (CHONe2) in Baie des Sept Îles (BSI, Quebec; the fourth largest industrial port in Canada) laying the foundations of holistic environmental monitoring in ports. We describe the partnership model (i.e., engaging scientists, local authorities, an independent organization, and local industries), synthesize the multidisciplinary studies that turned environmental monitoring into a systemic investigation of the biological and physical components of BSI, integrate the developed scientific knowledge into a social–ecological–environmental system, present an innovative near real-time monitoring approach, and discuss implications for management and policy. The CHONe2 experience in BSI aligns with the decade’s road map for sustainable development and provides elements that could be adapted to other commercial ports. By suggesting a set of best practices (e.g., multidisciplinarity, transparency, inclusivity, participatory modeling), we hope to spark new interest in environmental monitoring as a path to conciliate development and sustainability of ports and other high-use marine areas.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00018
Kenisha M. Shipley, T. Martz, P. Bresnahan, Taylor S. Wirth
A standing time series from autonomous sensors (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, CA, captured the effects of a massive red tide occurring along the Southern and Baja California coast during the spring of 2020. Biogeochemical data (pH and dissolved oxygen) were examined using an open-source weighted regression model designed to filter out the influence of tides and estimate net ecosystem metabolism. Contemporaneous pH and dissolved oxygen observations allowed simultaneous, independent evaluations of production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism. Under normal conditions, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon tends toward net heterotrophy, averaging 10 mmol C m–2 d–1. During a 2-month period, centered around the peak of the event, trophic status in the lagoon shifted multiple times between net heterotrophic and net autotrophic, with a pronounced period of anoxia. Fueled by the intense local bloom, at its peak, respiration reached rates of 140 mmol C m–2d–1. We found that the co-location of pH and oxygen sensors affords independent assessment of metabolic rates, which often agree, as expected under baseline (oxic) conditions, but diverge during an extreme event. This observation allowed us to identify non-Redfieldian behavior and speculate on the source of anoxic reactions. Similar to many coastal environments, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon serves a multitude of functions (including a natural habitat for hundreds of marine and avian species, and several commercial and recreational activities), which makes characterizing the dominant mechanisms controlling the ecosystem state (such as metabolic rate) of great interest to scientists, stakeholders, decision-makers, and regulators alike.
来自加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德阿瓜赫迪昂达泻湖的自主传感器(pH值、溶解氧、盐度、温度)的长期时间序列捕捉到了2020年春季沿南加州和下加利福尼亚州海岸发生的大规模赤潮的影响。生物地球化学数据(pH和溶解氧)使用开源加权回归模型进行检验，该模型旨在过滤潮汐的影响并估计净生态系统代谢。同时进行的pH值和溶解氧观测允许同时、独立地评估产量、呼吸和净生态系统代谢。在正常条件下，Agua Hedionda泻湖倾向于净异养，平均为10 mmol C m-2 d-1。在2个月的时间里，以事件高峰期为中心，泻湖的营养状况在净异养和净自养之间多次转换，并伴有明显的缺氧期。在当地强烈的水华的推动下，呼吸速率达到140 mmol C m-2d-1。我们发现pH和氧传感器的共同位置提供了代谢率的独立评估，在基线(氧)条件下通常是一致的，但在极端事件中会出现分歧。这一观察结果使我们能够识别非雷德菲尔德行为，并推测缺氧反应的来源。与许多沿海环境类似，Agua Hedionda泻湖具有多种功能(包括数百种海洋和鸟类的自然栖息地，以及几种商业和娱乐活动)，这使得科学家、利益相关者、决策者和监管机构对控制生态系统状态(如代谢率)的主要机制非常感兴趣。
