Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00059
X. Su, Wenjie Wang, Zhaochen Wang, Wenping Ye, Shujun Zhang
Social entrepreneurship (SE) has gained considerable momentum worldwide as it aspires reconcile and integrate the twin goals of sustainable development and wealth creation, contributing to improved environmental quality and social well-being. We examine the antecedents and contextual forces of SE. Built on imprinting theory, we analyze the impact of previous work experience in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and the institutional factors on SE decisions. Based on a comparison of 50 countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database, we find that the processes and driving forces associated with SE are embedded in a matrix of imprinting factors. Specifically, individuals with previous NPO work experience have a higher propensity to engage in SE, while business entrepreneurial experience weakens this relationship. Institutional and environmental factors such as unemployment rate and the existence of a long-term orientated national culture also strengthen this relationship.
{"title":"The imprinting effect of previous NPO work experience on social entrepreneurship","authors":"X. Su, Wenjie Wang, Zhaochen Wang, Wenping Ye, Shujun Zhang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00059","url":null,"abstract":"Social entrepreneurship (SE) has gained considerable momentum worldwide as it aspires reconcile and integrate the twin goals of sustainable development and wealth creation, contributing to improved environmental quality and social well-being. We examine the antecedents and contextual forces of SE. Built on imprinting theory, we analyze the impact of previous work experience in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and the institutional factors on SE decisions. Based on a comparison of 50 countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database, we find that the processes and driving forces associated with SE are embedded in a matrix of imprinting factors. Specifically, individuals with previous NPO work experience have a higher propensity to engage in SE, while business entrepreneurial experience weakens this relationship. Institutional and environmental factors such as unemployment rate and the existence of a long-term orientated national culture also strengthen this relationship.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00092
M. Cazorla, L. Gallardo, R. Jimenez
The steep slopes, highlands, and valleys of the Andes mountain chain are inhabited throughout its formidable length. This unique characteristic does not repeat in any other mountain region. The Andes shape weather and climate in South America. However, proper understanding of atmospheric phenomena influenced by a daunting altitudinal gradient is still behind what is needed to produce detailed and consistent climate projections. Despite significant advances, global models misrepresent key precipitation and circulation processes that are influenced by complex topography. Along with a lack of coordinated observations, the result is limited information to design preparedness measures, particularly to face extreme climate events. Of equal concern is the issue of air quality in densely urbanized countries that face decarbonization challenges and share a legacy of social inequity and political unrest. The complexity of the Andes region magnifies risks within all nations that share their influence. Thus, urgent action is needed to improve climate and air quality assessments with the direct purpose of strengthening policy-making processes.
{"title":"The complex Andes region needs improved efforts to face climate extremes","authors":"M. Cazorla, L. Gallardo, R. Jimenez","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00092","url":null,"abstract":"The steep slopes, highlands, and valleys of the Andes mountain chain are inhabited throughout its formidable length. This unique characteristic does not repeat in any other mountain region. The Andes shape weather and climate in South America. However, proper understanding of atmospheric phenomena influenced by a daunting altitudinal gradient is still behind what is needed to produce detailed and consistent climate projections. Despite significant advances, global models misrepresent key precipitation and circulation processes that are influenced by complex topography. Along with a lack of coordinated observations, the result is limited information to design preparedness measures, particularly to face extreme climate events. Of equal concern is the issue of air quality in densely urbanized countries that face decarbonization challenges and share a legacy of social inequity and political unrest. The complexity of the Andes region magnifies risks within all nations that share their influence. Thus, urgent action is needed to improve climate and air quality assessments with the direct purpose of strengthening policy-making processes.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00014
M. Spasojevic, P. Homyak, G. Jenerette, M. Goulden, Shane McFaul, Tesa Madsen-McQueen, Lisa Schauer, Miguel Solis
While altered precipitation regimes can greatly impact biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, we lack a comprehensive view of how these impacts are mediated by changes to the seasonality of precipitation (i.e., whether it rains more/less in one season relative to another). Over 2 years, we examined how altered seasonal precipitation influenced annual plant biomass and species richness, Simpson’s diversity, and community composition of annual plant communities in a dryland ecosystem that receives both winter and summer rainfall and has distinct annual plant communities in each season. Using a rainfall exclusion, collection, and distribution system, we excluded precipitation and added water during each season individually and compared responses to control plots which received ambient summer and winter precipitation. In control plots, we found five times greater annual plant biomass, twice as many species, and higher diversity in winter relative to summer. Adding water increased annual plant biomass in summer only, did not change richness or diversity in either summer or winter, and modestly shifted community composition. Excluding precipitation in either season reduced annual plant biomass, richness, and Simpson’s diversity. However, in the second winter season, biomass was higher in the plots where precipitation was excluded in the previous summer seasons suggesting that reduced productivity in the summer may facilitate biomass in the winter. Our results suggest that increased precipitation in summer may have stronger short-term impacts on annual plant biodiversity and ecosystem function relative to increased winter precipitation. In contrast, decreasing precipitation may have ubiquitous negative effects on annual plants across both summer and winter but may lead to increased biomass in the following off-seasons. These patterns suggest that annual plant communities exhibit asymmetries in their community and ecosystem responses to altered seasonal precipitation and that considering the seasonality of precipitation is important for predicting the effects of altered precipitation regimes.
