Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00130
M. D. Mallet, R. Humphries, S. Fiddes, S. Alexander, K. Altieri, H. Angot, N. Anilkumar, T. Bartels-Rausch, J. Creamean, M. Dall’Osto, A. Dommergue, M. Frey, S. Henning, D. Lannuzel, R. Lapere, G. Mace, A. Mahajan, G. McFarquhar, K. Meiners, B. Miljevic, I. Peeken, A. Protat, J. Schmale, Nadja Steiner, K. Sellegri, R. Simó, Jennie L. Thomas, M. Willis, V. Winton, M. Woodhouse
Polar environments are among the fastest changing regions on the planet. It is a crucial time to make significant improvements in our understanding of how ocean and ice biogeochemical processes are linked with the atmosphere. This is especially true over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean where observations are severely limited and the environment is far from anthropogenic influences. In this commentary, we outline major gaps in our knowledge, emerging research priorities, and upcoming opportunities and needs. We then give an overview of the large-scale measurement campaigns planned across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the next 5 years that will address the key issues. Until we do this, climate models will likely continue to exhibit biases in the simulated energy balance over this delicate region. Addressing these issues will require an international and interdisciplinary approach which we hope to foster and facilitate with ongoing community activities and collaborations.
{"title":"Untangling the influence of Antarctic and Southern Ocean life on clouds","authors":"M. D. Mallet, R. Humphries, S. Fiddes, S. Alexander, K. Altieri, H. Angot, N. Anilkumar, T. Bartels-Rausch, J. Creamean, M. Dall’Osto, A. Dommergue, M. Frey, S. Henning, D. Lannuzel, R. Lapere, G. Mace, A. Mahajan, G. McFarquhar, K. Meiners, B. Miljevic, I. Peeken, A. Protat, J. Schmale, Nadja Steiner, K. Sellegri, R. Simó, Jennie L. Thomas, M. Willis, V. Winton, M. Woodhouse","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00130","url":null,"abstract":"Polar environments are among the fastest changing regions on the planet. It is a crucial time to make significant improvements in our understanding of how ocean and ice biogeochemical processes are linked with the atmosphere. This is especially true over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean where observations are severely limited and the environment is far from anthropogenic influences. In this commentary, we outline major gaps in our knowledge, emerging research priorities, and upcoming opportunities and needs. We then give an overview of the large-scale measurement campaigns planned across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the next 5 years that will address the key issues. Until we do this, climate models will likely continue to exhibit biases in the simulated energy balance over this delicate region. Addressing these issues will require an international and interdisciplinary approach which we hope to foster and facilitate with ongoing community activities and collaborations.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah M. Dawson, Katherine R. Heal, Angela K. Boysen, Laura T. Carlson, Anitra E. Ingalls, Jodi N. Young
{"title":"Corrigendum: Potential of temperature- and salinity-driven shifts in diatom compatible solute concentrations to impact biogeochemical cycling within sea ice","authors":"Hannah M. Dawson, Katherine R. Heal, Angela K. Boysen, Laura T. Carlson, Anitra E. Ingalls, Jodi N. Young","doi":"10.1525/elementa.421.c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.421.c","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134967536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00032
Liselotte Tinel, Jonathan Abbatt, Eric Saltzman, Anja Engel, Rafael Fernandez, Qinyi Li, Anoop S. Mahajan, Melinda Nicewonger, Gordon Novak, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Stephanie Schneider, Shanshan Wang
Ocean biogeochemistry involves the production and consumption of an array of organic compounds and halogenated trace gases that influence the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere, air quality, and the climate system. Some of these molecules affect tropospheric ozone and secondary aerosol formation and impact the atmospheric oxidation capacity on both regional and global scales. Other emissions undergo transport to the stratosphere, where they contribute to the halogen burden and influence ozone. The oceans also comprise a major sink for highly soluble or reactive atmospheric gases. These issues are an active area of research by the SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere) community. This article provides a status report on progress over the past decade, unresolved issues, and future research directions to understand the influence of ocean biogeochemistry on gas-phase atmospheric chemistry. Common challenges across the subject area involve establishing the role that biology plays in controlling the emissions of gases to the atmosphere and the inclusion of such complex processes, for example involving the sea surface microlayer, in large-scale global models.