{"title":"Metabolic rates in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon during the 2020 Southern California red tide event","authors":"Kenisha M. Shipley, T. Martz, P. Bresnahan, Taylor S. Wirth","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00018","url":null,"abstract":"A standing time series from autonomous sensors (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, CA, captured the effects of a massive red tide occurring along the Southern and Baja California coast during the spring of 2020. Biogeochemical data (pH and dissolved oxygen) were examined using an open-source weighted regression model designed to filter out the influence of tides and estimate net ecosystem metabolism. Contemporaneous pH and dissolved oxygen observations allowed simultaneous, independent evaluations of production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism. Under normal conditions, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon tends toward net heterotrophy, averaging 10 mmol C m–2 d–1. During a 2-month period, centered around the peak of the event, trophic status in the lagoon shifted multiple times between net heterotrophic and net autotrophic, with a pronounced period of anoxia. Fueled by the intense local bloom, at its peak, respiration reached rates of 140 mmol C m–2d–1. We found that the co-location of pH and oxygen sensors affords independent assessment of metabolic rates, which often agree, as expected under baseline (oxic) conditions, but diverge during an extreme event. This observation allowed us to identify non-Redfieldian behavior and speculate on the source of anoxic reactions. Similar to many coastal environments, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon serves a multitude of functions (including a natural habitat for hundreds of marine and avian species, and several commercial and recreational activities), which makes characterizing the dominant mechanisms controlling the ecosystem state (such as metabolic rate) of great interest to scientists, stakeholders, decision-makers, and regulators alike.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00074
Luisa von Albedyll, S. Hendricks, Raphael Grodofzig, T. Krumpen, Stefanie Arndt, H. J. Belter, G. Birnbaum, B. Cheng, M. Hoppmann, J. Hutchings, P. Itkin, R. Lei, M. Nicolaus, R. Ricker, J. Rohde, Mira Suhrhoff, A. Timofeeva, D. Watkins, M. Webster, C. Haas
Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided a unique opportunity to study seasonal sea ice thickness changes of the same sea ice. We analyzed 11 large-scale (∼50 km) airborne electromagnetic sea thickness and surface roughness surveys from October 2019 to September 2020. Data from ice mass balance and position buoys provided additional information. We found that thermodynamic growth and decay dominated the seasonal cycle with a total mean sea ice thickness increase of 1.4 m (October 2019 to June 2020) and decay of 1.2 m (June 2020 to September 2020). Ice dynamics and deformation-related processes, such as thin ice formation in leads and subsequent ridging, broadened the ice thickness distribution and contributed 30% to the increase in mean thickness. These processes caused a 1-month delay between maximum thermodynamic sea ice thickness and maximum mean ice thickness. The airborne EM measurements bridged the scales from local floe-scale measurements to Arctic-wide satellite observations and model grid cells. The spatial differences in mean sea ice thickness between the Central Observatory (<10 km) of MOSAiC and the Distributed Network (<50 km) were negligible in fall and only 0.2 m in late winter, but the relative abundance of thin and thick ice varied. One unexpected outcome was the large dynamic thickening in a regime where divergence prevailed on average in the western Nansen Basin in spring. We suggest that the large dynamic thickening was due to the mobile, unconsolidated sea ice pack and periodic, sub-daily motion. We demonstrate that this Lagrangian sea ice thickness data set is well suited for validating the existing redistribution theory in sea ice models. Our comprehensive description of seasonal changes of the sea ice thickness distribution is valuable for interpreting MOSAiC time series across disciplines and can be used as a reference to advance sea ice thickness modeling.