{"title":"Altered precipitation has asymmetric impacts on annual plant communities in warm and cool growing seasons","authors":"M. Spasojevic, P. Homyak, G. Jenerette, M. Goulden, Shane McFaul, Tesa Madsen-McQueen, Lisa Schauer, Miguel Solis","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00014","url":null,"abstract":"While altered precipitation regimes can greatly impact biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, we lack a comprehensive view of how these impacts are mediated by changes to the seasonality of precipitation (i.e., whether it rains more/less in one season relative to another). Over 2 years, we examined how altered seasonal precipitation influenced annual plant biomass and species richness, Simpson’s diversity, and community composition of annual plant communities in a dryland ecosystem that receives both winter and summer rainfall and has distinct annual plant communities in each season. Using a rainfall exclusion, collection, and distribution system, we excluded precipitation and added water during each season individually and compared responses to control plots which received ambient summer and winter precipitation. In control plots, we found five times greater annual plant biomass, twice as many species, and higher diversity in winter relative to summer. Adding water increased annual plant biomass in summer only, did not change richness or diversity in either summer or winter, and modestly shifted community composition. Excluding precipitation in either season reduced annual plant biomass, richness, and Simpson’s diversity. However, in the second winter season, biomass was higher in the plots where precipitation was excluded in the previous summer seasons suggesting that reduced productivity in the summer may facilitate biomass in the winter. Our results suggest that increased precipitation in summer may have stronger short-term impacts on annual plant biodiversity and ecosystem function relative to increased winter precipitation. In contrast, decreasing precipitation may have ubiquitous negative effects on annual plants across both summer and winter but may lead to increased biomass in the following off-seasons. These patterns suggest that annual plant communities exhibit asymmetries in their community and ecosystem responses to altered seasonal precipitation and that considering the seasonality of precipitation is important for predicting the effects of altered precipitation regimes.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00040
K. Campbell, B. Lange, J. Landy, C. Katlein, M. Nicolaus, P. Anhaus, I. Matero, R. Gradinger, J. Charette, S. Duerksen, P. Tremblay, S. Rysgaard, M. Tranter, C. Haas, C. Michel
The net productivity of sea ice is determined by the physical and geochemical characteristics of the ice–ocean system and the activity of organisms inhabiting the ice. Differences in habitat suitability between first-year and multi-year sea ice can affect the ice algal community composition and acclimation state, introducing considerable variability to primary production within each ice type. In this study, we characterized the biogeochemical variability between adjacent first-year and multi-year sea ice floes in the Lincoln Sea of the Canadian High Arctic, during the May 2018 Multidisciplinary Arctic Program—Last Ice sampling campaign. Combining measurements of transmitted irradiance from a remotely operated underwater vehicle with laboratory-based oxygen optode incubations, this work shows widespread heterotrophy (net oxygen uptake) in the bottom 10 cm of both ice types, particularly in thick multi-year ice (>2.4 m) and early morning of the 24-h day. Algal acclimation state and species composition varied between ice types despite similar net community production due to widespread light and nutrient limitation. The first-year ice algal community was increasingly dominated over spring by the potentially toxin-producing genus Pseudonitzschia that was acclimated to high and variable light conditions characteristic of a thinner ice habitat with mobile snow cover. In comparison, the multi-year ice harbored more shade-acclimated algae of mixed composition. This work highlights the potential for heterotrophy in sea ice habitats of the High Arctic, including first measurements of such O2-uptake in multi-year ice floes. Observed differences in photophysiology between algae of these sea ice types suggests that a shift toward higher light availability and a younger sea ice cover with climate change does not necessarily result in a more productive system. Instead, it may favor future sea ice algal communities of different species composition, with lower photosynthetic potential but greater resilience to stronger and more variable light conditions.
