Ima Fungus最新文献

Pluteus is a genus of wood-rot fungi with considerable ecological importance in forest ecosystems. Within this genus, sectionHispidoderma is distinctively characterized by a specific combination of pileipellis structures (trichoderm, hymeniderm, or trichohymeniderm) and non-metuloid hymenial cystidia, which together provide key morphological basis for section delimitation. In this study, we combined genetic data from three gene regions (large subunit ribosomal RNA [LSU], internal transcribed spacer [ITS], and translation elongation factor 1-alpha [tef1]) to construct the major phylogenetic framework of sectionHispidoderma. Our analysis revealed three primary clades (/plautus clade, /leoninus clade, /umbrosus clade) and one lineage (/pantherinus lineage). We subsequently identified several important morphological features and correlated them with phylogenetic relationships to reveal shared characteristics among species within each evolutionary clade. Building on this framework, we constructed phylogenetic trees using three datasets (ITS, tef1 and a combined ITS+tef1) to analyze the phylogenetic structure and species relationships within each clade and lineage. By comprehensively integrating morphology, phylogenetic data, substrate preferences, and species distribution, we identified 18 species: nine new species (P.albivillus, P.baishanzuensis, P.costatus, P.hinnuleus, P.jilinensis, P.piceicola, P.spaniophyllus, P.tenuipileus, and P.ultraputripiceae), one new record for China (P.ussuriensis), seven previously known species (P.granularis, P.leoninus, P.longistriatus, P.umbrosus, P.umbrosoides, P.variabilicolor, and P.velutinus), and one species of uncertain taxonomic affinity (P.aff.semibulbosus). This study provides detailed documentation, including line drawings and color photographs of the 18 identified species, along with phylogenetic analyses of their evolutionary relationships. Additionally, we present a thorough identification key for the 25 species of sect.Hispidoderma found in China. By clarifying the delineation of clades and species boundaries within sect.Hispidoderma, this work significantly advances our understanding of the taxonomy of this ecologically important fungal group.

The Ophiostomatales are of economic concern, as many are blue-stain fungi and some are plant pathogens. The mitogenomes of members assigned to this order exhibit size polymorphism despite having highly conserved gene order, owing to the variable number of introns and intron insertion sites. In this work, eleven blue-stain fungi, including nine strains of Ophiostomaips with a varied distribution across North America and New Zealand, were sequenced and compared with other members of the Ophiostomatales. A pan-mitogenome intron landscape has been prepared to demonstrate the distribution of the mobile genetic elements and to provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of introns among members of this group of fungi. The size variation among these mitogenomes (from about 23.8 kb to 152 kb) shows high correlation to the presence and absence of introns. Examples of complex or nested introns composed of two or three intron modules have been observed in some O.ips strains. RNA-seq data suggests possible splicing pathways with regard to resolving these complex introns. Mitochondrial DNA and RNA data for O.ips provides the basis for future studies relating to gene annotation, alternative splicing, evolutionary intron dynamics, and taxonomic investigations for members of the Ophiostomatales.

Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) provide valuable resources for investigating fungal evolution; however, comprehensive mitogenomic datasets for Onygenales are still scarce. Here, we assembled and annotated 30 new mitogenomes representing 18 species across five families, substantially expanding the available resources for this order. We tested two evolutionary hypotheses: (1) that structural features of mitochondrial genomes are phylogenetically conserved and (2) that introns and homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) have co-evolved and contributed to genome size variation. All mitogenomes exhibited conserved protein-coding content, but showed considerable variation in intron number and genome size. Phylogenetic signal was significant for multiple traits, including gene number and intron abundance. Furthermore, phylogenetic regression analyses revealed a strong correlation between intron content and HEG abundance, thereby substantiating the hypothesis of coordinated evolution. Our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial genome evolution in Onygenales reflects both structural conservation and lineage-specific expansion patterns, shaped in part by the distribution of introns and HEGs.

Suillus Gray (Suillaceae, Boletales) is an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus with exceptional host specificity associated with Pinaceae. The sampling gap in East Asia could be filled by discovering new species and unreported hosts. This study provides a comprehensive multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, TEFα-1, RPB1, and RPB2) of Suillus, covering about 80% of known species. Species recognitions by concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR), concatenation, and coalescent methods were conducted. Seventy-one Suillus species are recognized globally using coalescent analyses and GCPSR, of which 12 new species, 5 new locality records, and 14 potentially new species were revealed in East Asia. The higher classification of Suillus is another breakthrough supported by morphology and concatenation analyses of protein-coding genes and ribosomal loci. New subgenera Boletinus, Fuscoboletinus and Larigni are all associated with Larix, whereas subgenus Douglasia prefers to Pseudotsugamenziesii and subgenus Suillus prefers Pinus. Subgenus Suillus contains most of the diversity and is further divided into two phylogenetic sections Suillus and Diversipedes. This study aimed to characterize Suillus subgenera, sections, and new species based on molecular data combined with morphology and ecology.