{"title":"Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness distributions from airborne observations","authors":"Luisa von Albedyll, S. Hendricks, Raphael Grodofzig, T. Krumpen, Stefanie Arndt, H. J. Belter, G. Birnbaum, B. Cheng, M. Hoppmann, J. Hutchings, P. Itkin, R. Lei, M. Nicolaus, R. Ricker, J. Rohde, Mira Suhrhoff, A. Timofeeva, D. Watkins, M. Webster, C. Haas","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00074","url":null,"abstract":"Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided a unique opportunity to study seasonal sea ice thickness changes of the same sea ice. We analyzed 11 large-scale (∼50 km) airborne electromagnetic sea thickness and surface roughness surveys from October 2019 to September 2020. Data from ice mass balance and position buoys provided additional information. We found that thermodynamic growth and decay dominated the seasonal cycle with a total mean sea ice thickness increase of 1.4 m (October 2019 to June 2020) and decay of 1.2 m (June 2020 to September 2020). Ice dynamics and deformation-related processes, such as thin ice formation in leads and subsequent ridging, broadened the ice thickness distribution and contributed 30% to the increase in mean thickness. These processes caused a 1-month delay between maximum thermodynamic sea ice thickness and maximum mean ice thickness. The airborne EM measurements bridged the scales from local floe-scale measurements to Arctic-wide satellite observations and model grid cells. The spatial differences in mean sea ice thickness between the Central Observatory (<10 km) of MOSAiC and the Distributed Network (<50 km) were negligible in fall and only 0.2 m in late winter, but the relative abundance of thin and thick ice varied. One unexpected outcome was the large dynamic thickening in a regime where divergence prevailed on average in the western Nansen Basin in spring. We suggest that the large dynamic thickening was due to the mobile, unconsolidated sea ice pack and periodic, sub-daily motion. We demonstrate that this Lagrangian sea ice thickness data set is well suited for validating the existing redistribution theory in sea ice models. Our comprehensive description of seasonal changes of the sea ice thickness distribution is valuable for interpreting MOSAiC time series across disciplines and can be used as a reference to advance sea ice thickness modeling.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00099
S. Belmain, Y. Tembo, Angela G. Mkindi, Sarah E. J. Arnold, P. Stevenson
The development of large-scale monocropped agrisystems has facilitated increased problems with pests and diseases, perpetuating the reliance of farmers on synthetic pesticides. The economic success of synthetic inputs has, however, been achieved at a high cost to the environment through the loss of biodiversity, depletion of soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and disrupting the ecosystem services that can otherwise help mitigate losses caused by pests and diseases. Environmentally benign alternatives for pest and disease management are urgently needed and are now widely recognized as essential for sustainable food and agriculture. The Food and Agriculture Organization, for example, has published the 10 elements of agroecology as a framework for the transformation of agriculture. Agroecology combines ecological and social concepts and principles to develop sustainable food and agricultural systems by harnessing nature-based solutions that are tailored to farmers’ needs. Plant-based biopesticides, for example, offer an alternative to synthetic pesticides that are less harmful to the environment and nonpersistent, yet effective at managing pests and have a long tradition of use among farmers so are more socially acceptable. Here, we provide a critical assessment of how nature-based approaches to pest and disease management comply with the 10 elements of agroecology and show how they integrate with other ecosystem services through farmer participatory research. We conclude that the adoption of nature-based solutions for pest management addresses all 10 elements of agroecology and provides an entry point to promote sustainable farming practices among farmers more widely.