{"title":"Net heterotrophy in High Arctic first-year and multi-year spring sea ice","authors":"K. Campbell, B. Lange, J. Landy, C. Katlein, M. Nicolaus, P. Anhaus, I. Matero, R. Gradinger, J. Charette, S. Duerksen, P. Tremblay, S. Rysgaard, M. Tranter, C. Haas, C. Michel","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00040","url":null,"abstract":"The net productivity of sea ice is determined by the physical and geochemical characteristics of the ice–ocean system and the activity of organisms inhabiting the ice. Differences in habitat suitability between first-year and multi-year sea ice can affect the ice algal community composition and acclimation state, introducing considerable variability to primary production within each ice type. In this study, we characterized the biogeochemical variability between adjacent first-year and multi-year sea ice floes in the Lincoln Sea of the Canadian High Arctic, during the May 2018 Multidisciplinary Arctic Program—Last Ice sampling campaign. Combining measurements of transmitted irradiance from a remotely operated underwater vehicle with laboratory-based oxygen optode incubations, this work shows widespread heterotrophy (net oxygen uptake) in the bottom 10 cm of both ice types, particularly in thick multi-year ice (>2.4 m) and early morning of the 24-h day. Algal acclimation state and species composition varied between ice types despite similar net community production due to widespread light and nutrient limitation. The first-year ice algal community was increasingly dominated over spring by the potentially toxin-producing genus Pseudonitzschia that was acclimated to high and variable light conditions characteristic of a thinner ice habitat with mobile snow cover. In comparison, the multi-year ice harbored more shade-acclimated algae of mixed composition. This work highlights the potential for heterotrophy in sea ice habitats of the High Arctic, including first measurements of such O2-uptake in multi-year ice floes. Observed differences in photophysiology between algae of these sea ice types suggests that a shift toward higher light availability and a younger sea ice cover with climate change does not necessarily result in a more productive system. Instead, it may favor future sea ice algal communities of different species composition, with lower photosynthetic potential but greater resilience to stronger and more variable light conditions.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00064
J. Aguzzi, S. Flögel, S. Marini, L. Thomsen, J. Albiez, P. Weiss, G. Picardi, M. Calisti, S. Stefanni, L. Mirimin, F. Vecchi, Cecilia Laschi, A. Branch, E. B. Clark, B. Foing, A. Wedler, D. Chatzievangelou, M. Tangherlini, A. Purser, L. Dartnell, R. Danovaro
Recent advances in robotic design, autonomy and sensor integration create solutions for the exploration of deep-sea environments, transferable to the oceans of icy moons. Marine platforms do not yet have the mission autonomy capacity of their space counterparts (e.g., the state of the art Mars Perseverance rover mission), although different levels of autonomous navigation and mapping, as well as sampling, are an extant capability. In this setting their increasingly biomimicked designs may allow access to complex environmental scenarios, with novel, highly-integrated life-detecting, oceanographic and geochemical sensor packages. Here, we lay an outlook for the upcoming advances in deep-sea robotics through synergies with space technologies within three major research areas: biomimetic structure and propulsion (including power storage and generation), artificial intelligence and cooperative networks, and life-detecting instrument design. New morphological and material designs, with miniaturized and more diffuse sensor packages, will advance robotic sensing systems. Artificial intelligence algorithms controlling navigation and communications will allow the further development of the behavioral biomimicking by cooperating networks. Solutions will have to be tested within infrastructural networks of cabled observatories, neutrino telescopes, and off-shore industry sites with agendas and modalities that are beyond the scope of our work, but could draw inspiration on the proposed examples for the operational combination of fixed and mobile platforms.