Dermoloma is traditionally known as a small genus of agarics classified in the family Tricholomataceae. This study implemented a multilocus phylogeny of six DNA regions to recognize phylogenetic species within the genus. The species concept is reinforced by observations of well-defined morphological characters enhanced by long term sampling effort in Europe and North America. Thirty European Dermoloma species are described, including 16 new species from Europe and three from North American. These species are classified into two subgenera morphologically distinguished by spores with positive or negative amyloid reaction. A new genus Neodermoloma is introduced for the Dermoloma-like species N.campestre. Localized or continental-scale species endemicity was confirmed based on studied material, but more inclusive phylogenetic clustering supported a mixture of North American species among the European clades. Of the 22 names validly published from Europe prior to this study, 11 could be assigned to well-defined Dermoloma species recognized here. Of the remaining 11 names, two were considered representing Dermoloma species not recorded since their description, and nine were established as later synonyms of other species. Morphological studies of Dermoloma are challenging due to the relatively low number of characters suitable for identification of species. The majority of morphological characters showed continuous variation with high overlap throughout the genus. For this reason, species identification requires an awareness of morphological variability within species, and multiple distinguishing characters need to be combined, and furthermore, often a barcode sequence is needed for a certain identification. Stable isotope analysis in Dermoloma of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N revealed an ecological signature similar to known CHEGD fungi, i.e. Clavariaceae and Hygrocybe s.l. This indicates that Dermoloma species are biotrophic but neither ectomycorrhizal nor saprotrophic and may form mutualistic root endophytic associations with vascular plants.

Fermented foods have been produced by humans since prehistoric times and are consumed worldwide today due to their enhanced nutritional value, taste and flavor, and benefits for human health. Various microorganisms are essential agents responsible for food fermentation and have been extensively studied using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. However, previous research has mainly focused on fermented foods produced on a large scale in urbanized areas. In this study, we collected 255 samples of diverse traditional fermented foods-including alcoholic beverages, amylolytic starters, fruit vinegar, and fermented products of milk, vegetables, cereals, legumes, fish, meat, and other materials-from ethnic minority areas of China through a citizen science initiative for the study of yeast diversity. A total of 516 yeast strains were isolated, and 81 yeast species, including four new species, were identified based on sequence analyses of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer region. The proposals of the new species were further supported by whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The dominant species isolated were Saccharomycescerevisiae, Pichiakudriavzevii, Wickerhamomycesanomalus, Saccharomycopsisfibuligera, and Clavisporalusitaniae. The new species are described as Blastobotrysguizhouensis sp. nov., Wickerhamiellashiruii sp. nov., Trichosporonjiuqu sp. nov., and Parajaminaeaalba sp. nov. This study demonstrates the high yeast diversity in traditional fermented foods of ethnic minorities in China. These yeast resources are of special value for both basic and applied research in the future.

Ganodermacurtisii, a potential medicinal species due to the presence of various lucidenic acids, was originally described from the southeastern United States. Controversy subsequently developed as it became clear that this was not a single species but a complex. In the present study, 39 collections from the G.curtisii complex, including 30 collections originating from four different states of Mexico and type specimens were analyzed from a phylogenetic, morphological, and ecological point of view. The phylogenetic relationships within the G.curtisii complex were analyzed using sequence data from ITS, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2 regions. A total of six clades were resolved within the G.curtisii complex, that corresponds to G.curtisii, G.myanmarense, G.ravenelii, G.sichuanense, Ganoderma sp. from Costa Rica, and a clade comprising several collections previously named G.curtisii from Mexico, described here as Ganodermamexicurtisii sp. nov. Furthermore, G.meredithiae is confirmed as a synonym of G.curtisii.