{"title":"Elements of agroecological pest and disease management","authors":"S. Belmain, Y. Tembo, Angela G. Mkindi, Sarah E. J. Arnold, P. Stevenson","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00099","url":null,"abstract":"The development of large-scale monocropped agrisystems has facilitated increased problems with pests and diseases, perpetuating the reliance of farmers on synthetic pesticides. The economic success of synthetic inputs has, however, been achieved at a high cost to the environment through the loss of biodiversity, depletion of soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and disrupting the ecosystem services that can otherwise help mitigate losses caused by pests and diseases. Environmentally benign alternatives for pest and disease management are urgently needed and are now widely recognized as essential for sustainable food and agriculture. The Food and Agriculture Organization, for example, has published the 10 elements of agroecology as a framework for the transformation of agriculture. Agroecology combines ecological and social concepts and principles to develop sustainable food and agricultural systems by harnessing nature-based solutions that are tailored to farmers’ needs. Plant-based biopesticides, for example, offer an alternative to synthetic pesticides that are less harmful to the environment and nonpersistent, yet effective at managing pests and have a long tradition of use among farmers so are more socially acceptable. Here, we provide a critical assessment of how nature-based approaches to pest and disease management comply with the 10 elements of agroecology and show how they integrate with other ecosystem services through farmer participatory research. We conclude that the adoption of nature-based solutions for pest management addresses all 10 elements of agroecology and provides an entry point to promote sustainable farming practices among farmers more widely.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00030
Hyeonmin Kim, R. Park, Saewung Kim, W. Brune, G. Diskin, A. Fried, S. Hall, A. Weinheimer, P. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, D. Blake, K. Ullmann
We present a holistic examination of tropospheric OH reactivity (OHR) in South Korea using comprehensive NASA DC-8 airborne measurements collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality field study and chemical transport models. The observed total OHR (tOHR) averaged in the planetary boundary layer (PBL, <2.0 km) and free troposphere was 5.2 s−1 and 2.0 s−1 during the campaign, respectively. These values were higher than the calculated OHR (cOHR, 3.4 s−1, 1.0 s−1) derived from trace-gas observations, indicating missing OHR fractions in the PBL and free troposphere of 35% and 50%, respectively. Incorporating nonobserved secondary species from the observationally constrained box model increased cOHR to 4.0 s−1 in the PBL and 1.3 s−1 in the free troposphere. Simulated OHR (sOHR, 2.7 s−1, 0.8 s−1) was substantially lower than both tOHR and cOHR by as much as 60%. This underestimate was substantial in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the marginal sea (Yellow Sea). We then discuss the potential causes of unaccounted OHR. First, we suggest improving the accuracy of tropospheric reaction kinetics, which vary significantly in the available literature. Second, underestimated emissions of anthropogenic CO and oxygenated volatile organic compounds in East Asia contributed to the discrepancy between tOHR and sOHR. In addition, oxygenated and biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted from the marginal sea may contribute substantially to the regional OHR. Typical chemical transport models underestimate these sources, leading to a large missing OHR fraction. Despite this discrepancy, we found that simulated OH concentrations were comparable with those observed during the campaign because of slow OH recycling rates in the models; therefore, the models predicted less formation of photochemical oxidation products such as ozone.
{"title":"Observed versus simulated OH reactivity during KORUS-AQ campaign: Implications for emission inventory and chemical environment in East Asia","authors":"Hyeonmin Kim, R. Park, Saewung Kim, W. Brune, G. Diskin, A. Fried, S. Hall, A. Weinheimer, P. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, D. Blake, K. Ullmann","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00030","url":null,"abstract":"We present a holistic examination of tropospheric OH reactivity (OHR) in South Korea using comprehensive NASA DC-8 airborne measurements collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality field study and chemical transport models. The observed total OHR (tOHR) averaged in the planetary boundary layer (PBL, <2.0 km) and free troposphere was 5.2 s−1 and 2.0 s−1 during the campaign, respectively. These values were higher than the calculated OHR (cOHR, 3.4 s−1, 1.0 s−1) derived from trace-gas observations, indicating missing OHR fractions in the PBL and free troposphere of 35% and 50%, respectively. Incorporating nonobserved secondary species from the observationally constrained box model increased cOHR to 4.0 s−1 in the PBL and 1.3 s−1 in the free troposphere. Simulated OHR (sOHR, 2.7 s−1, 0.8 s−1) was substantially lower than both tOHR and cOHR by as much as 60%. This underestimate was substantial in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the marginal sea (Yellow Sea). We then discuss the potential causes of unaccounted OHR. First, we suggest improving the accuracy of tropospheric reaction kinetics, which vary significantly in the available literature. Second, underestimated emissions of anthropogenic CO and oxygenated volatile organic compounds in East Asia contributed to the discrepancy between tOHR and sOHR. In addition, oxygenated and biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted from the marginal sea may contribute substantially to the regional OHR. Typical chemical transport models underestimate these sources, leading to a large missing OHR fraction. Despite this discrepancy, we found that simulated OH concentrations were comparable with those observed during the campaign because of slow OH recycling rates in the models; therefore, the models predicted less formation of photochemical oxidation products such as ozone.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00028