{"title":"Developing technological synergies between deep-sea and space research","authors":"J. Aguzzi, S. Flögel, S. Marini, L. Thomsen, J. Albiez, P. Weiss, G. Picardi, M. Calisti, S. Stefanni, L. Mirimin, F. Vecchi, Cecilia Laschi, A. Branch, E. B. Clark, B. Foing, A. Wedler, D. Chatzievangelou, M. Tangherlini, A. Purser, L. Dartnell, R. Danovaro","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00064","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in robotic design, autonomy and sensor integration create solutions for the exploration of deep-sea environments, transferable to the oceans of icy moons. Marine platforms do not yet have the mission autonomy capacity of their space counterparts (e.g., the state of the art Mars Perseverance rover mission), although different levels of autonomous navigation and mapping, as well as sampling, are an extant capability. In this setting their increasingly biomimicked designs may allow access to complex environmental scenarios, with novel, highly-integrated life-detecting, oceanographic and geochemical sensor packages. Here, we lay an outlook for the upcoming advances in deep-sea robotics through synergies with space technologies within three major research areas: biomimetic structure and propulsion (including power storage and generation), artificial intelligence and cooperative networks, and life-detecting instrument design. New morphological and material designs, with miniaturized and more diffuse sensor packages, will advance robotic sensing systems. Artificial intelligence algorithms controlling navigation and communications will allow the further development of the behavioral biomimicking by cooperating networks. Solutions will have to be tested within infrastructural networks of cabled observatories, neutrino telescopes, and off-shore industry sites with agendas and modalities that are beyond the scope of our work, but could draw inspiration on the proposed examples for the operational combination of fixed and mobile platforms.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00006
Yan Zhang, Hong Xu, Rongrong Jia, Hongyan Yang, Caicai Wang
The effective participation of rural residents in tourism social entrepreneurship can improve their quality of life and promote community transformation. Hence, it is important to understand the strategies and process of community mobilization by social entrepreneurs. This study focuses on the strategy of village cadre, who play the dual roles of an entrepreneur and a policy implementer to mobilize community residents to participate in collective tourism entrepreneurship and the mechanism for changing residents’ attitudes in a rural China context, by using the longitudinal research method of nonparticipatory observation and 50 interviews conducted in Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province. The results show that the community mobilization of social entrepreneurs has not been accomplished overnight but has undergone a 3-stage dynamic process of change. These results indicate that social enterprises should incorporate indigenous people into their value network in the early stage of tourism development and continue to explore the mechanism of affiliating residents with benefits, so as to further increase residents’ in-depth participation. Residents play the dual roles of producer and collaborator in tourism social entrepreneurship and work with social entrepreneurs to promote the sustainable development of rural tourism and achieve common prosperity.