{"title":"Impacts of ocean biogeochemistry on atmospheric chemistry","authors":"Liselotte Tinel, Jonathan Abbatt, Eric Saltzman, Anja Engel, Rafael Fernandez, Qinyi Li, Anoop S. Mahajan, Melinda Nicewonger, Gordon Novak, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Stephanie Schneider, Shanshan Wang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00032","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean biogeochemistry involves the production and consumption of an array of organic compounds and halogenated trace gases that influence the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere, air quality, and the climate system. Some of these molecules affect tropospheric ozone and secondary aerosol formation and impact the atmospheric oxidation capacity on both regional and global scales. Other emissions undergo transport to the stratosphere, where they contribute to the halogen burden and influence ozone. The oceans also comprise a major sink for highly soluble or reactive atmospheric gases. These issues are an active area of research by the SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere) community. This article provides a status report on progress over the past decade, unresolved issues, and future research directions to understand the influence of ocean biogeochemistry on gas-phase atmospheric chemistry. Common challenges across the subject area involve establishing the role that biology plays in controlling the emissions of gases to the atmosphere and the inclusion of such complex processes, for example involving the sea surface microlayer, in large-scale global models.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135358450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00025
Jacob S. Becker, Marissa N. DeLang, Kai-Lan Chang, Marc L. Serre, Owen R. Cooper, Hantao Wang, Martin G. Schultz, Sabine Schröder, Xiao Lu, Lin Zhang, Makoto Deushi, Beatrice Josse, Christoph A. Keller, Jean-François Lamarque, Meiyun Lin, Junhua Liu, Virginie Marécal, Sarah A. Strode, Kengo Sudo, Simone Tilmes, Li Zhang, Michael Brauer, J. Jason West
Estimates of ground-level ozone concentrations have been improved through data fusion of observations and atmospheric chemistry models. Our previous global ozone estimates for the Global Burden of Disease study corrected for bias uniformly across continents and then corrected near monitoring stations using the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) framework for data fusion. Here, we use the Regionalized Air Quality Model Performance (RAMP) framework to correct model bias over a much larger spatial range than BME can, accounting for the spatial inhomogeneity of bias and nonlinearity as a function of modeled ozone. RAMP bias correction is applied to a composite of 9 global chemistry-climate models, based on the nearest set of monitors. These estimates are then fused with observations using BME, which matches observations at measurement stations, with the influence of observations declining with distance in space and time. We create global ozone maps for each year from 1990 to 2017 at fine spatial resolution. RAMP is shown to create unrealistic discontinuities due to the spatial clustering of ozone monitors, which we overcome by applying a weighting for RAMP based on the number of monitors nearby. Incorporating RAMP before BME has little effect on model performance near stations, but strongly increases R2 by 0.15 at locations farther from stations, shown through a checkerboard cross-validation. Corrections to estimates differ based on location in space and time, confirming heterogeneity. We quantify the likelihood of exceeding selected ozone levels, finding that parts of the Middle East, India, and China are most likely to exceed 55 parts per billion (ppb) in 2017. About 96% of the global population was exposed to ozone levels above the World Health Organization guideline of 60 µg m−3 (30 ppb) in 2017. Our annual fine-resolution ozone estimates may be useful for several applications including epidemiology and assessments of impacts on health, agriculture, and ecosystems.