Jazel Ouled-Cheikh, M. Coll, L. Cardona, J. Steenbeek, F. Ramírez
Marine species are widely threatened by anthropogenic activities, including fishing and human-induced climate change. However, geographically broad and spatially explicit assessments of the simultaneous impacts of these major threats at regional scales are mostly lacking due to the practical challenges of surveying vast geographical areas and obtaining adequately resolved data. Yet, these assessments are key for identifying highly and cumulatively impacted areas and species that should be prioritized for conservation through knowledge-based management strategies. Here, we analysed a 26-year (1993–2018) time series of highly resolved remotely sensed environmental data to evaluate changes in optimal habitat availability (i.e., extent of marine areas encompassing optimal environmental conditions) for 15 species representative of small, medium and large pelagic fish inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. We then combined spatial and temporal data on fishing pressure and changes in optimal habitats to identify areas of high risk of cumulative impacts. Overall, results show how most of the studied Mediterranean pelagic species experienced a reduction in optimal habitat availability over the past decades. The few species that showed positive trends in optimal habitat availability expanded only to a small degree and hence were unlikely to compensate for the loss of key functional roles at the group level. Habitat loss concentrated in the western and central regions. Similarly, fishing pressure was found to be higher in these regions, thus overlapping with the areas experiencing a higher reduction of optimal habitat. Small and large pelagic fish were the most impacted groups, having a larger proportion of their distributions in highly, cumulative impacted areas. Redistributing fishing pressure and reducing it in highly impacted areas may alleviate the overall cumulative pressure on pelagic stocks, contributing to the necessary shift to sustainable and resilient fisheries that would ensure food security and a healthy ecosystem in this highly impacted basin.
{"title":"Fisheries-enhanced pressure on Mediterranean regions and pelagic species already impacted by climate change","authors":"Jazel Ouled-Cheikh, M. Coll, L. Cardona, J. Steenbeek, F. Ramírez","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Marine species are widely threatened by anthropogenic activities, including fishing and human-induced climate change. However, geographically broad and spatially explicit assessments of the simultaneous impacts of these major threats at regional scales are mostly lacking due to the practical challenges of surveying vast geographical areas and obtaining adequately resolved data. Yet, these assessments are key for identifying highly and cumulatively impacted areas and species that should be prioritized for conservation through knowledge-based management strategies. Here, we analysed a 26-year (1993–2018) time series of highly resolved remotely sensed environmental data to evaluate changes in optimal habitat availability (i.e., extent of marine areas encompassing optimal environmental conditions) for 15 species representative of small, medium and large pelagic fish inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. We then combined spatial and temporal data on fishing pressure and changes in optimal habitats to identify areas of high risk of cumulative impacts. Overall, results show how most of the studied Mediterranean pelagic species experienced a reduction in optimal habitat availability over the past decades. The few species that showed positive trends in optimal habitat availability expanded only to a small degree and hence were unlikely to compensate for the loss of key functional roles at the group level. Habitat loss concentrated in the western and central regions. Similarly, fishing pressure was found to be higher in these regions, thus overlapping with the areas experiencing a higher reduction of optimal habitat. Small and large pelagic fish were the most impacted groups, having a larger proportion of their distributions in highly, cumulative impacted areas. Redistributing fishing pressure and reducing it in highly impacted areas may alleviate the overall cumulative pressure on pelagic stocks, contributing to the necessary shift to sustainable and resilient fisheries that would ensure food security and a healthy ecosystem in this highly impacted basin.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure plays a critical role in promoting corporations’ abilities to achieve sustainable development. Previous research has focused on the concept, antecedents, and consequences of ESG disclosure, ignoring that there are significant differences in ESG disclosure strategies of corporations and providing even less understanding of how corporations adopt ESG disclosure strategies. Therefore, we identify the factors and mechanisms of ESG disclosure strategy adoption in context of stakeholders. Using new institutional theory (NIT) and resource dependence theory (RDT), we suggest that goals compatibility and resources dependence are the 2 critical factors that affect a corporation’s ESG disclosure strategy adoption. Accordingly, we construct a framework of corporations’ ESG disclosure strategies adoption. We address the gaps in understanding of ESG disclosure strategies adoption of corporations, expand NIT and RDT, and provide rich practical guidance to promote the healthy development of ESG disclosure strategies.