{"title":"Realizing common prosperity: The action logic of social entrepreneurship community mobilization in rural tourism","authors":"Yan Zhang, Hong Xu, Rongrong Jia, Hongyan Yang, Caicai Wang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00006","url":null,"abstract":"The effective participation of rural residents in tourism social entrepreneurship can improve their quality of life and promote community transformation. Hence, it is important to understand the strategies and process of community mobilization by social entrepreneurs. This study focuses on the strategy of village cadre, who play the dual roles of an entrepreneur and a policy implementer to mobilize community residents to participate in collective tourism entrepreneurship and the mechanism for changing residents’ attitudes in a rural China context, by using the longitudinal research method of nonparticipatory observation and 50 interviews conducted in Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province. The results show that the community mobilization of social entrepreneurs has not been accomplished overnight but has undergone a 3-stage dynamic process of change. These results indicate that social enterprises should incorporate indigenous people into their value network in the early stage of tourism development and continue to explore the mechanism of affiliating residents with benefits, so as to further increase residents’ in-depth participation. Residents play the dual roles of producer and collaborator in tourism social entrepreneurship and work with social entrepreneurs to promote the sustainable development of rural tourism and achieve common prosperity.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00053
G. Darnis, M. Geoffroy, Thibaud Dezutter, Cyril Aubry, P. Massicotte, Tanya Brown, M. Babin, D. Côté, L. Fortier
We defined mesozooplankton biogeography in the North American Arctic to elucidate drivers of biodiversity, community structure, and biomass of this key component of the Arctic marine ecosystem. A multivariate analysis identified four mesozooplankton assemblages: Arctic-oceanic, Arctic-shelf, Coastal-Hudson, and Labrador Sea. Bathymetry was a major driver of the distribution of these assemblages. In shallow waters, Cirripedia and the copepod Pseudocalanus spp. dominated the Coastal-Hudson and Arctic-shelf assemblages, which showed low species richness (19) and biomass (0.28 and 1.49 g C m−2, respectively). The Arctic-oceanic assemblage occupied the entire North American Arctic, except for shallow breaks in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago downstream of sills blocking the Atlantic Water layer circulation below a depth of 200 m. This assemblage showed high copepod biomass (4.74 g C m−2) with a high share of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, and Metridia longa. In habitats below 200-m depth, C. hyperboreus represented 68% of the copepod biomass, underscoring its role as a keystone species in this ecosystem. Strong numerical representation by the boreal-Atlantic C. finmarchicus and Oithona atlantica stressed the strong Atlantic influence on the subarctic Labrador Sea assemblage on the northwestern Labrador Sea slope. The mixed Arctic-Atlantic composition of the Labrador Sea mesozooplankton resulted in high species richness (58) and biomass (5.73 g C m−2). The low abundance of Atlantic and Pacific taxa in the areas influenced by Arctic currents did not alter the Arctic status of the Arctic-oceanic, Arctic-shelf, and Coastal-Hudson assemblages. This study identifies hotspots of mesozooplankton biomass and diversity in Central Amundsen Gulf, Lancaster Sound, North Water Polynya and Baffin Bay, known for their high biological productivity and concentrations of vertebrate predators. The continental-scale zooplankton mapping furthers our understanding of the importance of bathymetry and ocean circulation for ecological connectivity in a vast and complex portion of the Arctic marine ecosystem.
我们定义了北美北极的中浮游动物生物地理学，以阐明北极海洋生态系统中这一关键组成部分的生物多样性、群落结构和生物量的驱动因素。一项多变量分析确定了四种中浮游动物组合:北极-海洋、北极-大陆架、海岸-哈德逊和拉布拉多海。测深是这些组合分布的主要驱动力。在浅水区，海岸-哈德逊和北极陆架组合以卷叶类和桡足类pseudoalanus占主导地位，物种丰富度(19)和生物量(分别为0.28和1.49 g C m−2)较低。北极-海洋组合占据了整个北美洲的北极，除了加拿大北极群岛在海底200米以下的浅水断裂带，阻碍了大西洋水层的循环。该组合具有较高的桡足类生物量(4.74 g C m−2)，其中高比例的Calanus hyperboreus、C. glacialis和Metridia longa。在水深200 m以下的生境中，大北纬螺占桡足类生物量的68%，是该生态系统的关键物种。北大西洋C. finmarchicus和Oithona atlantica的强数值代表强调了大西洋对拉布拉多海西北坡亚北极组合的强烈影响。拉布拉多海中浮游动物的北大西洋混合组成导致物种丰富度(58)和生物量(5.73 g C m−2)较高。在受北极洋流影响的地区，大西洋和太平洋类群的低丰度并没有改变北极-海洋、北极-大陆架和海岸-哈德逊组合的北极地位。本研究确定了中部阿蒙森湾、兰开斯特湾、北水冰盆和巴芬湾中浮游动物生物量和多样性的热点地区，这些地区以生物生产力高和脊椎动物捕食者集中而闻名。大陆尺度的浮游动物制图进一步加深了我们对深海测量和海洋环流对北极海洋生态系统中巨大而复杂部分的生态连通性的重要性的理解。