{"title":"Using Regionalized Air Quality Model Performance and Bayesian Maximum Entropy data fusion to map global surface ozone concentration","authors":"Jacob S. Becker, Marissa N. DeLang, Kai-Lan Chang, Marc L. Serre, Owen R. Cooper, Hantao Wang, Martin G. Schultz, Sabine Schröder, Xiao Lu, Lin Zhang, Makoto Deushi, Beatrice Josse, Christoph A. Keller, Jean-François Lamarque, Meiyun Lin, Junhua Liu, Virginie Marécal, Sarah A. Strode, Kengo Sudo, Simone Tilmes, Li Zhang, Michael Brauer, J. Jason West","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00025","url":null,"abstract":"Estimates of ground-level ozone concentrations have been improved through data fusion of observations and atmospheric chemistry models. Our previous global ozone estimates for the Global Burden of Disease study corrected for bias uniformly across continents and then corrected near monitoring stations using the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) framework for data fusion. Here, we use the Regionalized Air Quality Model Performance (RAMP) framework to correct model bias over a much larger spatial range than BME can, accounting for the spatial inhomogeneity of bias and nonlinearity as a function of modeled ozone. RAMP bias correction is applied to a composite of 9 global chemistry-climate models, based on the nearest set of monitors. These estimates are then fused with observations using BME, which matches observations at measurement stations, with the influence of observations declining with distance in space and time. We create global ozone maps for each year from 1990 to 2017 at fine spatial resolution. RAMP is shown to create unrealistic discontinuities due to the spatial clustering of ozone monitors, which we overcome by applying a weighting for RAMP based on the number of monitors nearby. Incorporating RAMP before BME has little effect on model performance near stations, but strongly increases R2 by 0.15 at locations farther from stations, shown through a checkerboard cross-validation. Corrections to estimates differ based on location in space and time, confirming heterogeneity. We quantify the likelihood of exceeding selected ozone levels, finding that parts of the Middle East, India, and China are most likely to exceed 55 parts per billion (ppb) in 2017. About 96% of the global population was exposed to ozone levels above the World Health Organization guideline of 60 µg m−3 (30 ppb) in 2017. Our annual fine-resolution ozone estimates may be useful for several applications including epidemiology and assessments of impacts on health, agriculture, and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2019.00033
Chuang Liu, Natalia Pinzón Jiménez, Paul Rogé
Smallholder farmers have practiced sustainable agriculture for thousands of years in China. Numerous smallholder farming systems remain, but most have shifted to industrial production. There is growing interest in agroecological transitions for smallholder farmers, but more attention needs to be paid to the challenges that may be encountered in the process. We conducted qualitative research in Sanliwan village in Shanxi Province because it represents the general dilemma facing smallholder farmers in China, and we compared our findings to those obtained in Sanggang village in Hebei Province because of its successful bottom-up experience in transitioning to agroecology. We found 4 challenges in the transition to agroecology in Sanliwan village: environmental degradation, the lack of direct markets, the need for more technical extension in agroecology, and farmer atomization. Bottom-up strategies for overcoming these challenges were identified in the case of Sanggang village. Notably, in the agroecological transition, the organization of smallholder farmers was a critical first step. From that point, smallholder farmers integrated internal resources and utilized external resources more efficiently to enhance environmental stewardship, improved technical extension in agroecology, and developed new markets. More research is needed to understand how top-down strategies can respond to such challenges and opportunities identified for bottom-up agroecological transitions.
{"title":"Bottom-up attempts at agroecological transitions in China: The comparative cases of Sanliwan and Sanggang villages","authors":"Chuang Liu, Natalia Pinzón Jiménez, Paul Rogé","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2019.00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2019.00033","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder farmers have practiced sustainable agriculture for thousands of years in China. Numerous smallholder farming systems remain, but most have shifted to industrial production. There is growing interest in agroecological transitions for smallholder farmers, but more attention needs to be paid to the challenges that may be encountered in the process. We conducted qualitative research in Sanliwan village in Shanxi Province because it represents the general dilemma facing smallholder farmers in China, and we compared our findings to those obtained in Sanggang village in Hebei Province because of its successful bottom-up experience in transitioning to agroecology. We found 4 challenges in the transition to agroecology in Sanliwan village: environmental degradation, the lack of direct markets, the need for more technical extension in agroecology, and farmer atomization. Bottom-up strategies for overcoming these challenges were identified in the case of Sanggang village. Notably, in the agroecological transition, the organization of smallholder farmers was a critical first step. From that point, smallholder farmers integrated internal resources and utilized external resources more efficiently to enhance environmental stewardship, improved technical extension in agroecology, and developed new markets. More research is needed to understand how top-down strategies can respond to such challenges and opportunities identified for bottom-up agroecological transitions.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135214222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00029
Miriam R. Aczel, Karen E. Makuch
This commentary suggests that undertaking citizen science research with young people has the potential to play a significant role in contributing to the IPPC and related UN research and policy processes around climate change. Further, citizen science engagement can educate and empower children and young people in and through research by involving wider communities and groups in data collection, communication, and engagement. A persuasive body of literature suggests that children and youth can be and ought to be included in citizen science projects and that young people ought to and can have a greater say in their environmental and climate lives and futures. There is acknowledgment that certain populations, including young people, have been excluded from participation in citizen science, and strategies need to be developed to be more inclusive. Moreover, through inclusion of youth, there are opportunities for intergeneration collaboration leading to potential solutions. Our commentary is a call for the IPCC to be much more open and creative in its knowledge production work and to engage young people in climate-related citizen science.