{"title":"Stakeholders and ESG disclosure strategies adoption: The role of goals compatibility and resources dependence","authors":"Zhiyang Liu, Ruoyu Zheng, Zhenyu Qiu, Xiaodong Jiang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure plays a critical role in promoting corporations’ abilities to achieve sustainable development. Previous research has focused on the concept, antecedents, and consequences of ESG disclosure, ignoring that there are significant differences in ESG disclosure strategies of corporations and providing even less understanding of how corporations adopt ESG disclosure strategies. Therefore, we identify the factors and mechanisms of ESG disclosure strategy adoption in context of stakeholders. Using new institutional theory (NIT) and resource dependence theory (RDT), we suggest that goals compatibility and resources dependence are the 2 critical factors that affect a corporation’s ESG disclosure strategy adoption. Accordingly, we construct a framework of corporations’ ESG disclosure strategies adoption. We address the gaps in understanding of ESG disclosure strategies adoption of corporations, expand NIT and RDT, and provide rich practical guidance to promote the healthy development of ESG disclosure strategies.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00055
K. Sobocinski, C. Harvell, Natalie J. K. Baloy, Ginny Broadhurst, M. Dethier, A. Flower, J. Delaney
Coastal seas and estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth and have long attracted human activity. Yet, urbanization pressures are intense and are compounded by accelerating climate stresses. Urban seas are now hotspots of stress in the Anthropocene ocean. The Salish Sea stands out as one of a few highly functioning urban seas in the world, boasting ecological riches and thriving coastal communities and industries, including tourism. For over 10,000 years the region has supported Indigenous peoples; now it is home to a growing population of almost nine million people, concentrated in and near the major cities of Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Increasing urbanization combined with intensifying climate stress is degrading the Salish Sea and acutely affecting communities already experiencing marginalization. Current environmental impacts include acidifying waters, hypoxia, and intense heat waves, all of which have had measurable impacts within the ecosystem. A recent synthesis of this system identified key domains for solutions, which we generalize here for invoking positive change in global urban seas: 1) innovation in data collection, curation, and integration using a systems approach in science and management; 2) sharing place-based knowledge to sustain community-based action; and 3) aligning science and policy with ecosystem boundaries. The differing governance and socio-political settings across two countries and numerous Indigenous nations creates a complex challenge in ecosystem management. Developing actionable solutions for people and the biota of the Salish Sea can create a global example of a sustainably managed urban sea with transferable insights to other urban seas in need of revitalization around the world.