{"title":"Zooplankton assemblages along the North American Arctic: Ecological connectivity shaped by ocean circulation and bathymetry from the Chukchi Sea to Labrador Sea","authors":"G. Darnis, M. Geoffroy, Thibaud Dezutter, Cyril Aubry, P. Massicotte, Tanya Brown, M. Babin, D. Côté, L. Fortier","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00053","url":null,"abstract":"We defined mesozooplankton biogeography in the North American Arctic to elucidate drivers of biodiversity, community structure, and biomass of this key component of the Arctic marine ecosystem. A multivariate analysis identified four mesozooplankton assemblages: Arctic-oceanic, Arctic-shelf, Coastal-Hudson, and Labrador Sea. Bathymetry was a major driver of the distribution of these assemblages. In shallow waters, Cirripedia and the copepod Pseudocalanus spp. dominated the Coastal-Hudson and Arctic-shelf assemblages, which showed low species richness (19) and biomass (0.28 and 1.49 g C m−2, respectively). The Arctic-oceanic assemblage occupied the entire North American Arctic, except for shallow breaks in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago downstream of sills blocking the Atlantic Water layer circulation below a depth of 200 m. This assemblage showed high copepod biomass (4.74 g C m−2) with a high share of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, and Metridia longa. In habitats below 200-m depth, C. hyperboreus represented 68% of the copepod biomass, underscoring its role as a keystone species in this ecosystem. Strong numerical representation by the boreal-Atlantic C. finmarchicus and Oithona atlantica stressed the strong Atlantic influence on the subarctic Labrador Sea assemblage on the northwestern Labrador Sea slope. The mixed Arctic-Atlantic composition of the Labrador Sea mesozooplankton resulted in high species richness (58) and biomass (5.73 g C m−2). The low abundance of Atlantic and Pacific taxa in the areas influenced by Arctic currents did not alter the Arctic status of the Arctic-oceanic, Arctic-shelf, and Coastal-Hudson assemblages. This study identifies hotspots of mesozooplankton biomass and diversity in Central Amundsen Gulf, Lancaster Sound, North Water Polynya and Baffin Bay, known for their high biological productivity and concentrations of vertebrate predators. The continental-scale zooplankton mapping furthers our understanding of the importance of bathymetry and ocean circulation for ecological connectivity in a vast and complex portion of the Arctic marine ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00070
P. Korbeń, P. Jagoda, H. Maazallahi, J. Kammerer, J. Nęcki, Julia Wietzel, J. Bartyzel, A. Radovici, D. Zavala-Araiza, T. Röckmann, M. Schmidt
The ROMEO campaign (ROmanian Methane Emissions from Oil and gas) focused on measurements of methane (CH4) emission rates from oil and natural gas (O&G) production in Romania. The campaign took place in October 2019 and covered the southern part of Romania around the cities Bucharest, Ploiesti, Pitesti, and Craiova. This study presents emission rates calculated from mobile in situ measurement of CH4 and wind measurements using the Other Test Method 33a from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Gaussian Plume Method. These methods were used to determine emission rates from 112 O&G well sites and other production-related facilities. Estimated mean CH4 emission rate with a 95% confidence interval equals 0.49 [0.35, 0.71] kg CH4 h−1 per site; 10% of all quantified sites account for 56% of the estimated emission rates. In addition, more than 1,000 O&G sites were visited for a qualitative “screening” (CH4 detection without quantification). Analysis of the screening data shows that 65% of the sites emitted methane at detectable rates. The CH4 emission rates obtained during the ROMEO campaign are comparable to the methane emission rates in study carried out in other Romanian regions.