{"title":"Climate change, young people, and the IPCC: The role of citizen science","authors":"Miriam R. Aczel, Karen E. Makuch","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00029","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary suggests that undertaking citizen science research with young people has the potential to play a significant role in contributing to the IPPC and related UN research and policy processes around climate change. Further, citizen science engagement can educate and empower children and young people in and through research by involving wider communities and groups in data collection, communication, and engagement. A persuasive body of literature suggests that children and youth can be and ought to be included in citizen science projects and that young people ought to and can have a greater say in their environmental and climate lives and futures. There is acknowledgment that certain populations, including young people, have been excluded from participation in citizen science, and strategies need to be developed to be more inclusive. Moreover, through inclusion of youth, there are opportunities for intergeneration collaboration leading to potential solutions. Our commentary is a call for the IPCC to be much more open and creative in its knowledge production work and to engage young people in climate-related citizen science.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00139
E. Abs, M. Hough
This special feature presents state-of-the-art soil ecological science and was sparked following the 2-day long online live event entitled “Ecology Underground” during the Ecological Society of America annual meeting of 2020. Here, we, the co-guest-editors of this special feature, present this body of research in context of the current state of the field. This issue highlights that we are currently in a hot time for microbial research in soil science. Specifically, we find that two themes emerge from this corpus as key next questions to answer to move the field forward. How do microbial processes scale up in space and time? And how do they respond to multiple interacting global change factors?
{"title":"The world of underground ecology in a changing environment","authors":"E. Abs, M. Hough","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00139","url":null,"abstract":"This special feature presents state-of-the-art soil ecological science and was sparked following the 2-day long online live event entitled “Ecology Underground” during the Ecological Society of America annual meeting of 2020. Here, we, the co-guest-editors of this special feature, present this body of research in context of the current state of the field. This issue highlights that we are currently in a hot time for microbial research in soil science. Specifically, we find that two themes emerge from this corpus as key next questions to answer to move the field forward. How do microbial processes scale up in space and time? And how do they respond to multiple interacting global change factors?","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00143
Joeva Sean Rock, Matthew A. Schnurr, Ann Kingiri, Adrian Ely, Dominic Glover, Glenn Davis Stone, Klara Fischer
How is the promise of crop genome editing viewed by scientists working with or aspiring to work with the technology, by development experts seeking to mold public perceptions and policy attitudes toward genome editing, and by donors that provide funds for genome-editing research for agricultural applications in sub-Saharan Africa? In this article, we present data from interviews with these stakeholders to shed light on their aspirations, concerns, and expectations. Previous scholarship on genome editing in relation to African agriculture has focused on the technical capabilities of genome editing techniques and surveys of current research and development activities in this field. This article contextualizes and reflects critically on expectations that genome editing can or will deliver benefits for African scientists and farmers. The interviews reveal excitement around genome editing and anticipation for what it could achieve, but also a sober realism and frustration regarding the political-economic hurdles that constrain African scientists and research institutions and the generation of public goods for African farmers and societies. These insights, we show, challenge extant narratives related to genome editing and accessibility. As such, we center and interrogate the politics of knowledge surrounding the emergence of genome editing in Africa.