{"title":"Urban seas as hotspots of stress in the Anthropocene ocean: The Salish Sea example","authors":"K. Sobocinski, C. Harvell, Natalie J. K. Baloy, Ginny Broadhurst, M. Dethier, A. Flower, J. Delaney","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00055","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal seas and estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth and have long attracted human activity. Yet, urbanization pressures are intense and are compounded by accelerating climate stresses. Urban seas are now hotspots of stress in the Anthropocene ocean. The Salish Sea stands out as one of a few highly functioning urban seas in the world, boasting ecological riches and thriving coastal communities and industries, including tourism. For over 10,000 years the region has supported Indigenous peoples; now it is home to a growing population of almost nine million people, concentrated in and near the major cities of Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Increasing urbanization combined with intensifying climate stress is degrading the Salish Sea and acutely affecting communities already experiencing marginalization. Current environmental impacts include acidifying waters, hypoxia, and intense heat waves, all of which have had measurable impacts within the ecosystem. A recent synthesis of this system identified key domains for solutions, which we generalize here for invoking positive change in global urban seas: 1) innovation in data collection, curation, and integration using a systems approach in science and management; 2) sharing place-based knowledge to sustain community-based action; and 3) aligning science and policy with ecosystem boundaries. The differing governance and socio-political settings across two countries and numerous Indigenous nations creates a complex challenge in ecosystem management. Developing actionable solutions for people and the biota of the Salish Sea can create a global example of a sustainably managed urban sea with transferable insights to other urban seas in need of revitalization around the world.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00065
A. Romero-Olivares, C. Davie-Martin, M. Kramshøj, R. Rinnan, S. Frey
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play crucial roles in ecosystems at multiple scales, ranging from mediating soil microbial interactions to contributing to atmospheric chemistry. However, soil VOCs and how they respond to environmental change remains understudied. We aimed to assess how 2 abiotic global change drivers, soil warming and simulated nitrogen (N) deposition, impact soil VOC emissions over time in a temperate forest. We characterized the effect of warming, N deposition, and their interaction on the composition and emissions of soil VOCs during the growing season of 2 consecutive years. We found that chronic warming and N deposition enhanced total VOC emissions at certain times of the year (as high as 332.78 µg m–2 h–1), but that overall VOC composition was not strongly affected by these global change treatments. However, certain compounds, particularly sesquiterpenoids and alkanes, were sensitive to these treatments, with their emissions increasing under both chronic warming and N deposition. Moreover, specific signature VOCs—α-pinene, β-thujone, β-caryophyllene, and 2,4-dimethylheptane—were consistently found under chronic warming and N deposition. This suggests that emissions of specific VOC classes/compounds may increase under global change.
{"title":"Soil volatile organic compound emissions in response to soil warming and nitrogen deposition","authors":"A. Romero-Olivares, C. Davie-Martin, M. Kramshøj, R. Rinnan, S. Frey","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00065","url":null,"abstract":"Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play crucial roles in ecosystems at multiple scales, ranging from mediating soil microbial interactions to contributing to atmospheric chemistry. However, soil VOCs and how they respond to environmental change remains understudied. We aimed to assess how 2 abiotic global change drivers, soil warming and simulated nitrogen (N) deposition, impact soil VOC emissions over time in a temperate forest. We characterized the effect of warming, N deposition, and their interaction on the composition and emissions of soil VOCs during the growing season of 2 consecutive years. We found that chronic warming and N deposition enhanced total VOC emissions at certain times of the year (as high as 332.78 µg m–2 h–1), but that overall VOC composition was not strongly affected by these global change treatments. However, certain compounds, particularly sesquiterpenoids and alkanes, were sensitive to these treatments, with their emissions increasing under both chronic warming and N deposition. Moreover, specific signature VOCs—α-pinene, β-thujone, β-caryophyllene, and 2,4-dimethylheptane—were consistently found under chronic warming and N deposition. This suggests that emissions of specific VOC classes/compounds may increase under global change.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00118
J. Ström, J. Svensson, H. Honkanen, E. Asmi, Nathaniel B. Dkhar, S. Tayal, V. Sharma, R. Hooda, O. Meinander, M. Leppäranta, H. Jacobi, H. Lihavainen, A. Hyvärinen
Snow darkening by deposited light-absorbing particles (LAP) accelerates snowmelt and shifts the snow melt-out date (MOD). Here, we present a simple approach to estimate the snow albedo variability due to LAP deposition and test this method with data for 2 seasons (February–May 2016 and December 2016–June 2017) at a high-altitude valley site in the Central Himalayas, India. We derive a parameterization for the snow albedo that only depends on the daily observations of average ambient temperature and change in snow depth, as well as an assumed average concentration of LAP in snow precipitation. Linear regression between observed and parameterized albedo for the base case assuming an equivalent elemental carbon concentration [ECeq] of 100 ng g–1 in snow precipitation yields a slope of 0.75 and a Pearson correlation coefficient r2 of 0.76. However, comparing the integrated amount of shortwave radiation absorbed during the winter season using observed albedo versus base case albedo resulted in rather small differences of 11% and 4% at the end of Seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The enhanced energy absorbed due to LAP at the end of the 2 seasons for the base case scenario (assuming an [ECeq] of 100 ng g–1 in snow precipitation) was 40% and 36% compared to pristine snow. A numerical evaluation with different assumed [ECeq] in snow precipitation suggests that the relative sensitivity of snow albedo to changes in [ECeq] remains rather constant for the 2 seasons. Doubling [ECeq] augments the absorption by less than 20%, highlighting that the impact on a MOD is small even for a doubling of average LAP in snow precipitation.