Serpentine soils are predominantly distributed along the Circum-Pacific margin and the Mediterranean, including eastern Taiwan. These soils are characterized by high levels of heavy metals, including nickel and chromium, and a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio, creating a unique environment that fosters microorganisms with specialized traits. In this study, culture-dependent isolation methods were used to elucidate the composition of culturable fungal communities in serpentine-characterized paddy fields in eastern Taiwan. A total of 154 fungal isolates were isolated from serpentine paddy fields in eastern Taiwan. These isolates were grouped into 79 strains based on colony morphology and were subsequently evaluated through morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. The results revealed that 60% of the strains belong to the class Dothideomycetes, followed by 21% in Sordariomycetes and 19% in Eurotiomycetes. At the genus level, Westerdykella was the dominant genus, presenting 35% of the total of isolated strains, followed by Pyrenochaetopsis (20%), Talaromyces (19%), and Pseudorhypophila (8%). The study reports 11 novel species: Cylindrotrichumformosanum sp. nov., Dimorphisetaformosana sp. nov., D.serpentinicola sp. nov., Parasarocladiumformosum sp. nov., Phialoparvumformosanum sp. nov., Poaceascomaserpentinum sp. nov., Pseudorhypophilaformosana sp. nov., Sarocladiumformosanum sp. nov., S.serpentinicola sp. nov., Talaromycestaiwanensis sp. nov., and Westerdykellaformosana sp. nov. Additionally, 11 known species are reported for the first time in Taiwan: Pseudothielaviaterricola, Pseudoxylomycesaquaticus, Pyrenochaetopsisoryzicola, Py.paucisetosa, Setophaeosphaeriamicrospora, Talaromycesadpressus, T.thailandensis, Westerdykellaaquatica, W.capitulum, W.dispersa, and W.globosa. In addition, this study presents the first documented asexual morph within the genus Poaceascoma, represented by P.serpentinum. These discoveries will be valuable for future evaluations of the potential uses and functions of these species as bioremediation agents.

Here, we re-examine the high level phylogeny of Pezizomycotina with special attention to the recently proposed phylogenomic hypothesis (Díaz-Escandón et al. 2022) that "morphologically hyperdiverse" Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Sareomycetes and Xylonomycetes (henceforth referred to as classes sensu stricto (s.s.)) should be united in a class Lichinomycetes (henceforth referred to as Lichinomycetes sensu lato (s.l.)), based on their common origin. Our examination revealed that the orthology of the aligned character states in the data used to produce this result is questionable due to the presence of poorly-aligned, indel-rich vertical alignment partitions, missing data and heterogeneous sequences. Our analyses of a thoroughly curated phylogenomic dataset and its subset with reduced compositional heterogeneity indicated that the fungi included in the Lichinomycetes s.l. form six independent lineages, of which two correspond to Geoglossomycetes s.s. and Candelariomycetes s.s. and others do not correspond to the taxonomic delimitations of the previously defined classes. Based on the results obtained here, we propose to revise the class Lichinomycetes to include Lichinomycetes s.s., Coniocybomycetes s.s. plus some incertae sedis genera (Caeruleum, Thelocarpon, Piccolia, Sarcosagium and Vezdaea). In our analysis, Xylona (Xylonomycetes s.s.) plus Sarea (Sareomycetes s.s.) were found to form an early diverging lineage within the branch also subtending Arthoniomycetes plus Dothideomycetes, which warrants the conclusion to include these two genera in a single class, whereas Symbiotaphrina, initially assigned to Xylonomycetes s.s., was found to split off the tree backbone earlier and, thus, should be treated as a separate lineage.

Hortiboletus (the former Xerocomusrubellus species complex) is one of the most taxonomically critical and difficult genera for species identification in the family Boletaceae. Here, we provide a detailed morphological and molecular re-assessment of European and Levantine species of Hortiboletus. A new species, H.hershenzoniae, is described from Israel. It is sister to H.engelii and associated with the evergreen oak Quercuscalliprinos and potentially also with Q.ithaburensis. Based on the sequence retrieved from INSDC, this species is also found in Lebanon. Accurate morphological descriptions, comprehensive sampling, type studies, biogeography, macro- and microphotographs and a historical overview on the nomenclatural issues surrounding H.rubellus, H.bubalinus, H.engelii, and H.hershenzoniae are given. An epitype collection is designated for H.rubellus. A key is provided for identification of the European and Levantine taxa. In addition, we propose a novel taxonomic combination Hortiboletusflavorubellus, which is conspecific with Boletusrubellusvar.flammeus, based on the DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of type material. Boletusharrisonii is also shown to be conspecific with H.campestris. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of four markers (ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2) reveals that Hortiboletus is a sister genus to Xerocomellus. Using the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition method, at least 19 phylogenetic species and eight putative phylogenetic species of the genus Hortiboletus can be delimited. Based on multilocus analysis, it contains from 24 to 25 species-level clades worldwide, 17 out of which represent known species, one newly described and potentially six to seven undescribed species. Tandem repeat insertions within the ITS region (both in ITS1 and ITS2) are reported for the first time, not only in the genus Hortiboletus, but in the entire subfamily Boletoideae. Their identification and characterisation were based on Tandem Repeat Finder analysis and visual assessment of the ITS alignment.