{"title":"The knowledge politics of genome editing in Africa","authors":"Joeva Sean Rock, Matthew A. Schnurr, Ann Kingiri, Adrian Ely, Dominic Glover, Glenn Davis Stone, Klara Fischer","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00143","url":null,"abstract":"How is the promise of crop genome editing viewed by scientists working with or aspiring to work with the technology, by development experts seeking to mold public perceptions and policy attitudes toward genome editing, and by donors that provide funds for genome-editing research for agricultural applications in sub-Saharan Africa? In this article, we present data from interviews with these stakeholders to shed light on their aspirations, concerns, and expectations. Previous scholarship on genome editing in relation to African agriculture has focused on the technical capabilities of genome editing techniques and surveys of current research and development activities in this field. This article contextualizes and reflects critically on expectations that genome editing can or will deliver benefits for African scientists and farmers. The interviews reveal excitement around genome editing and anticipation for what it could achieve, but also a sober realism and frustration regarding the political-economic hurdles that constrain African scientists and research institutions and the generation of public goods for African farmers and societies. These insights, we show, challenge extant narratives related to genome editing and accessibility. As such, we center and interrogate the politics of knowledge surrounding the emergence of genome editing in Africa.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135494777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faced with the ecological crisis, environmental scientists are asking what else besides providing evidence can they do to steer needed processes of substantive change. We argue that such an exploration should start by recognizing their weakness regarding the forces aiming at slowing down the pace of change. Recognizing this weakness should lead scientists to a change of tactics, embracing forms of strategic action used for centuries by groups on the weaker side of power struggles: that is, guerrilla strategies. Avoiding simplistic celebrations of guerrillas—historically a form of warfare that has produced as much pain as gain—an appraisal of some of its strategic tenets could help scientists to sketch alternative forms of engagement with the ecological crisis. Instead of grand gestures and direct confrontations, they could focus on carrying out epistemic strategic actions, or initiatives centered on the strategic usage of environmental knowledge and knowledge infrastructures to reduce, neutralize, and/or redress the impact of the organizations and regulations blocking, diverting, or slowing down decisive action regarding the ecological crisis. These actions could involve producing novel forms of knowledge, exposing facts that are currently hidden, refusing to engage in the production of contentious knowledge or, in extreme cases, disrupting specially damaging knowledge infrastructures. Please refer to Supplementary Material for a full text Spanish version of this article. Ante la gravedad de la crisis ecológica, científicos de distintas áreas se están preguntando qué más podemos hacer -además de aportar evidencia- para motivar procesos sustantivos de transformación socioambiental. En este artículo, sostenemos que la exploración de formas alternativas de acción debería empezar por reconocer la posición de debilidad de los científicos frente a las fuerzas que buscan ralentizar o frenar los procesos de transformación. Reconocer esta debilidad debería llevarnos a un cambio de táctica, adoptando formas de acción estratégica utilizadas durante siglos por grupos en el lado más débil de las luchas de poder: las guerrillas. Evitando una celebración simplista de la guerrilla -históricamente una forma de conflicto armado que ha producido más dolor que logros- analizamos cómo algunos de sus principios estratégicos nos pueden servir para desde las ciencias esbozar formas alternativas de acción en relación con la crisis ecológica. En lugar de declaraciones públicas y enfrentamientos directos, los científicos deberíamos desarrollar novedosas acciones epistémicas estratégicas, es decir, iniciativas centradas en el uso estratégico del conocimiento ambiental y sus infraestructuras para reducir, neutralizar y/o corregir el impacto de organizaciones y normativas que bloquean, desvían o ralentizan las transformaciones urgentes en relación con la crisis ecológica. Estas acciones podrían implicar la producción de formas novedosas de conocimiento, la exposición de conoc