吸收光粒子(LAP)使积雪变暗，加速融雪，使融雪期(MOD)发生偏移。本文提出了一种估算LAP沉积引起的积雪反照率变化的简单方法，并利用印度喜马拉雅中部高海拔山谷站点的2个季节(2016年2月- 5月和2016年12月- 2017年6月)的数据对该方法进行了测试。我们推导了积雪反照率的参数化，该参数化仅依赖于平均环境温度和雪深变化的每日观测，以及雪降水中LAP的假设平均浓度。假设雪降水中同等元素碳浓度[ECeq]为100 ng g-1，基本情况下观测反照率与参数化反照率之间的线性回归斜率为0.75,Pearson相关系数r2为0.76。然而，使用观测反照率与基准反照率比较冬季短波辐射吸收的综合量，在第1季末和第2季末的差异很小，分别为11%和4%。在基本情景(假设雪降水的[ECeq]为100 ng g-1)中，两个季节结束时由于LAP而吸收的增强能量与原始雪相比分别为40%和36%。不同假设[ECeq]积雪降水的数值计算表明，积雪反照率对[ECeq]变化的相对敏感性在2个季节保持相当稳定。加倍[ECeq]使吸收率增加不到20%，这突出表明即使降雪中平均LAP加倍，对MOD的影响也很小。
{"title":"Snow albedo and its sensitivity to changes in deposited light-absorbing particles estimated from ambient temperature and snow depth observations at a high-altitude site in the Himalaya","authors":"J. Ström, J. Svensson, H. Honkanen, E. Asmi, Nathaniel B. Dkhar, S. Tayal, V. Sharma, R. Hooda, O. Meinander, M. Leppäranta, H. Jacobi, H. Lihavainen, A. Hyvärinen","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00118","url":null,"abstract":"Snow darkening by deposited light-absorbing particles (LAP) accelerates snowmelt and shifts the snow melt-out date (MOD). Here, we present a simple approach to estimate the snow albedo variability due to LAP deposition and test this method with data for 2 seasons (February–May 2016 and December 2016–June 2017) at a high-altitude valley site in the Central Himalayas, India. We derive a parameterization for the snow albedo that only depends on the daily observations of average ambient temperature and change in snow depth, as well as an assumed average concentration of LAP in snow precipitation. Linear regression between observed and parameterized albedo for the base case assuming an equivalent elemental carbon concentration [ECeq] of 100 ng g–1 in snow precipitation yields a slope of 0.75 and a Pearson correlation coefficient r2 of 0.76. However, comparing the integrated amount of shortwave radiation absorbed during the winter season using observed albedo versus base case albedo resulted in rather small differences of 11% and 4% at the end of Seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The enhanced energy absorbed due to LAP at the end of the 2 seasons for the base case scenario (assuming an [ECeq] of 100 ng g–1 in snow precipitation) was 40% and 36% compared to pristine snow. A numerical evaluation with different assumed [ECeq] in snow precipitation suggests that the relative sensitivity of snow albedo to changes in [ECeq] remains rather constant for the 2 seasons. Doubling [ECeq] augments the absorption by less than 20%, highlighting that the impact on a MOD is small even for a doubling of average LAP in snow precipitation.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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