ROMEO项目(罗马尼亚石油和天然气甲烷排放)的重点是测量罗马尼亚石油和天然气(O&G)生产过程中甲烷(CH4)的排放率。该活动于2019年10月举行，覆盖了罗马尼亚南部布加勒斯特、普洛耶斯蒂、皮特斯蒂和克拉约瓦等城市。本研究提出了利用美国环境保护署的其他测试方法33a和高斯羽流方法，通过移动原位测量CH4和风力测量计算出的排放率。这些方法用于确定112口油气井和其他生产相关设施的排放率。估计平均CH4排放率(95%置信区间为0.49 [0.35,0.71]kg CH4 h - 1 /站点);在所有被量化的地点中，10%的地点占估计排放率的56%。此外，还访问了1000多个O&G站点进行定性“筛选”(没有定量的CH4检测)。对筛选数据的分析表明，65%的站点以可检测的速率排放甲烷。ROMEO活动期间获得的甲烷排放率与在罗马尼亚其他地区进行的研究中的甲烷排放率相当。
{"title":"Quantification of methane emission rate from oil and gas wells in Romania using ground-based measurement techniques","authors":"P. Korbeń, P. Jagoda, H. Maazallahi, J. Kammerer, J. Nęcki, Julia Wietzel, J. Bartyzel, A. Radovici, D. Zavala-Araiza, T. Röckmann, M. Schmidt","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00070","url":null,"abstract":"The ROMEO campaign (ROmanian Methane Emissions from Oil and gas) focused on measurements of methane (CH4) emission rates from oil and natural gas (O&G) production in Romania. The campaign took place in October 2019 and covered the southern part of Romania around the cities Bucharest, Ploiesti, Pitesti, and Craiova. This study presents emission rates calculated from mobile in situ measurement of CH4 and wind measurements using the Other Test Method 33a from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Gaussian Plume Method. These methods were used to determine emission rates from 112 O&G well sites and other production-related facilities. Estimated mean CH4 emission rate with a 95% confidence interval equals 0.49 [0.35, 0.71] kg CH4 h−1 per site; 10% of all quantified sites account for 56% of the estimated emission rates. In addition, more than 1,000 O&G sites were visited for a qualitative “screening” (CH4 detection without quantification). Analysis of the screening data shows that 65% of the sites emitted methane at detectable rates. The CH4 emission rates obtained during the ROMEO campaign are comparable to the methane emission rates in study carried out in other Romanian regions.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00132
Q. Miao, Zhiyang Liu, Yuwei Shi
In this article, we introduce the 5 papers that have been selected for the publication of the special feature titled Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Transitions. Their common theme is the catalytic role that social entrepreneurs, an identity shared by people regardless of their professions or positions, play in China’s transitions toward sustainability. The stories told connect the rise of a rural tourism industry to the village entrepreneurs, place rural cadres in the central position on the long path of development in one of China’s best-known rags-to-riches regions, and highlight the role of business managers in signaling public trust or managing complex nonfinancial disclosures. The qualitative and quantitative studies reported shed light on how these socially embedded entrepreneurs broke the equilibria underlying the prolonged sustainability challenges, from extreme poverty to unhealthy growth to weak institutions, and laid pathways toward new ones that promised sustainability. By way of this special feature, we highlight a welcoming new trend in social entrepreneurship research that expand the scope of potential impact from directly affected stakeholders to cover the ripple effects of social entrepreneurial activities. We also echo the call for multilens, multisector, multiscalar and interdisciplinary research and for the adoption of the interpretive, critical, and pragmatic approaches that complement the popular positivist approach, which we believe will improve the relevance and impact of business and management research. We welcome more papers that establish solid links between social entrepreneurship and sustainability transitions.
{"title":"Social entrepreneurship as a catalyst for sustainability transitions: The China case","authors":"Q. Miao, Zhiyang Liu, Yuwei Shi","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00132","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we introduce the 5 papers that have been selected for the publication of the special feature titled Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Transitions. Their common theme is the catalytic role that social entrepreneurs, an identity shared by people regardless of their professions or positions, play in China’s transitions toward sustainability. The stories told connect the rise of a rural tourism industry to the village entrepreneurs, place rural cadres in the central position on the long path of development in one of China’s best-known rags-to-riches regions, and highlight the role of business managers in signaling public trust or managing complex nonfinancial disclosures. The qualitative and quantitative studies reported shed light on how these socially embedded entrepreneurs broke the equilibria underlying the prolonged sustainability challenges, from extreme poverty to unhealthy growth to weak institutions, and laid pathways toward new ones that promised sustainability. By way of this special feature, we highlight a welcoming new trend in social entrepreneurship research that expand the scope of potential impact from directly affected stakeholders to cover the ripple effects of social entrepreneurial activities. We also echo the call for multilens, multisector, multiscalar and interdisciplinary research and for the adoption of the interpretive, critical, and pragmatic approaches that complement the popular positivist approach, which we believe will improve the relevance and impact of business and management research. We welcome more papers that establish solid links between social entrepreneurship and sustainability transitions.