面对生态危机，环境科学家们在问，除了提供证据，他们还能做些什么来引导必要的实质性变化进程。我们认为，这种探索应该从认识到他们在旨在减缓变革步伐的力量方面的弱点开始。认识到这一弱点应该引导科学家们改变策略，采用几个世纪以来在权力斗争中处于弱势的群体所使用的战略行动形式:即游击战略。避免过分简单化地庆祝游击战——历史上，游击战是一种痛苦与收获一样多的战争形式——对其一些战略原则的评估可以帮助科学家勾勒出应对生态危机的替代形式。他们可以专注于实施认知战略行动，或以战略利用环境知识和知识基础设施为中心的倡议，以减少、中和和/或纠正组织和法规阻碍、转移或减缓关于生态危机的决定性行动的影响，而不是大张旗鼓的姿态和直接对抗。这些行动可能包括产生新形式的知识，揭露目前隐藏的事实，拒绝从事有争议的知识的生产，或者在极端情况下，破坏特别有害的知识基础设施。请参阅补充资料获得本文的全文西班牙语版本。Ante la gravedad de la crisis ecológica, científicos de distintáreas se están preguntando quques más podemos hacer -además de apportar evidence - para motivar procos实质性过程de transformación社会环境。在este artículo中，我们可以找到exploración的替代形式，我们可以找到acción debería的替代形式，我们可以找到posición的替代形式，我们可以找到posición的替代形式，我们可以找到científicos，我们可以找到解决方案，我们可以找到transformación的替代形式。在此基础上，通过以下方式:1 .查明自己的身体状况debería .查明自己的身体状况táctica .查明自己的身体状况acción .查明自己的身体状况;查明自己的身体状况táctica .查明自己的身体状况más .查明自己的身体状况:查明自己的游击队状况。Evitando una celebracion simplista de la游击队-historicamente una形式conflicto阿曼多ha producido是什麽伤心,耳环——analizamos科莫进行de sus principios estrategicos nos含量servir对位desde las ciencias esbozar简称formas alternativas de accion en relacion ecologica洛杉矶监狱危机。En lugar de declaraciones públicas由环境主管决定，los científicos deberíamos由环境主管决定，由环境主管决定，由环境主管决定，由环境主管决定，由环境主管决定，由环境主管决定，由组织主管决定，由规范决定，desvían由组织主管决定，由变革紧急情况决定，relación由危机决定ecológica。Estas acciones podrían隐含的producción新的经济形式，exposición实际经济形式，消极参与者，producción经济形式，争议性和极端情况，disrupción基础设施，特别是经济过程，dañinos。La versión en español de este artículo se puede encontrar en材料补充。
{"title":"Strength out of weakness: Rethinking scientific engagement with the ecological crisis as strategic action","authors":"Sebastián Ureta, Javiera Barandiaran, Maite Salazar, Camila Torralbo","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00072","url":null,"abstract":"Faced with the ecological crisis, environmental scientists are asking what else besides providing evidence can they do to steer needed processes of substantive change. We argue that such an exploration should start by recognizing their weakness regarding the forces aiming at slowing down the pace of change. Recognizing this weakness should lead scientists to a change of tactics, embracing forms of strategic action used for centuries by groups on the weaker side of power struggles: that is, guerrilla strategies. Avoiding simplistic celebrations of guerrillas—historically a form of warfare that has produced as much pain as gain—an appraisal of some of its strategic tenets could help scientists to sketch alternative forms of engagement with the ecological crisis. Instead of grand gestures and direct confrontations, they could focus on carrying out epistemic strategic actions, or initiatives centered on the strategic usage of environmental knowledge and knowledge infrastructures to reduce, neutralize, and/or redress the impact of the organizations and regulations blocking, diverting, or slowing down decisive action regarding the ecological crisis. These actions could involve producing novel forms of knowledge, exposing facts that are currently hidden, refusing to engage in the production of contentious knowledge or, in extreme cases, disrupting specially damaging knowledge infrastructures. Please refer to Supplementary Material for a full text Spanish version of this article. Ante la gravedad de la crisis ecológica, científicos de distintas áreas se están preguntando qué más podemos hacer -además de aportar evidencia- para motivar procesos sustantivos de transformación socioambiental. En este artículo, sostenemos que la exploración de formas alternativas de acción debería empezar por reconocer la posición de debilidad de los científicos frente a las fuerzas que buscan ralentizar o frenar los procesos de transformación. Reconocer esta debilidad debería llevarnos a un cambio de táctica, adoptando formas de acción estratégica utilizadas durante siglos por grupos en el lado más débil de las luchas de poder: las guerrillas. Evitando una celebración simplista de la guerrilla -históricamente una forma de conflicto armado que ha producido más dolor que logros- analizamos cómo algunos de sus principios estratégicos nos pueden servir para desde las ciencias esbozar formas alternativas de acción en relación con la crisis ecológica. En lugar de declaraciones públicas y enfrentamientos directos, los científicos deberíamos desarrollar novedosas acciones epistémicas estratégicas, es decir, iniciativas centradas en el uso estratégico del conocimiento ambiental y sus infraestructuras para reducir, neutralizar y/o corregir el impacto de organizaciones y normativas que bloquean, desvían o ralentizan las transformaciones urgentes en relación con la crisis ecológica. Estas acciones podrían implicar la producción de formas novedosas de conocimiento, la exposición de conoc","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135700974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00030
Mozhou Gao, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Marshall Staples, Thomas E. Barchyn, Tyler R. Gough, Coleman Vollrath, Zhenyu Xing
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that tends to leak from equipment at oil and gas (O&G) sites. Conventional leak detection and repair methods for fugitive methane emissions are labor-intensive and costly because they involve time-consuming close-range, component-level inspections at each site. This has prompted duty holders to examine new methods and strategies that could be more cost-effective. We examined a cooperative model in which multiple duty holders of upstream O&G sites in a region use shared services to inspect on-site equipment using optical gas imaging camera or Method 21. This approach was hypothesized to be more efficient and cost-effective than independent inspection programs by each duty holder in the region. To test this hypothesis, we developed a geospatial simulation model using empirical data from 11 O&G-producing regions in Canada and the United States. We used the model to compare labor cost, transit time, mileage, vehicle emissions, and driving risk between independent and co-op leak inspection programs. The results indicate that co-op leak inspection programs can generate relative savings in labor costs (1.8%–34.2%), transit time (0.6%–38.6%), mileage (0.2%–43.1%), vehicle emissions (0.01–4.0 tCO2), and driving risk (1.9%–31.9%). The largest relative savings and efficiency gains resulting from co-op leak inspection programs were in regions with a high diversity of duty holders, which was confirmed with simulations of fictitious O&G sites and road networks spanning diverse conditions. We also found reducing leak inspection time by 75% with streamlined methods can additionally reduce labor cost by 8.8%–41.1%, transit time by 5.6%–20.2%, and mileage by 2.60%–34.3% in co-op leak inspection programs. Overall, this study demonstrates that co-op leak inspection programs can be more efficient and cost-effective, particularly in regions with a large diversity of O&G duty holders, and that methods to reduce leak inspection time can create additional savings.
{"title":"A cooperative model to lower cost and increase the efficiency of methane leak inspections at oil and gas sites","authors":"Mozhou Gao, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Marshall Staples, Thomas E. Barchyn, Tyler R. Gough, Coleman Vollrath, Zhenyu Xing","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00030","url":null,"abstract":"Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that tends to leak from equipment at oil and gas (O&G) sites. Conventional leak detection and repair methods for fugitive methane emissions are labor-intensive and costly because they involve time-consuming close-range, component-level inspections at each site. This has prompted duty holders to examine new methods and strategies that could be more cost-effective. We examined a cooperative model in which multiple duty holders of upstream O&G sites in a region use shared services to inspect on-site equipment using optical gas imaging camera or Method 21. This approach was hypothesized to be more efficient and cost-effective than independent inspection programs by each duty holder in the region. To test this hypothesis, we developed a geospatial simulation model using empirical data from 11 O&G-producing regions in Canada and the United States. We used the model to compare labor cost, transit time, mileage, vehicle emissions, and driving risk between independent and co-op leak inspection programs. The results indicate that co-op leak inspection programs can generate relative savings in labor costs (1.8%–34.2%), transit time (0.6%–38.6%), mileage (0.2%–43.1%), vehicle emissions (0.01–4.0 tCO2), and driving risk (1.9%–31.9%). The largest relative savings and efficiency gains resulting from co-op leak inspection programs were in regions with a high diversity of duty holders, which was confirmed with simulations of fictitious O&G sites and road networks spanning diverse conditions. We also found reducing leak inspection time by 75% with streamlined methods can additionally reduce labor cost by 8.8%–41.1%, transit time by 5.6%–20.2%, and mileage by 2.60%–34.3% in co-op leak inspection programs. Overall, this study demonstrates that co-op leak inspection programs can be more efficient and cost-effective, particularly in regions with a large diversity of O&G duty holders, and that methods to reduce leak inspection time can create additional savings.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136304609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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