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66945451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective emission reductions of some primary pollutants have brought down aerosol loadings but led to increasing relative importance of secondary pollutants, as was indicated by the rising O3 levels during warm seasons within urban and suburban areas of China, which has received much attention in recent years, especially in the North China Plain (NCP). This has raised serious concerns on its agricultural impacts, which were mainly evaluated based upon O3 model simulations or urban/suburban measurements due to a lack in long-term rural observations. In this study, we present highly valuable continuous O3 observations at a rural NCP site during 2013–2019. Compared to nearby urban/suburban sites, which experienced increased O3 levels, rural observations exhibited decreasing O3 mole fractions. While O3 mole fractions and AOT40 widely increased at urban/suburban NCP sites from 2013 to 2019, O3 observations in the rural NCP site (GC) revealed decreases, especially during summer and autumn with greater rates for AOT40. A reassessment of O3 agricultural impacts in the NCP region was performed using rural observations, resulting in wheat, maize and soybean averaged relative yield losses of 37 ± 14, 8 ± 4 and 30 ± 13% yr–1, respectively. O3 impacts on crop yields and resulting economic losses did not increase as was suggested by previous estimations based on urban/suburban O3 data. Our analyses indicated high overestimations (i.e., average relative differences in estimated crop production loss reaching 53%, 112% and 75%, respectively, for wheat, maize, and soybean). Despite alleviated O3 agricultural impacts, the total economic cost loss in Hebei province still took up 0.89% of the gross domestic production (3.47 × 1012 USD) in Hebei province. Since the China National Environmental Monitoring Center mainly aims at monitoring O3 levels in populated areas, observation sites representative of agricultural regions are lacking across China. The current study highlights the urgent necessity for the establishment of rural O3 observation networks and encourages extensive field experiments on exposure–response relationships of different crops varieties to O3 for more accurate agricultural impact evaluations. Additionally, explorations into the underlying mechanisms behind the reversed O3 temporal variation between rural and urban areas should be conducted for future development of pollution control strategies.
{"title":"Discrepancies in ozone levels and temporal variations between urban and rural North China Plain","authors":"Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Gen Zhang, Weili Lin, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, Xiaobin Xu","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00019","url":null,"abstract":"Effective emission reductions of some primary pollutants have brought down aerosol loadings but led to increasing relative importance of secondary pollutants, as was indicated by the rising O3 levels during warm seasons within urban and suburban areas of China, which has received much attention in recent years, especially in the North China Plain (NCP). This has raised serious concerns on its agricultural impacts, which were mainly evaluated based upon O3 model simulations or urban/suburban measurements due to a lack in long-term rural observations. In this study, we present highly valuable continuous O3 observations at a rural NCP site during 2013–2019. Compared to nearby urban/suburban sites, which experienced increased O3 levels, rural observations exhibited decreasing O3 mole fractions. While O3 mole fractions and AOT40 widely increased at urban/suburban NCP sites from 2013 to 2019, O3 observations in the rural NCP site (GC) revealed decreases, especially during summer and autumn with greater rates for AOT40. A reassessment of O3 agricultural impacts in the NCP region was performed using rural observations, resulting in wheat, maize and soybean averaged relative yield losses of 37 ± 14, 8 ± 4 and 30 ± 13% yr–1, respectively. O3 impacts on crop yields and resulting economic losses did not increase as was suggested by previous estimations based on urban/suburban O3 data. Our analyses indicated high overestimations (i.e., average relative differences in estimated crop production loss reaching 53%, 112% and 75%, respectively, for wheat, maize, and soybean). Despite alleviated O3 agricultural impacts, the total economic cost loss in Hebei province still took up 0.89% of the gross domestic production (3.47 × 1012 USD) in Hebei province. Since the China National Environmental Monitoring Center mainly aims at monitoring O3 levels in populated areas, observation sites representative of agricultural regions are lacking across China. The current study highlights the urgent necessity for the establishment of rural O3 observation networks and encourages extensive field experiments on exposure–response relationships of different crops varieties to O3 for more accurate agricultural impact evaluations. Additionally, explorations into the underlying mechanisms behind the reversed O3 temporal variation between rural and urban areas should be conducted for future development of pollution control strategies.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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